txperiment mo.
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Title
Open PC and Identity companenBs
AL RAM
Randam Access Memany is a form of compuer data stoxaqe
which stoes requertlusedpraqram inshuments t
increase he qeneral speed of a sustem.A random accesss
memary device allows data itemsto be read o1 wxiten
almost the Same amount ot time irespectiue o the physical
location ok data inside the memoary. In comast,uith other
direct access daxta sturaqemedia auch as hard disks, CD- Rs,
DUD-RMs and the older drum memamu, the time requred to
read and wne data Hems vaies siqniticantly dependinq
om their phusical lacations on the tecordinq medium, due
to mechamical limitaions such as media rotation speeds
and am movenmemt
RAM cOtains multiplexinq and
clemulfiplexinq circuity,
tu connect the dala lines to the addressec storaqe tor
readinq 0 Luiinq the entn. Usuallu more than one bit
ot stoxaqe is accessed by the Same addreas and RAM
devices oftem have multiple clata line and are said to be
'3-bit' Ox 1 bit ete clevices
Lani nial in na DA N ANINA OniuE
IIDhongtlat
e l i x i rY
Fiq. Random Access
itotloieturl hmMemomuFreeles
lupes ot RAM:
SRAME
Ihe SRAM memaies Consict of circuits capable ot retaininq
the stored intoxmation as lonq cs the power i s applied
Thal means ihis dupe o memon requires constant potr
SRAM memaries ate used to build cache memory
b DRAM
DRAM stures the binaxu idnmation in he toxm d elechric
charqes applied to capáctors Ihe stored intamation cn thne
capacitors tend tu lose over a period ot time and ihus. the
capacithrs must be pexiodically recharqed to reBain their
usaae Themain memaxu is qenexallu made up ci DRAM chips.
Other uses ot RAME
In_addition n Servinq as temporaru sorage and lwoTkinq
Space to the aperadinq sysdem and applicatians RAM is
used in humemuy other ulcs
aNintual memoma
Most madem apertinq Sustems emplou a method of
èxtendinq RAM capacity knaun as virtual memory" A_
potien of the computers hard dnye is set aside tor a
paqina ile ox a Scratch paition and the combination
of physica RAM_ and the paqinq file fom the sustems_
total memax
bRAM disk
Dot tare Canpartition a p0rtion ot
a computeys RAM,-
allouaing it to act as a much faster hard drive thod is
called a RAM disk A RAM disk loses the stored data when
the computer is shut clown, unlegs memom is arangedt
have a standby battkn SourCe
Shadou RAM
Somehme the condenis ol a relativelu slow ROM chip
_are
copied to Iead umte memomy to allatw dor Shory aCcess
Hime The ROM chip is then disabled while the initialized of
o m h e s a m e block
memon [Link] are Sulltched in
cddresse
ROM non-volat1le memoru
usec
Read Onlu Memon 1s a tupe ot
deviceData stored in
in Computers and other elechoni.c
difficulhy 0 not at
ROM can be maditied slouly , t h
store irmuare application
all so t is mainlu used to
Sottuiare in plua-in cartridqes
hard ired Such as
Stricdly, read- onls memoYy that is
be
diode mcrrix and the later mask ROM hich cannci
changedatter manutacture AHhough discrete circuits can
atered in prmnciple indeqrcted circuits (1Cs) cannot
be a n updad. Thot
are useless if the deto is bad or require
Such meman caon neue be choamaed is a disaduantaqc
in
canmot be
many [Link] as buqs and secumty issues
fixed and ne tecrtures cammot be added
Tupes oB ROM
aPROM
can be proqrammed buy user Once proqrammed, the data
Einstuckona in it cañnot be changed.
b. EPROM
I can be repraqramed Io erase dota irom il expose it do
uHra Violend liah. lo repxncra.m it erase all the previaus
data
aEEPROM
The data can be erased bu appluinqelechic tield, no neecd o
utia vialent light. le can erase onlu poions of the
chip.
Impartant
Some discree componend ROM Could be mechanicallyaltercd.
eqbuaddinq and removinq dranstormersC ROMs, houbevCr
Cannot be mechoanically chanaed
iOther timy are used as well, e.q, Initial Proqram Load
CIPL)
Add-on Caxd
|Ln computinq, the expansion card, expamsion board, adapter
cand ox [Link] card is a primed circurt boasdthat
Can be msenled ito an electrica conmectoy 0x
expana lon
slot on a computer matherboard, backplame Ox riser card
to addunclionalHhs to a compuler Sustem via Ahe
bus expanston
Hn_expansion bus 15 a computtr bus hich maves
intormatiom between the imternal harduare oB a computtr
Sustemand pempheral device J is a callection o wires
and [Link] that allouas tor the
expamsiom ot a computer
lupes at expamsion cards:
aGraphics card
Almostall mother boards these daus uill come wdh a
built- in qraphics cardthc is q0od enaugh or the
conventional use But when it comes to demandinq
applicahons Such as aaminq anc video editinq havinaq a
power ful deckicated qraphics card is still a
must-This
is whu theu art still thrivina in todaus man ket.
Soundcard
Once upom a ime in the daik oaqes of
computinq, l e have
Ho buu ad instal extia SOunc cards ust to
play mustc
with the compuer But as mast modern mcther boards
come
with ven decent built- in audlio Sound tracks have
much betome histomy
pety
PLX
-OD
TUTITTTT
Fiqurc. Add-on card
[Link] indertace card
NIC Comes in 2 lavous ulired wireless. Aqain, some
madem mather baards alreddy come with a built-in wired
netwtrk pot and Lireless Th nomal" netuork cards have
prtu much become obsolete , lessthe specializedones that
otfer insanelu fatst Speeda
TN Tunex card
Want a turn your computr into a TV 2 es ue can
InsBall TN tune caTd use their application and tha
lsillenoble the computeY to Hun imto [Link] TV channels