CHAPTER -4 “STRUCTURE OF ATOM” CONCEPT DETAILS KEY CONCEPTS : [ *rating as per the significance of concept} 1. Dalton’s Atomic theory + 2.1) Thomson Experiments Sad 3. Rutherford’s Scattering Experiments __| **¥*###* 4, Sub atomic particles saeees 5. Atomic number & Mass number sae 6. Neil Bohr’s Atomic Model — 7. Electronic Configuration & Valency aeeeaee 8. Isotopes & Isobars vee > Pre requisites: * Difference between an atom & molecule. * Gram atomic mass & Molar mass. * Dalton’s Atomic theory. SURVEY ANALYSIS Conceptual levels of comprehension on the basis of feedback taken from the students 37PROPOSED MODEL OF ATOM. Democritus & Democritus (400 B.C.) Greek philosopher (400 B.c) “More than 2400 years ago, he named the smallest piece of matter “ATOMOS ,” meaning “not to be cut.” To Democritus, ‘* Atoms were small, hard particles that were all made of the same material but were different shapes and sizes. > Atoms were infinite in number, always moving and capable of joining together 1. Dalton’s Atomic theory: ‘John Dalton ; : He proposed the Atomic theory of English Chemist matter based on his experimental [proposed atomic theory in 1803] | observations. 38> First recorded evidence that atoms existed. > Using his theory, Dalton rationalized the various laws of chemical combination Dalton’'s theory was based on the premise that the atoms of different elements could be distinguished by differences in their weights. > Limitations © The indivisibility of an atom was proved wrong , for, an atom can be further subdivided into protons, neutrons and electrons. © The atoms of same element are similar in all respects , but isotopes of same element have different mass. Dalton’s theory was based on the premise that the atoms of different elements could be distinguished by differences in their weights. 2.4.) Thomson Experiments: SCIENTIST PROPOSED ATOMIC MODEL “Joseph John Thomson British Physicist and Nobel laureate PLUM -PUDDING MODEL Discovered electrons in 1897. v v Showed us that the atom can be split into even smaller parts. His discovery was the first step towards a detailed model of the atom . ‘An atom is a uniform sphere of positive charges (due to presence of protons) as well v as negative charges (due to presence of electrons). > Atom as a whole is electrically neutral because the negative and positive charges are equal in magnitude. 39> An electron is a negatively charged component of an atom which exists outside the nucleus. Each electron carries one unit of negative charge and has a very small mass as compared with that of a neutron or proton. Sa Cathode Rays .— Eee Bifects of lec Fiold on Cothode Rays JJ Thomson used cathode ray tubes to demonstrate that the cathode ray responds to both magnetic and electric fields. Since the ray was attracted to a positive electric plate placed over the cathode ray tube (beam deflected toward the positive plate) he determined that the ray must be composed of negatively charged particles. He called these negative particles "electrons." itation: Model failed to explain how protons and electrons were arranged in atom so close to each other. Eugene Goldstein: SCIENTIST PROPOSED ATOMIC MODEL Eugene Goldstei a German physicist OD 40> E. Goldstein in 1886 discovered the presence of new radiations in a gas discharge and called them canal rays. These rays were positively charged radiations which ultimately led to the discovery of another sub-atomic particle. y Used a Cathode Ray Tube to study "canal rays" which had electrical and magnetic properties opposite of an electron v Canal Rays: The positively charged radiation produced in the discharge tube at low pressure and high voltage are called canal rays. Protons: The canal rays have positively charged sub-atomic, particles known as protons (p). Q.1 What was the model of an atom proposed by Thomson? Q.2 What is the nature of charge on electrons? Q.3 What are canal rays ? Q.4 State the nature of the constituents of canal rays. 3, Rutherford’s Scattering Experiments: ‘SCIENTIST PROPOSED ATOMIC MODEL Sir Earnest Rutherford \ Rutherford's Nuclear ‘Modal of the Atom Nobel prize 1908 aLExperiment: Rutherford took a thin gold foil and made alpha particles , [ He ] positively charged Helium fall on it. [Link] | OBSERVATION INFERENCE 1. | Most of the a-particles passed through | Most of the space inside the atom is the gold foil without getting deflected. | empty. Very few particles were deflected. Positive charge of the atom occupies very little space. 3. | Avery few alpha particles, 1 in 100000 | Nucleus of an atom is very small as completely rebound on hitting the gold | compared to the total size. foil. e e 6 e 6 e ey e e | | capa” Alpha particle Scoteing of pe Paice yh toms fe Gl > Limitation: In Rutherford’s atomic model , Nucleus & electrons are held together by electrostatic force of attraction which would lead to the fusion between them. This does not happen in the atom. Atomic radius ~ 100 pm =1x 107° m Nuclear radius ~ 5 x 10° pm =5 x 10 m 42‘SCIENTIST PROPOSED ATOMIC MODEL ‘James Chadwick Sprotons $8 nearons Ossex Cabo atom English Physicist & Nobel laureate > In 1932, James Chadwick proved that the atomic nucleus contained a neutral particle which had been proposed more than a decade earlier by Ernest Rutherford officially discovered the neutron in 1932, Chadwick received the Nobel Prize in 1935. v A neutron is a subatomic particle contained in the atomic nucleus. It has no net electric charge, unlike the proton's positive electric charge. Q.1 Who discovered the nucleus of the atom? Q.2 What is the charge on alpha particles ? Q.3 Which observation of Rutherford’s scattering experiment established the presence large empty space in atom? Q.4 What is the nature of charge on nucleus of atom? Q.5 Who discovered neutron ? 434. Sub Atomic Particles: Name | Symbol | _ Location in the atom Charge Relative Mass | Actual Mass (g) Electron E | Around the nucleus 1 1/1840 9.iixi0™ Proton P Tn the nucleus ccs 1 167x10™ Neutron a In the nucleus 0 1 1.67 x10" Protons & Neutrons collectively are known as NUCLEONS. Qi Why's the relative mass of an electron is taken as negligible ? Q.2 Give the actual masses of electron & proton in kg? Q.3 What are nucleons? [Link] Number & Mass Number: “ator number of an element is defined as the number of unit positive charges on the nucleus (nuclear charge) of the atom of that element or as the number of protons present in the nucleus.” Atomic number, Z = Number of unit positive charge on the nucleus = Total number of unit positive charges carried by all protons present in the nucleus. = Number of protons in the nucleus (p) = Number of electrons revolving in the orbits (e) Eg :- Hydrogen — Atomic number = 1 (1 proton) Helium —- Atomic number = 2 (2 protons) Mass number! A] : It is defined as the sum of the number of protons & neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom. Mass Number = Mass of protons + Mass of neutrons Eg :- Carbon - Mass number = 12 (6 protons + 6 neutrons) Mass = 12u Aluminium — Mass number = 27 (13 protons + 14 neutrons) Mass = 27umass number Symbol atomic number Qi The mass number of an element is 18. it contains 7 electrons .What is the number of protons and neutrons in it ? Q.2 An atom contains 3 protons , 3 electrons and 4 neutrons i) What is its atomic number ? ii) What is its mass number? 31 Q3 Anelement is represented by '5"_. Give the number of electrons and neutrons in it. 6. Niel Bohr Atomic Model: SCIENTIST PROPOSED ATOMIC MODEL Main Postulates of the Bohr Model [refer NCERT Text Book article 4.3 ,page number-49] Q.1 What happens when an electron jumps from lower to higher energy level? Q.2 Which energy shell is nearest to the nucleus of an atom? Q.3 Which energy shell has higher energy L or N? 7. Electronic configuration & Valency: Bohr and Bury Scheme - Important Rules 2nt [Link] Electron Shell wheren=hell number | Maximum Capacity 1 K Shell 2x(1)? 2 electrons 2 Shell 2x (2)? B electrons 3 M shell 2x(3)" 18 electrons 4 Nshell 2x(4)? 32 electrons 45The outermost shell of an atom cannot accommodate more than 8 electrons, even if it has a capacity to accommodate more electrons. This is a very important rule and is also called the OCTET RULE. The presence of 8 electrons in the outermost shell makes the atom very stable. Q.1 An atoms has atomic number 13. What would be its configuration. Q.2 What is octet rule? Q.3 How many electrons M shell can accommodate? Q.4 If an atom has complete K and L shell, what would be its atomic number? 8. Isotopes & Isobars: ISOTOPES ISOBARS Chemically same , physically different Chemically different, physically same Number of electrons is same Number of electrons is different. Cannot be separated by chemical means Can be separated by chemical means [for application of isotopes refer NCERT Text Book article 4.6 page number-53] Q. Why atoms of isotopes are chemically same? Q.2 Give the representation of three isotopes of carbon which are C-12, C-13 and C-14.[Link] Structure of the Atom Page No: 47 1. What are canal rays? Answer Canal rays are positively charged radiations that can pass through perforated cathode plate. These rays consist of positively charged particles known as protons. 2. If an atom contains one electron and one proton, will it carry any charge or not? Answer An electron is a negatively charged particle, whereas a proton is a positively charged particle. The magnitude of their charges is equal. Therefore, an atom containing one electron and one proton will not carry any charge. Thus, it will be a neutral atom. Page No: 49 1. On the basis of Thomson's model of an atom, explain how the atom is neutral as a whole. Answer [Link][Link] As per Thomson's model of the atom, an atom consists both negative and positive charges which are equal in number and magnitude. So, they balance each other as a result of which atom as a whole is electrically neutral, 2. On the basis of Rutherford's model of an atom, which subatomic particle is present in the nucleus of an atom? Answer On the basis of Rutherford's model of an atom, protons are present in the nucleus of an atom. 3. Draw a sketch of Bohr's model of an atom with three shells. Answer L shale eeshetin= 3) Boa’s Maelo on Bohr's Model of an atom with three shells 4. What do you think would be the observation if the -particle scattering experiment is carried out using a foil of a metal other than gold? Answer [Link][Link] If a-particle scattering experiment is carried out using a foil of any metal as thin as gold foil used by Rutherford, there would be no change in observations. But since other metals are not so malleable so, such a thin foil is difficult to obtain. If we use a thick foil, then more a-particles would bounce back and no idea about the location of positive mass in the atom would be available with such a certainty 1. Name the three sub-atomic particles of an atom. Answer The three sub-atomic particles of an atom are: (i) Protons (ii) Electrons, and (iii) Neutrons 2. Helium atom has an atomic mass of 4 u and two protons in its nucleus. How many neutrons does it have? Answer Number of neutrons = Atomic mass - Number of protons Therefore, the number of neutrons in the atom = 4-2=2 Page No: 50 [Link][Link] 1. Write the distribution of electrons in carbon and sodium atoms Answer > The total number of electrons in a carbon atom is 6. The distribution of electrons in carbon atom is given by: First orbit or K-shell = 2 electrons Second orbit or L-shell = 4 electrons Or, we can write the distribution of electrons in a carbon atom as 2, 4. > The total number of electrons in a sodium atom is 11. The distribution of electrons in sodium atom is given by: First orbit or K-shell = 2 electrons Second orbit or L-shell = 8 electrons Third orbit or M-shell = 1 electron Or, we can write distribution of electrons in a sodium atom as 2, 8, 1. 2. If K and L shells of an atom are full, then what would be the total number of electrons in the atom? Answer The maximum capacity of K shell is 2 electrons and L shell can accommodate maximum 8 electrons in it. Therefore, there will be ten electrons in the atom [Link][Link] Page No: 52 1. How will you find the valency of chlorine, sulphur and magnesium? Answer If the number of electrons in the outermost shell of the atom of an element is less than or equal to 4, then the valency of the element is equal to the number of electrons in the outermost shell. On the other hand, if the number of electrons in the outermost shell of the atom of an element is greater than 4, then the valency of that element is determined by subtracting the number of electrons in the outermost shell from 8. The distribution of electrons in chlorine, sulphur, and magnesium atoms are 2, 8, 7; 2, 8, 6 and 2, 8, 2 respectively. Therefore, the number of electrons in the outer most shell of chlorine, sulphur, and magnesium atoms are 7, 6, and 2 respectively. > Thus, the valency of chlorine = 8-7=1 > The valency of sulphur = 8-6 =2 > The valency of magnesium = 2 [Link][Link] 1. If number of electrons in an atom is 8 and number of protons is also 8, then (i) what is the atomic number of the atom and (ii) what is the charge on the atom? Answer (i) The atomic number is equal to the number of protons. Therefore, the atomic number of the atom is 8. (ii) Since the number of both electrons and protons is equal, therefore, the charge on the atom is 0 2. With the help of Table 4.1, find out the mass number of oxygen and sulphur atom. Answer Mass number of oxygen = Number of protons + Number of neutrons =8+8 =16 Mass number of sulphur = Number of protons + Number of neutrons = 16 +16 = 32 Page No: 53 1. For the symbol H, D and T tabulate three sub-atomic particles found in each of them. Answer [Link][Link] Symbol | Proton | Neutron | Electron H 1 0 1 D 1 1 1 | T 1 2 1 2. Write the electronic configuration of any one pair of isotopes and isobars. Answer Cand “Cg are isotopes, have the same electronic configuration as (2, 4)??Neioand 7#Nen are isobars. They have different electronic configuration as given below: New - 2, 8 Neu - 2, 8,1 Page No: 54 Excercise 1. Compare the properties of electrons, protons and neutrons. Answer [Link][Link] Nature of Particle | SUE ° Mass Location Charge Electrons are Extra nuclear part Electron | negatively 9x10 kg distributed in different charged. shell or orbits. 1.672 x 10-*/ kg Protons are (1) Proton | positively (approx. 2000 Nucleus charged. times that of the electron) t Neut Equal t if Neutron | Neutrons are qual to mass of | toys neutral. proton [Link][Link] 2. What are the limitations of J.J. Thomson's model of the atom? Answer The limitations of J.J. Thomson's model of the atom are: > It could not explain the result of scattering experiment performed by rutherford. > It did not have any experiment support. 3. What are the limitations of Rutherford's model of the atom? Answer The limitations of Rutherford's model of the atom are > It failed to explain the stability of an atom > It doesn't explain the spectrum of hydrogen and other atoms. 4. Describe Bohr's model of the atom. Answer + The atom consists of a small positively charged nucleus at its center. > The whole mass of the atom is concentrated at the nucleus and the volume of the nucleus is much smaller than the volume of the atom. > All the protons and neutrons of the atom are contained in the nucleus. > Only certain orbits known as discrete orbits of electrons are allowed inside the atom. > While revolving in these discrete orbits electrons do not radiate [Link][Link] energy. These orbits or cells are represented by the letters K, L, M, N etc. or the numbers, n= 1, 2, 3, 4, .. as shown in below figure NUCLEUS Kechetea= 49 L-shala=2) M-Shell(n=3) Bol’s Medelof Atma 5. Compare all the proposed models of an atom given in this chapter. Answer [Link][Link] Thomson's model Rutherford’s model Bohr’s model An atom consists of a positively charged sphere and the electrons are embedded in it The negative and positive charges are equal in magnitude. As a result the atom is electrically neutral. An atom consists of a positively charged center in the atom called the nucleus. The mass of the atom is contributed mainly by the nucleus. The size of the nucleus is very small as compared to the size of the atom. Bohr agreed with almost all points as said by Rutherford except regarding the revolution of electrons for which he added that there are only certain orbits known as discrete orbits inside the atom in which electrons revolve around the nucleus. While revolving in its discrete orbits the electrons do not radiate energy. [Link][Link] 6. Summarize the rules for writing of distribution of electrons in various shells for the first eighteen elements. Answer The rules for writing of the distribution of electrons in various shells for the first eighteen elements are given below. ~ If ngives the number of orbit or energy level, then 2n? gives the maximum number of electrons possible in a given orbit or energy level. Thus, First orbit or K-shell will have 2 electrons, Second orbit or L-shell will have 8 electrons, Third orbit or M-shell will have 18 electrons. > If it is the outermost orbit, then it should have not more than 8 electrons. > There should be step-wise filling of electrons in different orbits, i.e., electrons are not accompanied in a given orbit if the earlier orbits or shells are incompletely filled. 7. Define valency by taking examples of silicon and oxygen. [Link][Link] Answer The valency of an element is the combining capacity of that element. The valency of an element is determined by the number of valence electrons present in the atom of that element. Valency of Silicon: It has electronic configuration: 2,8,4 Thus, the valency of silicon is 4 as these electrons can be shared with others to complete octet. > Valency of Oxygen: It has electronic configuration: 2,6 Thus, the valency of oxygen is 2 as it will gain 2 electrons to complete its octet. Page No: 55 8. Explain with examples (i) Atomic number, (ii) Mass number, (iii) Isotopes and (iv) Isobars. Give any two uses of isotopes. Answer (i) Atomic number: The atomic number of an element is the total number of protons present in the atom of that element. For example, nitrogen has 7 protons in its atom. Thus, the atomic number of nitrogen is 7. (ii) Mass number: The mass number of an element is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons present in the atom of that element. For example, the atom of boron has 5 protons and 6 neutrons. So, the mass number of boron is 5 + 6 = 11, [Link][Link] (iii) Isotopes: These are atoms of the same element having the same atomic number, but different mass numbers. For example, chlorine has two isotopes with atomic number 17 but mass numbers 35 and 37 represented by BcL= cl (iv) Isobars: These are atoms having the same mass number, but different atomic numbers i.e., isobars are atoms of different elements having the same mass number. For example, Ne has atomic number 10 and sodium has atomic number 11 but both of them have mass numbers as 22 represented by - [Link][Link] Two uses of isotopes: > One isotope of uranium is used as a fuel in nuclear reactors. > One isotope of cobalt is used in the treatment of cancer. 9. Na* has completely filled K and L shells. Explain. Answer The atomic number of sodium is 11. So, neutral sodium atom has 11 electrons and its electronic configuration is 2, 8, 1. But Na* has 10 electrons. Out of 10, K-shell contains 2 and L-shell 8 electrons respectively. Thus, Na* has completely filled K and L shells 10. If bromine atom is available in the form of, say, two isotopes 79 / 35Br (49.7%) and 81 / 35Br (50.3%), calculate the average atomic mass of bromine atom. Answer It is given that two isotopes of bromine are 79 / 35Br (49.7%) and 81/ 35Br (50.3%). Then, the average atomic mass of bromine atom is given by: [Link][Link] 49.7 50.3 734 thie 100 400 3926.3 , 40743 ~~ 100 100 _ 8000.6 100 =80.006 u 11. The average atomic mass of a sample of an element X is 16.2 u. What are the percentages of isotopes 16 / 8 X and 18 / 8 X in the sample? Answer It is given that the average atomic mass of the sample of element X is 16.2 u. Let the percentage of isotope 18 / 8 X be y%. Thus, the percentage of isotope 16 / 8 X will be (100 - y) %. Therefore, [Link][Link] ‘G00-5) 100 2 sey Od 18 ie + 16x 16.2 ty 16 (100 —y) 100 1000 =162 teyt1600-16y _ 469 100 18y + 1600 - 16y = 1620 2y + 1600 = 1620 2y = 1620 - 1600 y=10 Therefore, the percentage of isotope 18 / 8 X is 10%. And, the percentage of isotope 16 / 8 X is (100 - 10) % = 90%. 12. If Z= 3, what would be the valency of the element? Also, name the element. Answer By Z = 3, we mean that the atomic number of the element is 3. Its electronic configuration is 2, 1. Hence, the valency of the element is 1 (since the outermost shell has only one electron). Therefore, the element with Z = 3 is lithium [Link][Link] [Link] of the nuclei of two atomic species X and Y are given as under x Y Protons= 6 6 Neutrons = 6 8 Give the mass numbers of X and Y. What is the relation between the two species? Answer Mass number of X = Number of protons + Number of neutrons = 6 + 6 =12 Mass number of Y = Number of protons + Number of neutrons +8 =14 These two atomic species X and Y have the same atomic number, but different mass numbers. Hence, they are isotopes. 14, For the following statements, write T for 'True' and F for ‘False’. (a) JJ. Thomson proposed that the nucleus of an atom contains only nucleons. > False (b) A neutron is formed by an electron and a proton combining together. Therefore, it is neutral. > False [Link][Link] (c) The mass of an electron is about 1 / 2000times that of proton. > True (d) An isotope of iodine is used for making tincture iodine, which is used as a medicine. [Link][Link] > False 15. Rutherford's alpha-particle scattering experiment was responsible for the discovery of (a) Atomic nucleus (b) Electron (c) Proton (d) Neutron & (a) Atomic nucleus 16. Isotopes of an element have (a) the same physical properties (b) different chemical properties (c) different number of neutrons (d) different atomic numbers P (c) different number of neutrons 17. Number of valence electrons in Cl “ion are: (a) 16 (b) 8 (c) 17 (d) 18 > (b)8 Page No: 56 18. Which one of the following is a correct electronic configuration of sodium? (a) 2,8 (b) 8, 2,1 [Link][Link] ()2,1,8 (d) 2, 8,1 > (d)2,8,1 19. Complete the following table. Atomic | Mass Number of | Number | Number of | Name of number |number | Neutrons | of electrons | the Atomic protons species 9 - 10 - - - 16 32 - - - Sulphur - 24 - 12 - - - 2 - 1 - - - 1 0 1 0 - Answer [Link][Link] Number |Number | Number | Name of the Atomic | Mass | of of of Atomic number | number Neutrons | protons | electrons | species 9 19 10 9 9 Fluorine 16 32 16 16 16 Sulphur 12 24 12 12 12 Magnesium 1 2 1 1 1 Deuterium t 1 1 0 1 0 Hydrogen ion [Link]