EMOTION

• Define Emotion and its three elements

• Identify different types of Emotion
• Describe and explain the different factors affecting
individuals’ emotions and their relation to human
behaviors
• Identify the emotional patterns after the disability
What part does the way we feel about things
play in all of our daily activities- what exactly
causes feeling?

Human beings are full of feelings, or emotions, and

although emotions may be internal processes, there are
outward physical signs of what people are feeling.
 EMOTION
mot – Latin word, meaning “to move”

These are intense feelings that are directed at someone or something.

the “feeling” aspect of consciousness, is characterized by three elements:

• a certain physical arousal
• a certain behavior that reveals the feeling to the outside world,
• an inner awareness of the feeling.
Physiology of Emotion

increase HR
an arousal is
created by the rapid breathing
sympathetic dilated pupil
nervous system
dry mouth
 Physiology of Emotion
Increase HR

Increase in skin conduction

Vascular measure: ❖ Plays important roles in emotion and behavior

higher diastolic BP ❖ It is the best role in the processing of fear
❖ Also involved in the facial expression of human emotions
 Physiology of Emotion

❖Emotional stimuli travel to the

amygdala by both a fast,
crude “low road” (subcortical)
and a slower but more
involved cortical “high road”

(LeDoux, 1996, 2007; LeDoux &

Phelps, 2008).
 Physiology of Emotion

❖ Left frontal lobe

❖ Positive emotion
❖ Pleasant emotion

❖ Right frontal lobe

❖ Negative emotional state/feelings such as
sadness, anxiety, and depression

❖ In individuals trained in meditation, and for the

participants in this study, greater left frontal lobe
activity was accompanied by a reduction in their
anxiety as well as a boost in their immune system
(R. J. Davidson et al., 2003).
 Physiology of Emotion

❖ Right hemisphere

❖ more active when people are asked to identify

the emotion on another person’s face,
particularly women
❖ Assign the recognition of faces
The Behavior of Emotion: Emotional Expression

There are facial expressions, body movements,

and actions that indicate to others how a person
feels.

Frowns, smiles, and sad expressions combine

with hand gestures, the turning of one’s body,
and spoken words to produce an
understanding of emotion.

People fight, run, kiss, and yell, along with

countless other actions stemming from the
emotions they feel
The Behavior of Emotion: Emotional Expression

First theorized that emotions were a product of evolution

and, therefore, universal – all human beings, no matter
what their culture, would show the same facial expression
because the facial muscle evolved to communicate specific
information to onlookers
The Behavior of Emotion: Emotional Expression

The research of Ekman and Friesen found that people

of many different cultures (including Japanese,
European, American, and the Fore tribe of New
Guinea) can consistently recognize at least seven
facial expressions: anger, fear, disgust, happiness,
surprise, sadness, and contempt.

The Universality of Facial Expression of Emotion

 The Behavior of Emotion: Emotional Expression

Display rules

❖ learned ways of controlling displays of emotion in social settings.

(Ekman, 1973; Ekman & Friesen, 1969)

For example, Japanese people have strict social rules about showing emotion
in public situations— they simply do not show emotion, remaining cool, calm,
and collected, at least on the outside.
 The Behavior of Emotion: Emotional Expression

Display rules

Individualistic Collectivistic
• placing the • placing the
Different between importance of importance of
the individual the social
cultures: above the group above
social group that of the
individual

•(Edelmann & Iwawaki, 1987; Hofstede, 1980;

•Hofstede et al., 2002).
 The Behavior of Emotion: Emotional Expression

Display rules

Boys Girls Adults

• reluctant to talk about • expected and encourage • expression of anger in the

feelings in social setting to talk about feelings workplace found that
woman are generally less
willing to express negative
thoughts, although factors
such as complicate the
findings somewhat
 The Behavior of Emotion: Emotional Expression

Display rules

❖ Is also an emotional behavior

❖ Different reasons such as being sad,

grieving anger and even happy
 Subjective Experience: Labeling Emotion

❖ the third element of emotion is interpreting the subjective

feeling by giving it a label: anger, fear, disgust, happiness,
sadness, shame, interest, and so on.

❖“cognitive element” → labeling process is a matter of

retrieving memories of previous similar experiences,
perceiving the context of the emotion, and coming up with a
solution → A label.
 Theories of Emotion
1. Common Sense Theory of Emotion

In the common sense theory of emotion, a stimulus (snarling dog) leads

to an emotion of fear, which then leads to bodily arousal (in this case,
indicated by shaking) through the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
 Theories of Emotion
2. James-Lange Theory of Emotion

In the James-Lange theory of emotion, a stimulus leads to

bodily arousal first, which is then interpreted as an emotion.
 Theories of Emotion
3. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

In the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, a stimulus leads to activity

in the brain, which then sends signals to arouse the body and
interpret the emotion at the same time
 Theories of Emotion
Schachter-Singer and Cognitive Arousal Theory of Emotion

Schachter and Singer’s cognitive arousal theory is similar to the James-Lange theory but
adds the element of cognitive labeling of arousal. In this theory, a stimulus leads to both
bodily arousal and the labeling of that arousal (based on the surrounding context), which
leads to the experience and labeling of the emotional reaction
 Theories of Emotion

Facial Feedback Hypothesis: Smile, You’ll feel better

❖ when such emotions are expressed freely on the face, the emotion
itself intensifies—meaning t that the more one smiles, the happier
one feels that the more one smiles, the happier one feels

❖ Darwin’s original thinking called the facial feedback hypothesis

❖ assumes that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain

concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn not only
intensifies the emotion but also actually causes the emotion
 Theories of Emotion
Facial Feedback Theory of Emotion

In the facial feedback theory of emotion, a stimulus such as this

snarling dog causes arousal and a facial expression. The facial
expression then provides feedback to the brain about the emotion.
The brain then interprets the emotion and may also intensify it.
 Theories of Emotion

Cognitive arousal theory

Proposed that two things have

to happen before emotion
These two things happen at the
Cognitive arousal theory (two- occurs: physical arousal and
same time, resulting in labeling
factor theory) labeling of the arousal based on
of the emotion
cues from the surrounding
environment
 Theories of Emotion
Lazarus and Cognitive-Mediational Theory

In Lazarus’s cognitive-mediational theory of emotion, a stimulus causes

an immediate appraisal (e.g., “The dog is snarling and not behind a
fence, so this is dangerous”). The cognitive appraisal results in an
emotional response, which is then followed by the appropriate bodily
response.
THANK YOU!
Resources
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