Explain how species diversity increases the probability of adaptation and survival of - for example, humans show a lot

a lot of diversity among themselves.

organisms in changing environments
2. Genetic diversity
ECOSYSTEM: BIODIVERSITY
- refers to the variations among the genetic resources of the organisms
Natural Selection
- every individual of a particular species differs from each other in their
- can result in biodiversity
genetic constitution that is why every human looks different from each
Ecosystem
other
- includes all the living and non-living things in an area, ex: desert
- there are different varieties in the same species of rice, wheat, maize,
Habitat
barley, etc.
- is a place where an organism live, ex: dessert shrub, sand dune
3. Ecological diversity
Niche
- an ecosystem is a collection of living and non-living organisms and their
- the job or role of an organism, ex: the type of food an organism eats, the
interaction with each other
type of shelter, the predator’s that eat it, and the time of the day it is active
- ecological biodiversity refers to the variations in the plant and animal
Biodiversity
species living together and connected by food chains and food webs
- describes how varied are life forms in different ecosystems
- -is a term that describes how varied living things are in a specific area.
- can influence the stability of the ecosystem
- the Phils. Has more than 52,177 described species of which more than half
is found nowhere else in the world
- importance: sustains the flow of energy the food web on earth and
contributes to environmental stability
- Greater biodiversity promotes a more stable ecosystem
Organism
- an individual living thing that can react to stimuli, reproduce, grow, and
maintain homeostasis
- it can be a bacterium, protist, fungus, plant or an animal
Species
- is often defined as the largest group of organisms where two individuals
Importance Of Biodiversity
are capable of reproducing fertile offspring (hybrids), typically using sexual
reproduction 1. Ecological Stability
- every species has a specific role in an ecosystem
TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY - they capture and store energy and also produce and decompose organic
matter
1. Species diversity
- the ecosystem supports the services without which humans cannot survive
- refers to the variety of different types of species found in a particular
- diverse ecosystem is more productive and can withstand environmental
area
stress
- it is the biodiversity at the most basic level
- it includes all the species ranging from plants to different microorganism
- no two individuals of the same species are exactly similar
2. Economic Importance 1. Maintain the quality of natural bodies of water
- biodiversity is a reservoir of resources for the manufacture of food, 2. Prevent soil erosion and floods
cosmetic products and pharmaceuticals 3. Cycle minerals in the soil
- crops livestock, fishery, and forests are a rich source of food 4. Absorb pollutants
- wild plants such as Cinchona and Foxglove plant are used for medicinal 5. Feed on insects and pest
purposes
- wood, fibres, perfumes, lubricants, rubber, resins, poison and cork are all
derived from different plant species
- the national parks and sanctuaries are a source of tourism (beauty and joy
for many people)
3. Ethical Importance
- all the species have a right to exist
- humans should not cause their voluntary extinction
Value of Biodiversity
A. Economic
- source of food and medicine, shelter, and provide raw materials for
clothing and other products
B. Ecological
- maintain the balance in the ecosystem as they perform their specific roles
- biodiversity provides functioning ecosystems that supply oxygen, clean air
and water, pollination of plants, pest control, wastewater treatment and CATEGORIES OF THE VALUE OF SPECIES
many ecosystem services
A. Direct Economic Value
- their products are sources of food, medicine, clothing, shelter and
energy
- Vinblastine and vincristine are two chemicals
that have been extracted from rosy
periwinkle and are used in chemotherapy for
Hodgkin’s disease and some form of cancer like lymphocytic
leukemia
B. Indirect Economic Value
- these are benefits produced by organism without using them
- certain species maintain the chemical quality of natural bodies of water,
prevent soil erosion and floods and cycle materials in the soil, and
absorb pollutants
C. Aesthetic Value
- organisms provide visual or artistic enjoyment like natural park
Stability
- described as the resilience to withstand changes that may occur in the
environment
- the ability of an ecosystem to be self-regulating, and again become steady
after disturbance

Threatened species
- are plants and animals that are likely to become endangered within the
foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range
Endangered species
- animals and plants are at risk of extinction - there are so few of them that
they might soon be wiped out altogether
- endangered species are those plants and animals that have become so rare
they are in danger of becoming extinct
- human activity is changing the world in such a way that many more animals
and plants are endangered than would otherwise be
Philippine Crocodile Philippine Eagle
Tamaraw Bombon Sardine (Tawilis)
Tarsier Sea Turtles
Balabac mouse deer (Pilandok) Catmon
Wild Pig (Baboy Damo) Waling-Waling
Philippine Forest Turtle Kris Plant
Staghorn Fern Arabica Coffee
Calamian and Philippine spotted deer
Source: [Link]
Extinction
- occurs when there are no more individuals of that species alive anywhere
in the world - the species has died out
- is a natural part of evolution
Explain the relationship between population growth and carrying capacity Population’s Carrying Capacity
THE UPS AND DOWNS OF POPULATION - is the maximum number of organisms
Population that can be supported by the
- a group of organisms of the same species that live in a certain area environment
- populations that are growing or diminishing can be indicators of potential - can be defined as a species’
problems in the organisms’ environment average population size in
- if the birth rate is greater than the death rate, a population will grow a particular habitat
Birth Rate (Natality) Exponential Population Growth
- the number of births in a population - is a period of rapid population growth
Death Rate (Mortality) - -during this period there are plenty of resources available for all organisms,
- the number of organisms that are dying in a population so more birth are recorded than deaths in organisms
Population Density - -J-shaped curve
- refers to the number of organisms per unit area Logistic Growth
- if a population’s density is very high, there are a lot of organisms crowded - population expansion decreases
into a certain area as resources become scarce, and
Population Growth it levels off when the carrying
- gives us an idea on how fast a population changes over time capacity of the environment is
reached, resulting in S-shaped
curve

Limiting Factor
- factors that control the growth
of a population
- is anything that constrains a population's size and slows or stops it from
growing
- some examples of limiting factors are biotic, like food, mates, and
competition with other organisms for resources
- abiotic includes temperature, altitude, and amount of sunlight available
in an environment
- limiting factors are usually expressed as a lack of a particular resource
like if there are not enough prey animals in a forest to feed a large
population of predators, then food becomes a limiting factor
- if there is not enough space in a pond for a large number of fish, then
space becomes a limiting factor
Two General Factors that Limit Population’s Growth 1. Diseases and parasites
- infectious diseases and parasites spread faster in densely populated
1. Density-independent Factors
areas
- if the population’s density does not directly influence changes in
2. Competition for resources
population’s growth
3. Predation
- natural disaster, temperature, sunlight and activities of human in the
- predator and prey
environment
4. Emigration
- individual organisms leave and go to a new area where they can find
enough resources for survival and reproduction

Suggest ways to minimize human impact on the environment

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND ISSUES
1. Farmlands are converted into housing projects
2. River ecosystem dumped with garbage from illegal settlers and toxic
wastes from industries
3. Forrest area is converted into techno park

2. Density-dependent Factors
- a factor that regulates a population’s growth and is influence by
population density
- come into play when a population reaches a certain number of
organisms
- include disease, competition, and predation