PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
SESSION : 2023-24
TOPIC:
TRANSFORMER
SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:
DIVYANSHU YADAV MR. RAVI PRATAP SHARMA
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to
all those who have contributed to the
completion of this project on "Transformers: A
Comprehensive Exploration." This endeavour
would not have been possible without the
support, guidance, and inspiration from
various individuals and resources.
I extend my sincere thanks to Physics teacher
[Mr. Ravi Pratap Sharma ], whose expertise
and invaluable insights have been
instrumental in shaping the direction of this
research. Your guidance, feedback, and
encouragement throughout the project have
been truly invaluable.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that
DIVYANSHU YADAV
Student of class XII (Sci.)
has successfully prepared the report on
Project entitled
“Electromagnetic Induction”
under the guidance of
Mr. RAVI PRATAP SHARMA (PGT Physics).
The report is the result of his efforts &
endeavours. The report is found worthy of
acceptance as final Project report for the
subject Physics of class XII(sci.).
Signature physics teacher Signature of External examiner
------------------------ --------------------------
Abstract
To investigate the relation between the ratio of:-
1. input and output voltage
2. number of turns in secondary coil of self designed
transformer
Principle:
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual
induction according to this principle, the amount of
magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is
induced in the neighbouring coil.
Construction:-
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made
of laminated sheets, well insulated from one another. Two
coils p1 & p2 and s1 & s2 are wound on the same core, but
are well insulated with each other. Note that the both the
coils are insulated from the core, the source of alternating
e.m.f is connected to p1p2, the primary coil and a load
resistance R is connected to s1 s2, the secondary coil through
an open switch S. thus there can be no current through the
sec. coil so long as the switch is open.
For an ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance of the
primary & secondary winding is negligible. Further, the energy
loses due to magnetic the iron core is also negligible
Theory And Working
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1 and
p2, an alternating current starts falling in it. The altering
current in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux,
which induces altering voltage in the primary as well as in the
secondary. In a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux
linked with primary is also linked with the secondary, then the
induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal
to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es
be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f. is induced in the
primary and the secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns
of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and
Dфь / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this
instant, we have
Ep = -Np dфь/dt -----------------(1)
And
Es = -Ns dфь/dt ----------------- (2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by
dividing 2 by 1, we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ----------------(3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the
primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is
due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of
the applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o,
p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary
coil is given by Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be
neglected so therefore
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.
In a step up transformer
Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np
In a step down transformer
Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np
If Ip = value of primary current at the same instant t
And Is = value of sec. current at this instant, then
Input power at the instant t = Ep Ip and
Output power at the same instant = Es Is
If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then Input
power = output power Or
Ep Ip = Es Is Or
Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
In a step up transformer
As k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
i.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the
same ratio. Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down
transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current
in the same ratio. Thus a step up transformer in reality steps
down the current & a step down transformer steps up the
current.
Energy Losses:-
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a
transformer:
1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the
copper coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of
conducting wires.
2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron
core of the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy
currents in iron core. It is minimized by taking laminated
cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best insulations.
Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each
turn of S1S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with each turn of P1P2.
4. Hysteretic loss is the loss of energy due to repeated
magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when
A.C. is fed to it. 5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a
transformer.
Conclusion
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary
coil depends upon the ratio(Ns/Np) with respect to input
voltage.
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary
coil depends upon the ratio(Ns/Np) with respect to input
current.
3. There is a loss power between input and output coil of a
transformer.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
NCERT TEXTBOOK
[Link]
518901864/Physics-Project-Class-XII-
2021-22-Investigatory-Project
[Link]
content/uploads/20220826162026/
[Link]
[Link]
Engineering-Projects/Physics/AC-
[Link]