Structural elements of the young normal

human pulp
James K. Avery, D.D.S., Ph.D.,* Ann Arbor, Mich.
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY

The structural elements of the young normal dental pulp are fibrocytes and numerous
small blood vessels. Structural organization of this organ is evident as the teeth
reach functional occlusion. Larger-diameter vessels appear more centrally located,
and fine capillaries appear among the odontoblasts. Fibroblasts then appear, and
associated collagen fibers are evident throughout the pulp. Gradually the peripheral
zone of the pulp organizes into cell-free, cell-rich zones, and a parietal layer of
nerves is evident. Ultrastructural evidence of myelinated and nonmyelinated nerves
is seen in the pulp, and neural terminations are noted in the tubules of predentine.

I n an examination of the young pulp, we will consider first the cellular

and intercellular structures of this organ, including the characteristics of
the blood vascular and neural elements. Following, there will be a brief discussion
of the changes in the pulp during the stages of root resorption. The pulp begins
its life as the dental papilla, that mesenchymal tissue underlying the oral
epithelium which is capable of exerting an inductive role on the formation of the
enamel organ of teeth. The early stages of development are characterized by
proliferation of fibroblasts and differentiation of odontoblasts. As dentine
develops along the perimeter of the dental papilla, this tissue becomes known
as the dental pulp. The young organ is characterized as a highly cellular organ
which has few fibers and a rich blood supply, as seen in a newly erupted human
tooth (Fig. 1). The primitive cells, fibrocytes or fibroblasts, are proliferating
at this time, as indicated by the mitotic figures, and differentiating into fibroblasts
typical of those seen elsewhere in the human body. The early differentiating
pulpal fibroblasts are polygonal in shape, indicative of their undifferentiated
state. They do appear to be more widely separated and more evenly distributed
in the pulp tissue which gives this organ its characteristic appearance (Fig. 2).
The multiple processes of the cells extend to adjacent cells and are attached to

This investigation was supported in part by United States Public Health Service Grant
DE 01604. National Institute for Dental Research.
*Professor of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, and Professor of Anatomy, Medical
School, University of Michigan.

113
 114 flvery Ornl Surg.
July, 1971

Pig. 1. Young pulp OrgJn of nw;ly cruptcd hurunn toolh illuslmting high ccl1 coucerrl r:rtiou
and blood vessels.
Fig. 2. Human tooth pulp in functional odusion denoting sptid arrxngement of ccllu
rind presence of neural elements and blood ressels.
Pig. 3. Human pulp in deutinogenic region. Bwm nboue do~unw~~~d: lkntine, l~rdcntine,
odontoblauts, and cell-free ant1 cell-rich zones.
Pig. 4. Electron mierogr:tl~Ii Of young polygon-slqcd fibroblnsts nppcxring in relatively
undifferentiated stage.

them by intercellular bridges. The fibroblasts have well-defined nuclei, staining

characteristically with basic stains, and light-staining cytoplasm. The fibroblasts
are limited in number only in the cell-free and odontogenic region where the
odontoblasts are aligned along the forming dentine front (Fig. 3). Although the
cell-free and adjacent cell-rich zones are characteristic of pulps of human
deciduous and permanent teeth, they do not appear in many of t,he lower animals.
An examination of these cells at highctr magnification revcals that the differea-
tiating fibroblasts have centrally located oval or round nuclei containing nucleoli
which are located near their outer surface. Few organelks, such as mitochondria,
Golgi’s [Link], and entloplasmic reticulum, have been described in the young
differentiating odontoblasts, but they are seen in greater numbers as the pulp
cells mature (Fig. 4). The mature fibroblasts are characterized by enlarged
Golgi’s apparatus and rough-surfaced endoplasmie reticulum, and along the
surface of the cell body and its processes collagen fibrils can be seen (Fig. 5).
These collagen fibrils with the typical 640 angstrom banding are located through-
out the maturing pulpal organ, especially in the region of the odontoblasts,
during the periocl of active dentinogenesis. Some of this collagen may later be
associated with blood vessel walls or in areas where reparative dentine forms,
as well as characterizing the appcarancc of the fibrous nature of the pulp organ
as it ages. Thus, the young pulp is tlominated by cells which appear to decrease
in number as the relative increase of blood vessels, nerves, and fibrous tissue
Volume 32 Structural elements of yowng normal human p&l> I1 5
Number 1

Fig. 5. Electron micrograph of pulp illustrating fibroblasts and collagen fibrils. The latter
are seen throughout the intercellular regions of the pulp.
P,ig. 6. Light micrograph of an India ink-injected pulp of rodent incisor. Above: Dentine
and fine capillary plexus among odontoblasts. Below: Larger vessels of pulp.
Fig. 7. Muscular arteriole of human pulp. Band of circular muscle cells appears vertical
in wall of vessel. Nerve trunk lies adjacent to arteriole.
Fig. 8. Arterioles and associated neural elements. Observe cellular and fibrillar relationship
of pulp.

OCCWS. There is also an increase in appearance of mucopolysaccharide in the

ground substance surrounding the cells. The architecture of the pulp is unlike
that of any other organ in the body. Both the afferent and efferent vessels and
nerves may enter and exit this organ at the same location or at several locations.
depending on whether the tooth has single or multiple roots. In the case of single
or multiple foramina, however, the architecture of this organ is similar with
respect to the central location of the larger vessels and nerves and the peripheral
location of the smaller ones.
The extensive vascularization of the pulp organ has been commented on
by authors over the past 100 years. This characteristic can be clearly visualized
in the India ink-perfused tooth presented by Dr. Bernick, which illustrates the
very fine network of capillaries of the peripheral dentinogenic region as well as
the larger vessels in the more central region of the pulp (Fig. 6). It has been
shown that the blood vessels of both the pulp and the periodontium arise from
the same artery and drain via the same veins in either the mandibular or the
maxillary region. Although branches of the alveolar arteries supply both the
tooth and its supporting tissues, those entering the pulp are somewhat different
in structure from the branches to the periodontium. The vessels of the pulp are
characterized by very thin walls, which directs our attention again to the fact
that the pulp is a specialized organ. The more centrally located pulpal arteries
range between 50 and 150 microns in diameter and possess muscle cells which
 116 Avery Oral Surg.
July, 1971

Fig. 9. Muscular arterioles of human pulp organ and neural elements along vessel walls.
Fi,g. 10. Small blood vessel of pulp illustrating endothclinl cells and associated fibroblasts
or pericytes on surface of vessel.
Pig. 11. Dcntinogenic region of pulp. Abol;c: Dentine and capillaries lying adjacent to
predentine and between odontoblxsts below.
Pig. 12. Low-magnification electron micrograph showing capillary on left and endothelial
cells at its superior and inferior boundaries.

pass around the vessel wall in a radial fashion and function in support of the
large vessel walls (Fig. 7). Coursing along with these vessels are nerve trunks
(Figs, 7 and 8). Many neural elements follow the pathway of the larger vessels,
in some cases surrounding the blood vessels (Figs. 8 and 9). Some of these have
been shown to be sympathetic fibers arising from the cervical sympathetic
plexus. Only the larger vessels have a thin layer of muscle cells surrounding the
endothelium-lined tubes. The arterioles of the pulp do not have a prominent
muscular wall and an internal elastic lamina. The smaller, thin-walled vessels,
approximately 10 to 15 microns in diameter, are made up of the dark-
stained endothelial cells only (Fig. 10). Terminal branches of the smaller
arterioles are the capillary network found among the odontoblasts (Fig. 11).
These are especially evident during the active stages of dentinogenesis. Their
relationship to the predentine pulpal junction is of interest since the odontoblasts
do display junctional complexes early in development and thus provide little
space for these vessels. These capillaries, however, appear in this region during
the stages of early differentiation of the odontoblast and formation of the first
dentine. It is remembered that these peripheral vessels reflect, in the form of
hemorrhage, any damage to the dentine. At higher magnification, the electron
microscope reveals the structure of the capillaries of the pulp to be tubes lined
with endothelial cells (Figs. 12 and 13). The thin protoplasmic extensions of
these endothelial cells circumscribe these vessels and rest on a basal lamina. The
Volume 32 Structural elements of young normal human pulp 117
Number 1

Fig. 13. Electron micrograph of blood vessel with lumen filled with red blood cells.
Intermingled among red blood cells are blood platelets. Endothelial cells are prominent.
Fig. 24. Electron micrograph of capillary illustrating micropinocytotic vesicles (V) in
endothelial cell cytoplasm.
Fig. 15. Electron mierograph illustrating endothelial cell (B) of vessel with junction
(arrow) with adjacent endothelial cell. Adjacent beIow is cytoplasm of a pericyte (P)
and a nerve (NJ.
Fig. 16. Electron micrograph of polymorphonuclear leukocyte in pulp vessel. Observe
dense-staining specific granules.

nuclear membrane often appears wrinkled, and the peripheral cytoplasm is at-
tenuated and contacts the cytoplasm of adjoining cells. Intracytoplasmic struc-
tures include rough endoplasmic reticulum, a few mitochondria, a small Golgi
apparatus, occasional dense granules, and numerous micropinocytotic vesicles
(Fig. 14). The basement membrane is continuous around the vessel wall and
merges with collagen fibrils and the smooth muscle fibers in the larger arterioles.
Closely adjacent to the basal lamina of the smaller vessels are pericytes or
capillary-associated fibroblasts (Fig. 15), The primary function of the pericyte
may be elaboration of the connective tissue of the pericapillary region, and thus
the cell may be called a pericapillary fibroblast. The evidence that they may have
this function is due to their prominent Golgi apparatus, abundant endoplasmic
reticulum, and associated ribosomes which are the morphologic features of cells
which synthesize and secrete proteins. The larger vessels, containing numerous
red blood cells, are also seen to [Link] relatively thin walls with endothelial cells
supported only by a basement membrane, a thin layer of collagen fibers, and a
few muscle cells (Fig. 13).
Another feature of the vessel wall are the numerous vesicles seen within
the endothelial cells (Fig. 14). These pinocytotic and micropinocytotic vesicles,
depending on their size, appear to originate from the basal plasma membranes
118 Avery Oral Surg.
July, 1971

Fig. 17. Electron micrograph of odontogenic region with capillary (C) crowled among
ociontohlrtsts. Observe rough-wrf:lccd endoplasmic reticulum of odontoblnst on right.
Pig. 18. Electron micrograph of odontoblxsts (0) above and fibroblast (F) below.
Pig. 29. hlxcrophage of pulp. This defense ccl1 contains a number af membrane-bound
lysosomnl (L) granules.
Pig. b0. Light microgr:tph of nerves entering pulp of tooth. Neural stain reveals fine
fibrils in region of pulp horns.

or the luminal side by the pinching off of small inpocketings. These vesicles have
been demonstrated to transport colloidal particles across the capillary endothe-
lium. In this manner, nutritional exchange through the vessel wall to the sur-
rounding tissue may take place. The 8- to IO-micron diameter of this vessel
relative to the single red blood cell that it contains reveals that this vessel is one
of the smaller capillaries. It is also of interest to observe the zone of contact of
two adjacent endothelial cells (Fig. 15). These zones of contact vary considerably
in appearance, but in most cases there is an overlapping of the cytoplasm of one
cell over the other. Although these flaps characterize the intercellular junctions
of cndothelid cells, some sections reveal an end-to-end junction of the cytoplasm
(Fig. 15). Because they possess pseudopodia, leukocytes may pass through these
junctions; however, red blood cells, which do not have the potential of ameboid
movement, could not normally do so. The typical homogenous-appearing electron-
dense red blood cell is seen in Figs. 13 and 14. A typical leukocyte containing
specific granules and mitochondria within its cytoplasm, as well as the
polynuclear appearance of the nucleus, is shown in Fig. 16.
Another interesting cell seen in the pulp is the macrophage (Fig. 19). A
macrophage is characterized by numerous vesicles and vacuoles as well as by
membrane-bound bodies seen in its cytoplasm, which are termed lysosomes.
These lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes which enable them to break down
Volume 32 Structural elements of young normal human puZp 119
Number 1

Pig. 21. Light micrograph of increase in nerves in pulp horn of newly erupted tooth.
Fig. Z.2. Light micrograph of root canal of mature tooth illustrating nerve trunks in central
portion of canal.
Fig. 83. Light micrograph of neural trunks in coronal p~11p branching to pass to parietal
(P) zone which lies adjacent to cell-rich zone.
Fig. 64. Light micrograph of nerves passing from parietal zone (below) through cell-rich
and cell-free zones to terminate among odontoblasts (0) above.

substances ingested into the cell. Macrophages also contain variable amounts
of ingested substance in their cytoplasm.
A final consideration of the cellular elements of the pulp is the odontoblast.
The highly ordered rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, prominent Golgi
apparatus, and numerous mitochondria of the odontoblasts reveal them to be
cells active in protein synthesis (Figs. 1’7 and 18). Odontoblasts exist in a very
close positional relationship to each other and to fibroblasts, nerves, and capil-
laries in this region (Fig. 17). A few fibroblasts appear just peripheral to the
cell-free zone and also lie in close relationship to these cells (Fig. 18), It is
possible that these cells may have the ability to replace an odontoblast that is lost
due to trauma.
Another interesting element present throughout the pulp consists of the
nerves. The last major structures to appear in the developing pulp organ, they
are not being seen until a considerable amount of dentine is deposited (Fig. 20).
Unlike blood vessels, which appear early in the organizing dental papilla, the
nerves increase in number in the odontogenic region only as the erupting tooth
makes its appearance in the oral cavity (Fig. 21). By this time, amelogenesis
is completed and much of the crown dentine has been deposited. It is thus
apparent that dentinogenesis is not dependent on the early presence of an exten-
sive plexus of nerves among the odontoblasts during early dentine formation
120 Avery Oral Surg.
July, 1971

Fig. 20’. Electron micrograph of large myclinnted ncrvc of central pulp. Charnctcristic
lamellnr appearance is notnhle.
FQ. $6. Electron micrograph of myelinatcd nerw of pulp with associated Schwnnn (8)
cell below.
Pig. $7. Electron micrograph of two myelinnted nerves (above) and nonmyelinated nervetl
(lower part of photograph). A Schwann cell nucleus is seen at lower right.
Fig. 28. Electron micrograph of both myelinsted and nonmyelinated axons in region of
odontoblast.

(Fig. 20). By the time the tooth erupts, however, myelinated nerves have
reached the odontogenic region and lie in close positional relationship to the
odontoblasts. As the tooth comes into functional occlusion, these neural elements
form an organized parietal layer lying adjacent to the cell-rich zone of the
peripheral pulp. In a mature tooth, nerve trunks will pass up the central region
of the root canal (Fig. 22) and progress to the coronal region, where they then
branch and radiate toward the peripheral pulp (Fig. 23). The greatest con-
centration of neural elements in the coronal pulp is in the pulp horns. Pulpal
nerves organize into an extensive plexus in the parietal zone, and smaller nerves
from this zone pass through the cell-rich and cell-free zones and appear to
terminate among the odontoblasts (Fig. 24). Ultrastructurally, the larger
myelinated neural elements are seen in the central pulp, where thick myelin
sheaths can be observed (Fig. 25). The myelin sheaths of nerves manifest a
characteristic lamellar appearance in electron micrographs. The concentric
lamellae consist of electron-dense and electron-lucent layers, and the number of
layers is greater in larger nerves. Both myelinated and unmyelinated fibers may
be seen in the central pulp, as shown in Fig. 27. Neural elements surrounded by
Schwann cells are observed in the pulp (Figs. 26 and 27). The lipid and protein
constituents of the myelin are synthesized in the Schwann cell, which is thus
responsible for the spiraling process that results in the wrapping of the lipid-
Volume 32 Structural elemeds of young normal human pulp 121
Number 1

Fig. 29. Electron micrograph at higher magnification to illustrate nonmyelinated axons in

region of odontoblasts.
Fig. 30. Light micrograph of two tooth slabs illustrating cholinesterase activity in pulps
of human teeth. Activity is concentrated along parietal zone and nerves approaching this zone.
Fig. 31. Light micrograph of specific cholinesterase in nerve trunk (below center) and
parietal zone with some stain in neural elements among odontoblasts (0).
Fig. 38. Light micrograph of acetylcholinesterase activity in dentinal tubules and
canaliculi of dentine.

protein double layers on the surface of the axon. The axon filaments can be
readily observed within the myelinated and nonmyelinated nerves of various
sizes. Many of these nerves are visualized adjacent to the blood vessels. Both
myelinated and nonmyelinated fibers are found in the peripheral pulp traversing
the cell-rich and cell-free zones.
A predominance of nonmyelinated fibers is visualized in the region of the
odontoblasts, and these fibers appear to be very small in diameter (Fig. 28). At
high magnification, these groups of axons can be seen within the Schwann cell
(Fig. 29). Histochemically, a look at this region reveals areas of cholinesterase
activity in the parietal zone of the superior aspects of the coronal pulp chamber
(Fig. 30). Cholinesterase activity is indicative of the presence of acetylcholine,
and in these figures it is noted by the black staining of the areas of activity of
this enzyme. This enzyme appears to be present in the nerve trunks and along
the nerves surrounding blood vessels entering this region. Specific cholinesterase
is observed after treatment with diisopropylfluorophosphate. The specific enzyme
is located in the neural elements among the odontoblasts (Fig. 31). It is possible
that some appears in the cytoplasm of the odontoblasts. We have also reported
some acetylcholinesterase activity within the tubules and candiculi of dentine
(Fig. 32). This activity may be in the processes and side branches of the
processes of the odontoblasts, as indicated by the staining. On the other hand,
122 Averg Oral Surg.
July, 1971

PZg. 33. Electron micrograph of dentinal tubules in calcified dentine (U). Note oval object
in lower right tubule.
Fig. 34. Electron micrograph of possible neural endin, v in dentinsl tubule. Odontoblast
process (OP) is seen on right [Link] neural (IV) structure in tubule.
Fig. 35. Higher-magnification electron micrograph specimen shown in Fig. 34. Observe
synaptic cleft between odontoblast process and neural structure. Note vesicles and mitoehondria
(M) in ending.
Fig. 36. Diagram showing location of material in Figs. 37, 38, and 39. Relations of
deciduous and permanent teeth.
Fig. 37. Light microgrnph of human tooth in advanced stage of root resorption. Neural
stain indicates diminished neural elements.
Fig. 58. Light micrograph of human tooth in advanced stage of root resorption. Stained
for vascular elements which are still in evidence. Note calcifications in pulp.
Fig. 39. Light micrograph of human tooth in beginning stages of root resorption. Pulp
appears normal, with vascular and neural elements present.
Volume 32 Xtructural eZements of young normal humas pulp 123
Number 1

the staining may be in neural elements in the dentinal tubules. Since neural
elements have not been verified as existing through the dentine, this fact
encourages one to think that the odontoblast process may be the conducting
tissue.
It is of interest to examine the dentine tubules at higher magnification.
Electron micrographs of the dentinal tubules of the predentine reveal the very
fine structure of the odontoblast process (Fig. 33). The partially calcified
dentine adjacent to the tubules can be seen. Along the walls of some of the
tubules are structures which have been of great interest to Dr. Corpron and
myself. At the past several meetings of the International Association for Dental
Research Dr. Corpron has reported the presence of small irregularly shaped
membrane-bound structures along the walls of the tubules, These structures
appear to contain mitochondria and various sized vesicles and lie in close
approximation to the cytoplasm of the odontoblast process within the dentinal
tubules near the pulp (Figs. 34 and 35). Several other authors have reported
the presence of these structures in the dentinal tubules. In our observations,
they have not been found in every tubule but in relatively few of them. Usually
they can be found in groups appearing in several adjacent tubules. It has been
presumed that they are neural endings, although there is no proof of this as yet.
We are currently examining the dentine of teeth after neural resection to deter-
mine whether these structures disappear.
In summary, the first elements which characterize the dental pulp are stellate-
appearing fibrocytes and numerous small blood vessels. The fibroblasts differen-
tiate, and collagen fib& appear. The pulp is richly vascularized by the time
dentinogenesis begins. The preodontoblasts and odontoblasts differentiate in the
peripheral pulp organ. As the odontoblasts rapidly differentiate, they develop
specialized junctional complexes with each other. By this time, numerous enzymes
are present in the pulp tissue. The final structural elements to appear in the pulp
are the nerves, appearing among the odontoblasts only after considerable dentine
has been deposited. During the period of tooth eruption the coronal pulp differen-
tiates rapidly into a central zone containing larger vessels and nerves and a
peripheral zone containing a cell-rich area, a cell-free area, and the dentinogenic
area. The ultrastructure of this latter area reveals numerous myelinated neural
elements and small capillaries consisting of endothelial cells resting on a base-
ment membrane. By the time the tooth is in functional occlusion, numerous
neural elements appear in the circumpulpal region, especially in the pulp horns.
Peripherally, the parietal layer of myelinated and nonmyelinated nerves appears
adjacent to the odontoblasts. Structures that appear specialized, resembling
neural elements, are found in some of the dental tubules nea,r the pulp.
One final point to consider before closing this discussion on the structural
elements of the pulp is that this organ is a constantly changing one and highly
sensitive to its external environment. The pulps of deciduous teeth, for example,
are in the mouth only a short period of time after root completion and before
the roots are lost through resorption (Fig. 36). As this process advances, the
neural elements begin to degenerate and fibrosis may occur (Figs. 37,38, and 39).
It has been reported that some of the enzymes in the pulp tissue decrease in
 124 Avery Oral Surg.
July, 1971

amount as root loss progresses. Calcified masses may appear in these relatively
young pulps (Figs. 38 and 39). The last structures to degenerate in the pulps
of exfoliating teeth are the blood vessels, and numerous vascular structures are
apparent in the exfoliating pulp at the time the toot,h is lost. Because of fibrosis
and calcifications, the pulp during exfoliation looks like a pulp undergoing aging.

SUMMARY
The first elements which characterize the dental pulp arc fibrocytes and
numerous small blood vessels. The preodontoblasts and odontoblasts appear in the
peripheral pulp organ. The odontoblasts rapidly differentiate and develop
specialized junctional complexes with adjacent cells. By this time, numerous
enzymes appear in the pulp tissue. Blood vessels of larger diameter appear as
dentinogenesis begins. Fibroblasts differentiate, and collagen fibrils appear.
The young normal human pulp is characterized as a highly cellular organ con-
taining few collagen fibers in the cent,ral region, some of which become associated
in the walls of developing blood vessels. The final structural elements to appear
are the nerves, which appear among the odontoblasts after considerable dentinc
has been deposited. As the teeth reach occlusion, the coronal pulp differentiates
rapidly into a central zone containing larger vessels and nerves and a peripheral
zone containing a parietal layer of nerves, a cell-rich area, a cell-free area, and the
odontoblastic zone. The ultrastructure of the blood vessels reveals that the small
capillaries consist of endothelial cells resting on a basement membrane. The
larger vessels possess some smooth muscle cells. Numerous myelinated nerves
appear throughout the pulp, and small unmyelinated ones appear peripherally
near the odontoblasts. A few neural endings appear in the tubules of the
predentine and dentine.
The author would like to acknowledge the research work of Dr. Richard E. Corpron,
Dr. James Smalley, and Mr. Charles Cox, all of whom have contributed to the observations
reported in this article.

REFERENCES
1. Avery, J. K., and Han, 8. S.: The Formation of Collagen Fibrils in the Dental Pulp,
J. Dent. Res. 40: 1248-1261, 1961.
2. Han, 8. S., and Avery, J. K.: The Ultrastructure of Capillaries and Arterioles of the
Hamster Dental Pulp, Anat. Rec. 145: 549-572, 1963.
3. Han, 8. S., and Avery, J. K.: The Fine Structure of Intercellular Substances and
Rounded Cells in the Incisor Pulp of the Guinea Pig, Anat. Rec. 151: 41-58, 1965.
4. Han, 8. S., Avery, J. K., and Hale, L. E.: The Fine Structure of Differentiating
Fibroblasts in the Incisor Pulp of the Guinea Pig, Anat. Rec. 153: 187-210, 1965.
5. Han, 5. S., Avery, J. K., and Bang, J. 5.: The Effect of Actinomycin D on the Fibroblast
of the Pulp of the Rat Incisor; a Study by Quantitative Radioautography and Electron
Microscopy, Arch. Oral Biol. 12: 503-512, 1967.
Rapp, R., Avery, J. K., and Strachan, D. S.: The Distribution of Nerves in Human
Primary Teeth, Anat. Rec. 159: 89-104, 1967.
Rapp, R., Avery, J. K., and Straehan, D. 8.: Cholinesterase Enzymes in Human Primary
Teeth, J. Dent. Child. 34: 336-343, 1967.
Avery, J. K., and Diniz de Deus, Quintiliano: The Pulp Organ During Development,
Arq. Cent. Estud. 4: 107-121, 1967.
Strachan, D. S., Rapp, R., and Avery, J. K.: Demonstration of Multiple Esterases of the
Human Dental Pulp After Electrophoresis in Starch and Arcylamide Gels, J. Dent. Res.
46: 1471, 1967.
10. Han, 8. S., Avery, J. K., and Bang, J. S.: Structural Modifications of Fibroblasts Under
Conditions of Impaired Protein Synthesis. In Finn, Sidney (editor) : Biology of Dental
Pulp Organ, Birmingham, 1968, University of Alabama Press, pp. 221-228.
Volume 32 Structural elements of young normal human pulp 125
Number 1

11. Avery, J. K., Tabatabai, Adl, and Diniz de Dew., Quintiliano: The Pulp Organ During
Aging, Arq. Cent. Estud. Fat. Odont. 6: 63-71, 1969.
12. Avery, J. K., Strachan, D. S., Corpron, R. E., and Cox, C. F.: Changes in Pulps of Teeth
After Nerve Resection, Anat. Rec. (In press, 1971.)
13. Corpron, R. E., and Avery, J. K.: Ultrastructure of Odontoblasts in Dentinal Tubules,
J. Dent. Res. 50: 511, 1971.

Address correspondence to :
Dr. James K. Avery
The University of Michigan
School of Dentistry
Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104