Module 1 DC Circuits
Dr. Anand S.
Professor
Centre for Nanotechnology Research
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 1
Module 1 DC Circuits
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 2
Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s law states that the voltage (v) across a resistor is directly
proportional to the current (i) flowing through the resistor.
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 3
Resistivity
8/25/2023 Fig. Resistivity of common materials 4
[Link]@[Link]
Resistance
A short circuit is a circuit element with resistance approaching zero.
An open circuit is a circuit element with resistance approaching
infinity.
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 5
Conductance
A useful quantity in circuit analysis is the reciprocal of resistance R,
known as conductance and denoted by G
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 6
Nodes, Branches, and Loops
A branch represents a single element such as a voltage source or a
resistor.
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 7
Nodes, Branches, and Loops
A node is the point of connection between two or more branches.
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 8
Nodes, Branches, and Loops
A loop is any closed path in a circuit.
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 9
Kirchhoff’s Laws
Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)
Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL)
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 10
Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)
Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of
currents entering a node (or a closed boundary) is zero.
Mathematically, KCL implies that
The sum of the currents entering a node is equal to the sum of the
currents leaving the node.
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 11
Kirchhoff’s voltage Law
Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of all
voltages around a closed path(or loop) is zero.
Expressed mathematically, KVL states that
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 12
Kirchhoff’s Law - Numerical
Find voltages V1 and V2
Solution
Substituting eqn. 1 in eqn. 2
8/25/2023 13
[Link]@[Link]
Kirchhoff’s Law - Numerical
Substituting the i in eqn. 1
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 14
Kirchhoff’s Law - Numerical
Determine vo and i in the circuit shown in the figure
Solution
Substituting eqn. 2 in eqn. 1
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 15
Kirchhoff’s Law - Numerical
Find the currents and voltages in the circuit shown in the figure
Solution
2
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 16
Kirchhoff’s Law - Numerical
Eqn. 1
4
Substituting v3 and v2 from eqn. 1,
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 5 17
Kirchhoff’s Law - Numerical
Substituting the Eqns. 3, 5 into Eqn. 2
Eqns. 1 to 5
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 18
Voltage and Current Division
Series resistors and voltage division
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 19
Voltage and Current Division
Parallel resistors and current division
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 20
Equivalent Resistance (Req)
Find Req for the circuit shown in Fig.
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 21
Equivalent Resistance (Rab)
Calculate the equivalent resistance Rab for the circuit shown in Fig.
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 22
Delta – Star conversion
(1)
(2)
(5)
(3)
(6)
(4)
8/25/2023 23 (7)
[Link]@[Link]
Star – Delta conversion
(8)
(9)
(10)
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 24
Equivalent resistance (Rab)
Obtain the equivalent resistance Rab for the circuit shown in Fig.
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 25
Equivalent resistance (Rab)
Obtain the equivalent resistance Rab for the circuit shown in Fig.
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 26
Node voltage analysis
(1)
(2)
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 27
Node voltage analysis
(3)
Substituting eqn. 4 in eqn. 1 and eqn. 2 results
(5)
(4)
(6)
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 28
Node voltage analysis - Numerical
Calculate the node voltages in the circuit shown in Fig.
(1)
(2)
Add eqn. 1 and eqn. 2, results
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 29
Node voltage analysis - Numerical
Calculate the node voltages in the circuit shown in Fig.
Sub. V2 = 20 V in eqn. 1
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 30
Node voltage analysis - Numerical
Determine the voltages at the nodes in Fig.
(1)
(2)
8/25/2023 (3) [Link]@[Link] 31
Node voltage analysis - Numerical
Determine the voltages at the nodes in Fig.
Adding eqn. 1 and eqn. 3
(4)
Adding eqn. 2 and eqn. 3
(5)
Substituting eqn. 5 in eqn. 4
From eqn. 3
8/25/2023 32
[Link]@[Link]
Node analysis with voltage sources
(1)
(2)
(3)
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 33
Node analysis with voltage sources
To apply KVL to the super node
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 34
Node analysis with voltage sources - Numerical
Find node voltages
(1)
(2)
From eqn. 1 and eqn. 2
8/25/2023 (3) 35
[Link]@[Link]
Node analysis with voltage sources - Numerical
Find node voltages
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 36
Mesh analysis
Nodal analysis applies KCL to find unknown voltages in a given circuit, while
mesh analysis applies KVL to find unknown currents.
Mesh analysis is not quite as general as nodal analysis because it is only
applicable to a circuit that is planar.
A planar circuit is one that can be drawn in a plane with no branches crossing
one another; otherwise it is non-planar.
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 37
Mesh analysis - Numerical
Find the branch currents using mesh analysis.
(1)
(2)
Substitute eqn. 2 in to eqn. 1
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 38
Mesh analysis - Numerical
Find the current i0 using mesh analysis.
(1)
(2)
8/25/2023 (3) [Link]@[Link] 39
Mesh analysis - Numerical
Find the current i0 using mesh analysis.
(1)
(2)
(3)
In matrix form, from eqn. 1 to eqn. 3
= 11 (38 -2) + 5 (-10 – 2) -6 (5 + 19)
= 396 – 60 -144
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 40
= 192
Mesh analysis - Numerical
8/25/2023 41
[Link]@[Link]
Mesh analysis with current sources
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 42
Mesh analysis with current sources
Find the current i1 and i4 using mesh analysis.
(1)
(2)
(3)
8/25/2023 (4) 43
[Link]@[Link]
Mesh analysis with current sources
After the substitutions, From eqn. 1 to eqn. 4
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 44
Superposition Theorem
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 45
Superposition - Numerical
Use the superposition theorem to find v in the circuit in Fig.
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 46
Superposition - Numerical
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 47
Superposition - Numerical
Find io in the circuit in Fig. using superposition.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 48
Superposition - Numerical
Substituting eqn. 2 and 5 in to eqn. 3 and 4, results
(6)
(7)
(8)
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 49
Superposition - Numerical
(9)
(10)
(11)
Substituting eqn. 11 into eqn. 9 and 10, results
(12)
(13)
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 50
Superposition - Numerical
(14)
Substituting eqn. 8 and eqn. 14 into eqn. 1, results
(15)
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 51
Thevenin’s theorem
8/25/2023 52
[Link]@[Link]
Thevenin’s theorem
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 53
Thevenin’s theorem - Numerical
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the circuit shown, to left the terminals a-b.
To find Vth, apply mesh analysis to the two loops
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 54
Thevenin’s theorem - Numerical
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 55
Thevenin’s theorem - Numerical
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the circuit shown.
The circuit has no independent sources, so Vth = 0
(1)
(2)
Substituting eqn. (2) in eqn. (1), results
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 56
Maximum power transfer theorem
The Thevenin equivalent is useful in finding the maximum power; a
linear circuit can deliver to a load.
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 57
Maximum power transfer - Numerical
Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer in the circuit. Find the maximum
power.
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 58
Maximum power transfer - Numerical
Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer in the circuit. Find the maximum
power.
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 59
Maximum power transfer - Numerical
Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer in the circuit. Find the maximum
power.
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 60
Reference
8/25/2023 [Link]@[Link] 61