SUBJECT CODE: 21EC1929

SUBJECT NAME: WIRELESS NETWORKS

1
 UNIT I - WIRELESS LAN
PART – A
1. What are the goals of HIPERLAN?(R)

1. Quality Of Service
2. Strong Security.
3. Handoff when moving between local area and wide area.
4. Increased throughput.
5. Ease of use, deployment and maintenance.
6. Affordability.
7. Scalability.

2. What are the versions of HIPERLAN?(R)

• HIPERLAN-1
• HIPERLAN-2
• HIPER Access
• HIPERLINK

3. List the protocols used in HIPERLAN-2.(R)

• Radio Link Control protocol.

• DLC Connection Control
• Radio Resource Control
• Association Control Function.

4. What are the advantages of wireless LAN? (R)

• Flexibility
• Planning
• Robustness
• Design
• Cost
2
5. Define HIPERLAN-2. (R)

It is a mobile short-range access network specified in the Broadband

Radio Access Networks (BRAN) project chartered by the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). HIPERLAN-2, a competes
directly with IEEE 802.11g/n, aka Wi-Fi.

6. What is Bluetooth? (R)

It is an open specification for short range wireless voice and data

communications that was originally developed forcible replacement in
PAN.
7. How is interference between Bluetooth and 802.11 handled? [AU
April/May 2012] (R)

Bluetooth – CVSD Continuously Variable Slope Modulation.

IEEE 802.11 – CSMA/CA

8. Write some of the characteristics of Bluetooth. (May /June 2012)(U)

Frequency band 2.5GHz

Technology Spread spectrum
Transmission method Hybrid direct sequence and
frequency hopping
Transmitting power 1 mill watt
Data speed Asymmetric- 721+57.6 Kbps,
symmetric link – 432.6Kbps
Range 10ms

3
9. What are the layers in IEEE 802.11 architecture? (R)

Physical Layer
- Physical layer convergence procedure(PLCP)
- Physical Medium dependent Sublayer(PMD).
Data link layer
- Logical Link Control Layer.(LLC)
- Medium Access Control (MAC ).

10. What are the functions of Physical Layer? (R)

On transmission, assemble data into a frame with address and error

detection fields.
On, reception, disassemble frame, and perform address and error
detection.
Govern access to the LAN transmission medium.
Provide an interface to higher layers and perform flow and error control.

11. Draw the MAC frame format.(U)

MAC Destination Source Data CRC

control MAC MAC
address address

Data:

DSAP SSAP LLC Information

control

DSAP:
I/G DSAP value
I/G – Individual / Group

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 DSAP – Destination Service Access Point
SSAP:
C/R SSAP value
C / R – Command / Response
SSAP --Source Service Access Point

12. Define MANET. (R)

A MANET consists of a number of mobile devices that come together to

form a network as needed, without any support from any existing
Internet infrastructure or any other kind of fixed stations.

13. What are the characteristics of MANET? (May /Jun ‘12) (R)

 Dynamic topologies.
 Bandwidth constrained and variable capacity links.
 Energy constrained operations.
 Limited physical security

14. What are the applications of MANET? (R)

 Defense applications
 Crisis management applications.
 Telemedicine applications.
 Tele geo processing applications.
 Virtual navigation.
 Education via the Internet.

15. What are the building blocks of IEEE 802.11 architecture? (R)
 Basic Service SET. (BSS)
 Distribution System (DS)

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  Access Point (AP).
16. What are the other IEEE.802.11 protocols? (R)

 802.11a High speed physical layer in 5 GHz band

 802.11b higher speed physical layer extension of wireless in 2.4 GHz
band
 802.11d Local and metropolitan area wireless 802.11g Broadband
wireless

17. List out the IEEE 802.11 Services. (R)

a. Distribution of Messages within a DS.
o Distribution
o Integration.
b. Association Related Services
 No Transition.
 BSS Transition.
 ESS transition.
c. Access and Privacy Services.
 Authentication.
 DE authentication.
 Privacy.

18. Define WIMAX(R)

WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a

wireless industry coalition dedicated to the advancement of IEEE 802.16
standards for broadband wireless access (BWA) networks. WiMax is a
standardized wireless version of Ethernet intended primarily as an
alternative to wire technologies (such as Cable Modems, DSL and T1/E1
links) to provide broadband access to customer premises.

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 19. List Some of the salient features supported by WiMAX are: (R)
i. High data rates: - WiMAX can typically support data rates from 500
Kbps to 2 Mbps. - The inclusion of multi-input multi-output(MIMO) antenna
techniques along with flexible sub-channelization schemes, advanced coding
and modulation all enable mobile to support peak downlink data rates of 63
Mbps per sector and peak uplink data rates of up to 28 Mbps per sector in a
10 MHz channel.

ii. Quality of service (QoS):

 WiMAX has clearly defined QoS classes for applications with different
requirements such as VoIP, real time video streaming, file transfer and
web traffic.

iii. Scalability:

 Mobile WiMAX is designed to able to work in different channelization

from 1.25 to 20 MHz to comply with varied world-wide requirements.

iv. Security:

 There is support for diverse set of user credentials like SIM/USIM cards,
smart cards, digital certificates, username/password schemes.
 All this is based on relevant ‘extensible authentication protocol (EAP)’
methods for credential type.

v. Mobility:

 Mobile WiMAX supports optimized handoff schemes with latencies less than
50ms to ensure that real time applications such as VoIP can be performed
without service degradation.

 Flexible key management schemes assume that security is maintained

during handoff.
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 20. Define the Spectrum Allocation for WiMAX? (R)

 i. The biggest spectrum segment for WiMAX is around 2.5GHz.

 ii. The other bands are around 3.5HZ, 2.3/2.5GHz, or 5GHz, with
2.3/2.5GHz.

21. Compare between Wi-Fi and WiMAX. (A)

[Link] Wi-Fi WiMAX

1. Wi-Fi technology is based on IEEE WiMAX technology is based on

802.11 standards. IEEE 802.16 standards.

2. 802.11a-OFDM,maximum 802.16-OFDM, maximum

rate=54Mbps.,802.11b- rate=50Mbps.,802.16e-OFDM,
DSSS,maximum maximum rate~30Mbps.
rate=11Mbps.,802.11g-
OFDM,maximum rate=54Mbps.

3. The stations gain access to media There is time slot for each station
based on CSMA/CA and back off and there is scheduling
algorithm schemes. algorithm used by base station.

4. Range is less than 100 meters. A kilometer non-line-of-sight,

more with line-of-sight.

5. Indoor Environment. Outdoor Environment.

6. No Quality of Service. Five Quality of service enforced

by base station.

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22. What are the differences between the 802.11a and HIPER LAN-2?(R)

The HIPER LAN-2 standard uses the same physical layer as 802.11a with
a MAC that supports the needs of the cellular telephone industry is
supporting mechanisms for tariff, integration with existing cellular systems
and providing QOS. IEEE 802.11camp is a connectionless WLAN camp that
evolved from data oriented computer communications. HIPER LAN-2 camp
is connection based WLANs addressing the needs of voice oriented cellular
telephone.

23. State the relationship between HYPER LAN-2 and WATM. (R)

HIPER LAN-2 aims at higher data rates and intends to accommodate

ATM as well as IP type access.

[Link] many transport channels and logical channels are implemented

in the HIPERLAN-2 DLC layer? (R)

HIPERLAN-2 DLC layer has four transport channels and five logical
channels.

25. What is meant by wireless ATM? (R)

Wireless ATM is sometimes called as mobile ATM or WATM. It does not

only describe a transmission technology, but specify a complete
communication system. It develops a set of specifications that extends the
use of ATM technology to wireless network.

26. Define MAC layer of WIMAX? (R)

The IEEE 802.16 MAC was designed for point-to-multipoint broadband

wireless access applications. The primary task of the WiMAX MAC layer is
to provide an interface between the higher transport layers and the
physical layer.

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27. State the Significance of radio transmission over infrared. (R)
Long Range Communication and High bandwidth are two main factors of
radio transmission as compared to infrared.

PART-B

1. Write a brief note on basic transmission technologies for WLANs. [U]

2. Summarize three versions of PHY layer with the format of an IEEE 802.11 PHY frame. [AZ]
3. (i) What are the design goals and applications of wireless LAN? [U]
(ii) Mention the advantages and disadvantages of WLAN. [R]
4. Interpret the two network architectures of WLAN. Discuss them briefly with diagrams. [AZ]
5. Formulate the basic structure of an IEEE 802.11 MAC data frame and also explain the special
control packets. [E]
6. (i) List out the services provided by WATM. [R]
(ii) Sketch the generic WATM reference model. [R]
7. Assess the four different network types and layered Model of BRAN wireless access network.
[AZ].
8. Analyse the basic structure and handover scenarios of HiperLAN2 with necessary diagrams.
[AZ]
9. (i) State the functions covered by Link Manager Protocols. [U]
(ii) What are the three low power states in Bluetooth device? [U]
10. Elaborate how you would form a piconet and scatternet in Bluetooth with architecture diagram.
[AZ]
11. Describe the steps involved in the security architecture of Bluetooth. [AZ].
12. Infer the characteristics and architecture of IEEE 802.15.4 WPAN. [U].
13. Construct the protocol architecture and categorize the data transfer types of Wireless Universal
Serial Bus (WUSB). [C].
14. (i) Discuss about Zigbee Topologies with diagram. [AZ].
(ii) Draw and explain architecture of Wireless HART. [U]
15. Illustrate the following IEEE 802.11 architecture with neat diagrams: [AZ]
(i) System architecture

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 (ii) Protocol architecture.
16. Elaborate the PHY packet formats of IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11a. [AZ]
17. Assess the core protocol elements in Bluetooth protocol stack with necessary diagrams. [AZ]
18. Formulate the architecture and protocol stack of 6LoWPAN and explain the concept of header
compression with an example. [E]
19. Compare IEEE 802.11, HiperLAN2, and Bluetooth with regard to their ad-hoc
Capabilites. [AZ]
20. Describe the user scenario architecture and protocol stack of Bluetooth technology.
[U]

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 UNIT II MOBILE NETWORK LAYER
PART – A
1. What is Dynamic source Routing? (R)
Dynamic Source Routing eliminates all periodic routing updates. If
a node needs to discover a route, it broadcast a route request with a
unique identifier and the destination address as parameters. Any node
that receivers a route request gives a list of addresses representing a
possible path on its way toward the destination.

2. Explain Mobile ad-hoc routing protocol in detail.(E)

Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV) Routing protocol.

Ad-hoc on demand distance vector routing protocol. Dynamic source
routing protocol.

3. What is mobile routing?(R)

Even if the location of a terminal is known to the system, it still

has to route the traffic through the network to the access point currently
responsible for the wireless terminal. Each time a user moves to a new
access point, the system must reroute traffic. This is known as mobile
routing.

4. List the major goals when selecting a routing protocol. (R)

Possible reliability by selecting alternative routes if node

connectivity fails. minimizing the actual length between the source and
destination through the least number of intermediate nodes. Especially
important for interactive sessions between user applications.
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5. What is a Mobile IP address? (R)

Mobile IP (or MIP) is an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

standard communications protocol that is designed to
allow mobile device users to move from one network to another while
maintaining a permanent IP address.

6. Define IPv6? (R)

Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) is an Internet Protocol (IP) used

for carrying data in packets from a source to a destination over various
networks. IPv6 is the enhanced version of IPv4 and can support very
large numbers of nodes as compared to IPv4. It allows for 2128 possible
node, or address, combinations.

7. What is DHCP? (R)

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network
protocol that enables a server to automatically assign an IP address to a
computer from a defined range of numbers (i.e., a scope) configured for a
given network
8. Name the entities of DHCP? (R)
The entities acquired via DHCP are, e.g., DHCP relay, DHCP server
etc.
9. How can DHCP be used for mobility and support of mobile IP? (R)

DHCP is a good candidate for support the acquisition of COA for

mobile nodes. The same holds for all other parameters needed, such as
address of the default router, DNS servers etc. A DHCP server should be
located in the subnet of the access point of the mobile node, or at least a
DHCP relay should provide forwarding of the messages.

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10. What advantages does the use of IPv6 offer for mobility? (R)

Many mobility supporting function are already integrated in IPv6.

An explicit FA is not needed any more, all routers are capable of agent
advertisements, tunnelling, forwarding of data, setting up security
associations. Authentication is built-in as well as optimisation functions.

11. Name the main differences between multi-hop ad hoc networks? (R)

Ad-hoc networks in general do not require an infrastructure to

operate (they can be connected to an infrastructure). Multi-hop ad-hoc
networks additionally do not require that all nodes can receive each
other. Nodes may forward transmissions for other nodes.

12. What are general problems of mobile IP regarding security? (R)

Mobile IP does not increase security compared to IP, on the

contrary. The only additional security related function is the
authentication of MN and HA. However, if MN and HA, together, want to
attack an FA, nothing can prevent them.
13. What are the classifications of Table Driven routing protocols? (R)

Destination sequenced distance vector Routing.

Cluster Head Gateway switch routing.
Wireless routing protocols

14. Define Adhoc Networks? (R)

Adhoc network is an autonomous system node connected with

wireless link. The node in the ad hoc network communicates with other
node without any physical representation. The nodes in the ad hoc
organization instantly form the network whenever the communication is
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 established.
15. Write the advantages of Adhoc Networks?(U)

 Ease of deployment
 Speed of deployment
 Decreased dependence on infrastructure

16. List the issues of MANET? (R)

 Lack of a centralized entity.

 Network topology changes frequently and unpredictably
 Channel access/bandwidth availability
 Hidden/exposed station problem

17. List the disadvantages of Dynamic source routing? (R)

 Packet header size grows with route length due to source routing.
 Flood of route requests may potentially reach all nodes in the
network

18. What are the features of IPv6? (R)

 Larger Address Space

 Simplified Header
 End-to-end Connectivity
 Auto-configuration
 Faster Forwarding/Routing
 IP Security
 No Broadcast
 Any cast Support
 Mobility
 Enhanced Priority Support
 Smooth Transition

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  Extensibility
19. What are the advantages of IPv6 over IPv4? (R)

Advantages of IPv6 compared to IPv4:

 IPv6 in addition to offering a significantly larger address space, has
many other advantages over IPv4:
 The IPv6 protocol has built in support
for multicast 1 transmission, while with IPv4 this feature is
optional.
 IPv6 devices allocate also an only locally accessible and valid IPv6
address for a client connected, which allows communication
between endpoints on the same sub-network regardless of the
presence of a router. 2
 As for security features, the IPsec support (authentication and
encryption) is a mandatory component of the IPv6 protocol, while
in case of IPv4 this feature is optional.
 Contrary to the Mobile IPv4 protocol, the Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) helps avoid
triangular routing experienced earlier, and makes it possible for mobile
(WiFi) clients to select a new router without renumbering, which results in
a more reliable and faster connection with less network interruption.
 In case of IPv4, data packages have an upper size limit of 64 kB (kilobytes),
while with IPv6 this may be extended up to 4GB (gigabytes), significantly
increasing the transmission rate.

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 20. Write the differences between IPv4 and IPv6?(U)

IPv4 IPv6

Address  32 bits bytes)  128 bits (16 bytes)

(4 [Link]  [Link]
 [Link]
Packet size  576 bytes required,  1280 bytes required without
fragmentation optional fragmentation
Packet  Routers and sending hosts  Sending hosts only
fragmentation
Packet header  Does not identify packet  Contains Flow Label field that specifies
flow for QoS handling packet flow for QoS handling
 Includes a checksum  Does not include a checksum
 Includes options  Extension headers used for optional
up to 40 bytes data
DNS records  Address (A) records,  Address (AAAA) records,
maps host names maps host names
 Pointer (PTR) records,  Pointer (PTR) records,
[Link] DNS domain [Link] DNS domain
Address  Manual or via DHCP  Stateless address auto configuration
configuration (SLAAC) using Internet Control
Message Protocol version 6 (ICMPv6) or
DHCPv6
IP to MAC  broadcast ARP  Multicast Neighbour Solicitation
resolution
Local subnet  Internet Group Management  Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD)
group Protocol (IGMP)
management
Broadcast  Yes  No
Multicast  Yes  Yes
IPSec  optional, external  required

17
 21. What is the care of address in mobile IP? (R)
Used in Internet routing, a care-of address (usually referred to as CoA) is a
temporary IP address for a mobile device. This allows a home agent to
forward messages to the mobile device.
22. What is encapsulation in mobile IP? (R)
The default encapsulation process used in Mobile IP is called IP
EncapsulationWithin IP, defined in RFC 2003 and commonly
abbreviated IP-in-IP. It is a relatively simple method that describes how to
take an IP datagram and make it the payload of another IP datagram.

PART – B

1. What is Mobile IP? Describe the Mobile IP protocol. Explain with a diagram, how IP packets are
transmitted between nodes. [U]
2. Write a brief note on entities and terminology of mobile IP. [U]
3. i) Draw and explain the packet format of registration request and reply. [U]
(ii) Tabulate the registration reply codes in mobile IP. [AZ]
4. Discuss the need of agent advertisement with packet format. [AZ]
5. Explain the protocol fields and simplified header of Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE). [AZ]
6. (i) Propose a client/server model of Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. [A]
(ii) Evaluate the flow of DHCP client initialization process. [E]
7. Summarize the main characteristics and architecture of Mobile Adhoc Networks with neat diagram.[E]
8. Interpret the main idea of optimization and reverse tunnelling. [AZ]
9. What is the purpose of Session Initiation Protocol and explain how it works in a VoIP call? [AZ]
10. (i) Draw the header format of IPv6. [U]
(ii) Infer about the basic structure of hierarchical mobile IPv6. [U]
11. Examine the motivation behind dynamic source and how does dynamic source routing handle routing?
[AZ]
12. Illustrate the four components used in IoT and outline the characteristics of IoT. [AZ]
13. (i)Justify how would you solve the problem of triangular routing? [AZ]
(ii) Explain the benefits of Mobile ad-hoc networks. [AZ]
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14. Illustrate the mechanism of tunnelling and encapsulation in mobile IP packet delivery with necessary
diagrams. [U]
15. Evaluate the process of route establishment and route maintenance in Destination Sequence Distance
Vector Routing protocol for Adhoc networks. [E]
16. Explain the working principle of CoAP Protocol with architecture and message format. [AZ]
17. Show the steps required for a handover from one foreign agent to another foreign agent
including layer 2 and layer 3. [U]
18. Explain how tunneling works in general and especially for mobile IP using IP-in-IP,
minimal, and generic routing encapsulation, respectively. Discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of these three methods. [AZ]
19. State the entities and terminologies used in mobile IP along with tunneling and also
explain the three types of encapsulation mechanisms used in mobile IP. [U]

19
 UNIT III 3G OVERVIEW
PART – A
1. What is TCP? (R)

TCP is a connection-oriented protocol, which means a connection is

established and maintained until the application programs at each end have
finished exchanging messages. It determines how to break application data
into packets that networks can deliver, sends packets to and accepts
packets from the network layer, manages flow control, and—because it is
meant to provide error-free data transmission—handles retransmission of
dropped or garbled packets as well as acknowledgement of all packets that
arrive. In the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) communication model,
TCP covers parts of Layer 4, the Transport Layer, and parts of Layer 5,
the Session Layer.

2. Draw the format for TCP header?(A)

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3. What is a TCP packet? (R)

Most networks use TCP/IP as the network protocol, or set of rules for
communication between devices, and the rules of TCP/IP require
information to be split into packets that contain both a segment of data to
be transferred and the address where the data is to be sent.

4. What are the three most common TCP/IP protocols(R)

 HTTP - Used between a web client and a web server, for non-secure data
transmissions. A web client (i.e. Internet browser on a computer) sends a
request to a web server to view a web page. The web server receives that
request and sends the web page information back to the web client.
 HTTPS - Used between a web client and a web server, for secure data
transmissions. Often used for sending credit card transaction data or
other private data from a web client (i.e. Internet browser on a
computer) to a web server.
 FTP - Used between two or more computers. One computer sends data to
or receives data from another computer directly.

5. What do you mean by congestion control? (R)

Congestion control Congestion control controls traffic entry into a

telecommunications network, to avoid congestive collapse by avoiding
oversubscription by reducing the rate of packets. It should not be confused
with flow control, which prevents the sender from overwhelming the
receiver.

21
6. What do you mean by congestion window? (R)

The congestion window is a sender imposed window that was

implemented to avoid overrunning some routers in the middle of the
network path. The sender, with each segment sent, increases the congestion
window slightly, i.e. the sender will allow itself more outstanding sent data.

7. What is fast retransmit in TCP? (R)

Fast Retransmit is an enhancement to TCP which reduces the time a

sender waits before retransmitting a lost segment. A TCP sender uses a
timer to recognize lost segments.

8. What is fast recovery in TCP? (R)

This step is congestion avoidance, since TCP is down to one-half the rate
it was at when the packet was lost. The fast retransmit algorithm first
appeared in the 4.3BSD Tahoe release, and it was followed by slow start.

9. What are the major responsibilities of TCP ? (R)

 Provide reliable in-order transport of data: to not allow losses of data.

 Control congestions in the networks: to not allow degradation of the
network performance,
 Control a packet flow between the transmitter and the receiver: to not
exceed the receiver's capacity.

22
10. Define fast retransmit in TCP? (R)

The congestion threshold can be reduced because of two reasons. First

one is if the sender receives continuous acknowledgements for the same
packet. It informs the sender that the receiver has got all the packets up to
the acknowledged packet in the sequence and also the receiver is receiving
something continuously from the sender. The gap in the packet stream is
not due to congestion, but a simple packet loss due to a transmission error.
The sender can now retransmit the missing packet(s) before the timer
expires. This behaviour is called fast retransmit.

11. Define fast recovery in TCP? (R)

It is an early enhancement for preventing slow-start to trigger on losses

not caused by congestion. The receipt of acknowledgements shows that
there is no congestion to justify a slow start. The sender can continue with
the current congestion window. The sender performs a fast recovery from
the packet loss.

12. What is indirect TCP?(R)

Indirect TCP segments the TCP connection in to a fixed part and a

wireless part. Standard PC is used between the fixed computer and the
access point. No computer in the internet recognizes any changes to TCP.
Instead of the mobile host the access point now terminates the standard
TCP connection, acting as a proxy.

23
13. Enumerates the advantages of indirect TCP?(R)

 No changes in the fixed network necessary, no changes for the host

necessary.
 Simple to control
 Transmission errors on wireless links do not propagate in to the fixed
network.
 Fast retransmission of packets is possible.
 It is easy to use different protocols for wired and wireless networks.

14. List the disadvantages of indirect TCP?(R)

 Loss of end to end semantics

 Higher latency possible
 Security issues will arise.

17. What is snooping TCP?(R)

It is the new enhancement which leaves the TCP connection intact

and is completely transparent. The main function is to buffer data close
to the mobile host to perform fast local retransmission in case of packet
loss.

18. List the advantages of snooping TCP?(R)

 The end to end TCP semantics is preserved.

 Handover of state is not required
 Most of the enhancements are done in the foreign agent itself.

24
19. Define Mobile TCP? (R)

The M – TCP has the same goals as that of I – TCP and snooping
TCP to prevent the sender window from shrinking if bit errors or
disconnection but not congestion cause current problems. The M – TCP
improves the overall throughput, to lower the delay, to maintain end to
end semantics of TCP to provide more efficient handover.

20. Write the advantages of M – TCP? (R)

 It maintains the TCP end to end semantics.

 It avoids useless retransmission, slow starts or breaking
connections by simply shrinking the sender’s window to 0.
 No buffering is required

21. Write the disadvantages of M – TCP? (R)

 M – TCP assumes low bit error rates which are not always a valid
assumption.
 A modified TCP on the wireless link requires modification to the
MH protocol software but also new network elements like
bandwidth manager.

22. Write about 3G system. (R)

It is to provide fairly high speed wireless communications to

support multimedia, data and video in addition to voice.

25
[Link] the applications of 3G? (R)

Applications of 3G

The bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices gives rise

to applications not previously available to mobile phone users. Some of
the applications are:

 Global Positioning System (GPS)

 Location-based services
 Mobile TV
 Telemedicine
 Video Conferencing
 Video on demand

24. What is the speed of 3g network? (R)

The operators talk about 3G speeds of 3.6 mbps to 21 mbps on

their network, but the actual speed is much lower. Last year, telecom
regulator TRAI proposed to set a minimum of one mbps download speed
for 3G networks. In fact, the difference between the speeds of 2G and 3G
is hardly visible.
25. List out the disadvantages of Indirect TCP (R)

 Loss of TCP’s end-to-end semantics

 Handoff overhead can be significant

 Overhead at the proxy for per packet processing (up to TCP and back
down)

 TCP proxy must be trusted

26
 26. Mention the advantages of mobile TCP. (R)

1. Maintains semantics
2. Supports disconnection
3. No buffer forwarding

PART – B

1. Illustrate the following UMTS core network architecture:

(i) 3G – MSC, (ii) 3G – SGSN. [AZ]

2. Explain the architecture of UTRAN and its elements. [U]

3. Summarize the following in detail: [E]

(i) UTRAN Interfaces,
(ii) Transport Network Control plane,
(iii) Transport Network User plane.

4. (i) Analyse the three different techniques in HSPDA. [AZ]

(ii) Examine the objectives and operational principles of HSDPA. [AZ]

5. (i) Describe the channels introduced in HSDPA. [U]

(ii) Define the responsibility of user equipment in HSDPA. [U]

6. Discuss in detail about the overview and system architecture of CDMA 2000. [AZ]

7. Write short notes on:

(i) 1X EV-DO REV A,
(ii) 1X EV-DO REV B. [U]

8. Manipulate the 1X EV-DO REV C (UMB) and other prominent features and explain. [AZ]

9. Describe the following in detail:

(i) Packet Data Serving Node (PSDN) in CDMA 2000,
(ii) Base Transceiver Station (BTS). [U]

10. Examine the Network structure of CDMA 2000 and its three main variants. [AZ]

11. (i) Outline the various platform and its descriptions in CDMA 2000. [U]
(ii) Write about the enhancements of CDMA 2000 over existing IS-95. [U]

27
12. Draw the forward CDMA channel and write about its modulation schemes. [U]

13. Formulate the data rates and characteristics for Forward link RC and SR and Reverse link RC and
SR. [E]

14. Evaluate the architecture of Generic TD-SCDMA network. [E]

15. Explain the Radio Access Network Application Protocol and its functions. [AZ]

16. Evaluate the following CDMA 2000 Radio and Network components platforms: [E]
(i) Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN),
(ii) Home Location Register (HLR),
(iii) Base Transceiver Station (BTS).

17. Generalize the fundamental architecture of a Time Division Code Division Multiple Access (TD-
CDMA) and core network. [AZ]

18. Develop the core network associated with TD-SCDMA wireless network for Release 5. [C]

28
 UNIT – IV INTERNETWORKING BETWEEN WLANS & WWANS

PART – A
1. What is UMTS? (R)

The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is a third

generation mobile cellular system for networks based on the GSM standard.
Developed and maintained by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project),
UMTS is a component of the International Telecommunications Union IMT-
2000 standard set and compares with the CDMA2000 standard set for
networks based on the competing cdma One technology. UMTS uses
wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) radio access technology to
offer greater spectral efficiency and bandwidth to mobile network operators.

2. What are the features of UMTS? (R)

UMTS supports maximum theoretical data transfer rates of

42 Mbit/s when Evolved HSPA (HSPA+) is implemented in the network.
[2] Users in deployed networks can expect a transfer rate of up to 384 kbit/s for
Release '99 (R99) handsets (the original UMTS release), and
7.2 Mbit/s for High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) handsets in the
downlink connection. These speeds are significantly faster than the 9.6 kbit/s
of a single GSM error-corrected circuit switched data channel, multiple 9.6
kbit/s channels in High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD) and 14.4
kbit/s for CDMAOne channels.

3. What is meant by UMTS network? (R)

UMTS, short for Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, is a

3G networking standard used throughout much of the world as an upgrade to
existing GSM mobile networks. UMTS makes use of WCDMA, a technology
that shares much with CDMA networks used throughout the world, though it
is not compatible with them.
29
4. What are the QoS classes in the UMTS? (R)

Conversational class (voice, video telephony, video gaming)

Streaming class (multimedia, video on demand, webcast) Interactive
class (web browsing, network gaming, database access)
Background class (email, SMS, downloading)

5. Write about the UMTS architecture?

A UMTS network consist of three interacting domains; Core Network
(CN), UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) and User Equipment
(UE). The main function of the core network is to provide switching, routing
and transit for user traffic. Core network also contains the databases and
network management functions.

6. Define radio access network? (R)

Wide band CDMA technology was selected to for UTRAN air interface.
UMTS WCDMA is a Direct Sequence CDMA system where user data is
multiplied with quasi-random bits derived from WCDMA Spreading codes. In
UMTS, in addition to channelization, Codes are used for synchronization and
scrambling. WCDMA has two basic modes of operation: Frequency Division
Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD).

7. Write the functions of Node – B? (R)

The functions of Node-B are:

Air interface Transmission /

Reception Modulation / Demodulation
CDMA Physical Channel coding
Micro Diversity
Error Handing
Closed loop power control
30
8. What is SGSN? (R)
The SGSN or Serving GPRS Support Node element of the GPRS network
provides a number of takes focussed on the IP elements of the overall
system.

9. What are the services of SGSN? (R)

 Packet routing and transfer
 Mobility management
 Attach/detach
 Logical link management
 Authentication
 Charging data

10. What is GGSN? (R)

 The GGSN, Gateway GPRS Support Node is one of the most important
entities within the GPRS network architecture.
 The GGSN organizes the interworking between the GPRS network and
external packet switched networks to which the mobiles may be
connected. These may include both Internet and X.25 networks.

11. What is the GMSC? (R)

The Gateway Mobile Switching Centre (GMSC) is a special kind of MSC
that is used to route calls outside the mobile network. Whenever a call for
a mobile subscriber comes from outside the mobile network or the
subscriber wants to make a call to somebody outside the mobile network
the call is routed through the GMSC.

31
12. What is SMS – GMSC? (R)
The SMS – GMSC interfaces with the MSC/VLR and or the SGSN to
deliver a short message, stored in the SM –SC to the recipient mobile
subscriber.
13. Define DHCP? (R)
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a client/server
protocol that automatically provides an Internet Protocol (IP) host with its
IP address and other related configuration information such as the
subnet mask and default gateway.

14. Is DHCP over TCP or UDP?(U)

DHCP is a UDP service. So there are no connections and there is
no "listening". So different source ports are needed to identify whether
the packet comes from a server or a client. With a TCP service there are
also two ports.

15. Which transport layer protocol is used by DHCP?(U)

The DHCP employs a connectionless service model, using the User
Datagram Protocol (UDP). It is implemented with two UDP port numbers
for its operations which are the same as for the BOOTP
protocol. UDP port number 67 is the destination port of a server,
and UDP port number 68 is used by the client.

16. What is DNS? (R)

The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical decentralized naming
system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet
or a private network. It associates various information with domain names
assigned to each of the participating entities.

17. What is DNS protocol? (R)

Domain Name Servers (DNS) are the Internet's equivalent of a
phone book. They maintain a directory of domain names and translate

32
 them to Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. This is necessary because,
although domain names are easy for people to remember, computers or
machines, access websites based on IP addresses.

18. What do you mean by DNS server? (R)

This means that a resolving name server must issue
another DNS request to find out the IP address of the server to which it
has been referred. If the name given in the delegation is a subdomain of
the domain for which the delegation is being provided, there is a circular
dependency.

19. What is the HSDPA? (R)

High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is an enhanced 3G
(third-generation) mobile-telephone communications protocol in the
High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, also dubbed 3.5G, 3G+, or
Turbo 3G, which allows networks based on Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS) to have higher data speed.

20. Is the EDGE network 2g or 3g?(Az)

Letter E stands for EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM
Evolution). It is also called Enhanced GPRS. This technology lies
somewhere in between 2G and 3Gtechnology. So, some people refer to it
as 2.5G.

21. Write the functions of SMS-GSC? (R)

The SMS-GMSC provides the following functions:
Reception of short message packet data unit (PDU)
Interrogation of HLR for routing information
Forwarding of the short message PDU to the MSC or SGSN using the
routing information

33
22. What is the purpose of firewall in UMTS network? (U)
To provide Access Control and network security to the input and output
side of a network.
23. Name the 3G radio access schemes identified to support different
spectrum scenario. (R)
CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, MSC, GMSC, GGSN and SGSN

PART – B

1. Draw the different architectures to connect WLANs and 3G Networks. [U]

2. What are the objectives and the requirements for interworking between a wireless wide area

network (WWAN) and a wireless local area network (WLAN)? [U]

3. i. Describe the internetworking architecture between the IEEE 802.11 WLAN and GPRS. [AZ]

ii. Explain about the tight coupling architecture in detail. [AZ]

4. i. Elaborate the approaches for transporting the GPR signalling and user data. [U]

ii. Illustrate the tight coupling over Gb interface with necessary diagram. [AZ]

5. Outline the WLAN adaptation function (WAF) in tight coupling architecture and explain with
an appropriate diagram. [AZ]

6. Enumerate the GPRS interworking function (GIF)/routing area update (RAU) discovery

procedure in tight coupling architecture. [AZ]

7. Analyze the integration of IEEE 802.11 WLAN and GPRS using loose coupling. [AZ]

8. i. Brief the WLAN system architecture reusing the 3GPP subscription. [AZ]

ii. How is authentication achieved in loose coupling architecture? [AZ]

34
9. Examine the SIM based authentication over WLAN. [AZ]

10. Compare tight and loose coupling architecture for interworking between IEEE 802.11 WLAN
and GPRS. [AZ]

11. Formulate the operating principle of local multipoint distribution system. [E]

12. i. Write the significant features of LMDS. [U]

ii. With an example explain the LMDS configuration. [U]

13. i. Illustrate the MMDS system for digital video and wireless internet. [AZ]

ii. Summarize the functional operation of MMDS. [U]

14. Examine the multichannel multipoint distribution system (MMDS). Distinguish it with LMDS.
[AZ]

15. Formulate the tight coupling system configuration of WLAN GPRS. [E]

16. Generalize the features of WLAN coupling points using the GPRS reference diagram. [AZ]

17. Devise a system description for a tight coupling in an internetworking between WLAN and
GPRS. [AZ]

18. Determine the different types of interface between WLAN and the GPRS. [U]

19. i. Assess the different modulation schemes adopted in LMDS. [AZ]

ii. Evaluate the components of the LMDS architecture. [E]

35
 UNIT – V 4G & BEYOND
PART – A
1. What is 4 g? (R)

4G is the fourth generation of mobile phone technology and follows on

from 2G and 3G. 2G technologies was suitable for making calls and
sending text messages while 3G makes it possible to access the internet
more effectively through your mobile phone.

2. What is the difference between 4Gand 4GLTE? (R)

While the difference between slower 3G networks and
new 4G or LTE networks is certainly noticeably faster, most of
the 4G and “true 4G” networks have upload and download speeds that
are almost identical. For now, LTE is the fastest connection available for
wireless networks.

3. What is the difference between 3G and 4G? (R)

On the surface, the difference between 3G and 4G is pretty simple.
The “G” is short for generation, so 3G and 4G represent the third and
fourth generations of mobile broadband Internet. As a rule, provided that
you're on the same carrier, a 4Gconnection will be faster than a 3G one.
4. How fast is the 3g network? (R)
The average mobile broadband download speed on 4G (15.1Mbit/s)
was more than twice as fast as 3G (6.1Mbit/s) across all the networks.
The research found that performance varied by operator. EE and O2
offered faster than average 4G download speeds at 18.4 Mbit/s and
15.6Mbit/s respectively.

5. What is the data transmission speed of 4g network? (R)

Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), also known as CDMA2000 EV-DO, is
an expected path to 4G for legacy CDMA network providers. It's an IP-
based technology that is said to support 100Mbps through 1Gbps data-
transmission speeds.
36
6. Compare 4G with 3G?(A)

7. Write the advantages and limitations of 4G? (R)

37
8. List the challenges of 4G? (R)
 High usability: anytime, anywhere, and with any technology
 Support for multimedia services at low transmission cost
 Personalization
 Integrated services
9. Write the applications of 4G? (R)
 Virtual presence — 4G will provide user services at all times, even if
the user is off-site.
 Virtual navigation — 4G will provide users with virtual navigation
through which a user can access a database of streets, buildings, etc.,
of a large city.
 This requires high speed transmission.
 Tele-medicine — 4G will support the remote health monitoring of
patients via video conference assistance for a doctor at anytime and
anywhere.
 Tele-geo-processing applications — 4G will combine geographical
information systems (GIS) and global positioning systems (GPS) in
which a user will get location querying.

38
10. What is multi carrier modulation? (R)
Multicarrier modulation (MCM) is a derivative of frequency-division
multiplexing. Forms of multicarrier systems are currently used in DSL
modems and digital audio/video broadcast (DAB/DVB). MCM is a baseband
process that uses parallel equal bandwidth sub channels to transmit
information and is normally implemented with fast Fourier transform (FFT)
techniques.

11. Define OFDM? (R)

OFDM is possibly the most widely used form of multicarrier modulation. It
uses multiple closely spaced carriers and as a result of their orthogonality,
mutual interference between them is avoided.

12. What is the number of subcarrier in OFDM? (R)

An 802.11a OFDM carrier signal (burst type) is the sum of one or more OFDM
symbols each comprised of 52 orthogonal subcarriers, with baseband data on
each subcarrier being independently modulated using quadrature amplitude
modulation (available formats: BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, or 64-QAM).
13. List the OFDM advantages(R)
 OFDM has been used in many high data rate wireless systems because of the
many advantages it provides.
 Immunity to selective fading
 Resilience to interference
 Spectrum efficiency
 Resilient to ISI
 Resilient to narrow-band effects
 Simpler channel equalization

14. Write the OFDM disadvantages(U)

 High peak to average power ratio
 Sensitive to carrier offset and drift
39
15. What is MIMO technology? (R)
MIMO (multiple input, multiple output) is an antenna technology for wireless
communications in which multiple antennas are used at both the source
(transmitter) and the destination (receiver). The antennas at each end of the
communications circuit are combined to minimize errors and optimize data
speed.

16. What is MIMO support? (R)

Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology is a wireless technology
that uses multiple transmitters and receivers to transfer more data at the
same time. All wireless products with 802.11n support MIMO, which is part of
the technology that allows 802.11n to reach much higher speeds than
products without 802.11n.

17. Define cognitive radio? (R)

Cognitive radio (CR) is a form of wireless communication in which a
transceiver can intelligently detect which communication channels are in
use and which are not, and instantly move into vacant channels while
avoiding occupied ones.

18. What is the meaning of cognitive network? (R)

In communication networks, cognitive network (CN) is a new type of
data network that makes use of cutting edge technology from several
research areas (i.e. machine learning, knowledge representation,
computer network, network management) to solve some problems
current networks are faced with.

19. What is meant by dynamic spectrum access? (R)

Dynamic spectrum access is a new spectrum sharing paradigm that allows
secondary users to access the abundant spectrum holes or white spaces in
40
 the licensed spectrum bands. DSA is a promising technology to alleviate
the spectrum scarcity problem and increase spectrum utilization.
20. What do you mean by adaptive modulation or coding? (R)
Link adaptation, or adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), is a term used
in wireless communications to denote the matching of
the modulation, coding and other signal and protocol parameters to the
conditions on the radio link. For example, WiMAX uses a rate adaptation
algorithm that adapts the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) according
to the quality of the radio channel, and thus the bit rate and robustness of
data transmission.
21. Mention the features and challenges of 4G. (R)
High usability, anytime, anywhere support for multimedia services,
Personalization and integrated services.
22. Define multi carrier modulation. (R)
The process of splitting the carrier into several frequency components
allowed to modulate.
PART – B

1. i. Identify the key parameters of 4G and compare it with 3G systems. [U]

ii. Illustrate the 4G vision with appropriate diagram. [U]
2. What are the 4G key challenges and mention the proposed solutions. [U]
3. i. Write short notes about the evolution of 4G system. [U]
ii. Describe the concept of “seamless connectivity” in 4G system and explain with suitable diagrams.
[U]
4. Summarize the integration of 4G wireless technologies. [AZ]
5. What is OFDM? Write the significance and its advantages in using in 4G wireless communication
system. [U]
6. Assess the smart antenna techniques and explain in detail. [AZ]
7. i. Outline the features of IMS components. [U]
ii. Explain the service architecture and its entities of IMS. [U]

41
8. Formulate the structure and compare the different smart antenna techniques used for wireless
communication systems. [E]
9. Explain end to end architecture of LTE network. [U]
10. Categorize the channels available in LTE network, explain each category elaborately. [U]
11. Analyze the functions and architecture of BWA. [AZ]
12. i. Elaborate the stix agent architecture. [U]
ii. Discuss the Bidirectional bandwidth allocation in BWA. [AZ]
13. Determine the categories of MVNO and explain the architecture in detail. [U]
14. Evaluate the technologies behind the 4G services and explain in detail. [E]
15. Determine the multicarrier modulation scheme adopted in 4G system, explain the working procedure of
the scheme with necessary diagram. [AZ]
16. i. Interpret the user plane end-to-end protocol stack based on the protocol architecture of LTE. [AZ]
ii. Assess the Local services offered in LTE system. [AZ]
17. Estimate the effective distributed system as a management goal in broadband wireless access. [E]

42
 ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

Questions

1. Compare IEEE 802.11, HiperLAN2, and Bluetooth with regard

to their ad-hoc Capabilities (E)
2. How do IEEE 802.11, HiperLAN2 and Bluetooth, respectively,
solve the hidden terminal problem?(R)
3. Name reasons for the development of wireless ATM. What is
UNIT - 1
one of the main difference to Internet technologies from this
point of view? Why did WATM not succeed as stand-alone
technology, what parts of WATM succeeded?(R)
4. In what situations can collisions occur in all three networks?
Distinguish between collisions on PHY and MAC layer. How do
the three wireless networks try to solve the collisions or minimise
the probability of collisions?(AZ)
Questions

1. Think of ad-hoc networks with fast moving nodes, e.g., cars in

a city. What problems arise even for the routing algorithms
adapted to ad-hoc networks? What is the situation on highways?
(R)
2. What are the differences between AODV and the standard
UNIT - 2
distance vector algorithm? Why are extensions needed?
3. What are general problems of mobile IP regarding security and
support of quality of service? (R)
4. Explain how tunneling works in general and especially for
mobile IP using IP-in-IP, minimal, and generic routing
encapsulation, respectively. Discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of these three methods. (U)

43
 Questions

1. Assume a fixed internet connection with a round trip time of 20

ms and an error rateof 10–10. Calculate the upper bound on
TCP’s bandwidth for a maximum segment size of 1,000 byte. Now
two different wireless access networks are added. A WLAN with
2 ms additional one-way delay and an error rate of 10–3, and a
GPRS network with an additional RTT of 2 s and an error rate of
10–7. Redo the calculation ignoring the fixed network’s error
rate. Compare these results with the ones derived from the
second formula (use RTO = 5 RTT). Why are some results not

UNIT - 3 realistic? (A)

2. Now show the required steps during handover for a solution

with a PEP. What are the state and function of foreign agents,
home agents, correspondent host, mobile host, PEP and care-of-
address before, during, and after handover? What information
has to be transferred to which entity to maintain consistency for
the TCP connection? (R)
3. Show the interaction of mobile IP with standard TCP. Outline
the packet flow from a fixed host to a mobile host via a foreign
agent. Then a handover takes place. What are the following
actions of mobile IP and how does TCP react? (U)
Questions

[Link] of the GPRS? Using the following data for a

UNIT - 4 GSM1800 network, calculate i). average busy hour traffic per
subscriber, (ii) traffic capacity per cell, (iii) required number of
base stations per zone, and (iv) the hexagonal cell radius for the
zone. Subscriber usage per month= 150 minutes, Days per

44
month= 24, Busy hours per day= 6 Allocated spectrum= 4.8
MHz, Frequency reuse plan =4/12, RF channel width= 200 kHz
(full rate), Present number of subscribers in the zone =50,000
,Subscriber growth= 5% per year, Area of the zone= 500 km2
,Initial installation based on a four-year design Capacity of a
base station transceiver (BTS)= 30 Erlangs (C)

[Link] the following data for a GSM network, estimate the voice
and data traff c per subscriber. If there are 40 BTS sites,
calculate voice and data traffic per cell.

Subscriber usage per month: 150 ,minutes Days per month: 24

,Busy hours per day: 6 ,Allocated spectrum: 4.8 MHz ,Frequency
reuse plan: 4/12 ,RF channel width: 200 kHz (full rate) ,Present
number of subscribers in a zone: 50,000, Subscriber growth per
year: 5%, Network roll-over period: 4 years, Number of packet
calls per session (NPCS): 5 (see Figure 17.1) ,Number of packets
within a packet call (NPP): 25, Reading time between packet calls
(Tr): 120 s ,Packet size (NBP): 480 bytes, Time interval between
two packets inside a packet call (Tint): 0.01 s, Total packet
service holding time during one hour (Ttot): 3000 s, Busy hour
packet sessions per subscriber: 0.15. (C)

45
 Questions

1. Discuss to Improving TCP/IP performance over Wireless

Network. (C)

2. Explain Some fundamental limits on cognitive radio. (U)

UNIT- 5

3. Explain Adaptive modulation and scheduling of IP traffic over

fading channels (U)

4. Analyse Hybrid type-II ARQ schemes with adaptive modulation

systems for wireless channels (AZ)

46