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10 views14 pagesUnit 5 Notes
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ENGINEERING PHYSICS II
SUPER CONDUCTIVITY
Introduction: Certain metals & alloys exhibit almost zero resistivity (infinite
conductivity), when they are cooled sufficiently to low temperature is known as Super
conductivity.
Super conductivity has got important applications like energy fields, ener;
communications, computing, super fast transportation, medicine e.t.c
y technology, tele
General properties?
‘The temperature at which the transition from normal stage to the Super conducting stage
takes place on cooling in the absence of magnetic field is called critical temperature (Tc)
is also known as Transition temperature
HLK onnes by studying the electrical conductivity of metals he came across this,
phenomenon. He found that when pure mercury was cooled down below 4°K the resistivity
suddenly dropped to zero. A similar behavior is observed in case of metal ‘tin’ the sudden
drop in resistivity is graphically shown below,
Normal conductor
Properties observed:
1. Tc is different for different substances.
2. For chemically pure & structurally perfect Super conducting transition is very sharp.
3. Super conductivity substance in general lies in the inner column of periodic table.
4. Super conductivity is found in metallic substance in which the valence electron no
lies in between 2&8.
5. From the periodic table it is observed that (Te) of the elements &square of atomic
no (Z?) are having direct proportionality relation
6. Transition metals having odd no of electrons exhibit Super conductivity.
7. Materials having high normal resistance exhibit Super conductivity.
8. Super conductivity is also observed in a substances having in all atomic volume with
small atomic mass.
9. Ferto &anti Ferro magnetic substances do not exhibit Super conductivity.
10. In addition to dropping of electrical resistivity to zero the following changes are also
observed.
a) The magnetic flux lines are rejected from the super conductor is known
“MEISSNER EFFECT”
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b) There is discontinuous change in specific heat,
©) There are changes in thermal conductivity & volume of the substance.
Effect of magnetic field on super conductors:
Super conductivity disappears if the temperature of the specimen is raised above “Tc’. In
other words super conductivity is destroyed above “T;’, same effect is observed if the super
conductor is subjected to magnetic field. In other words magnetic field destroys super
conductivity. It can be indicated in graph below,
Normal state
Super field at 0 K
conducting
state
Variations of H, with T
Attemp T= Te, He=0. As T decreases ,H starts increasing up to critical value (H),thus
applied magnetic field as the function of * T can be written as
He) = HeO[1 - 2)
He (0) -~- -=-> Critical magnetic field at 0°k
He (0) & Te Dare constants &also the characteristics of substance.
Numerical: A superconducting material has T.= 3.7k al zero magnetic field.
He = 0.0306 at OK, find He at T =2K (0.021661)
Solu; He(T) = He(|1 - >|
He(T), = 0.0306(1- (4/ (3.79?) =0.0216591
Meissner effect:
‘When a weak magnetic field is applied to a super conducting specimen at a temperature
below Te, the magnetic flux lines are are expelled from the specimen as shown in fig
below:
‘The specimen acts as an ideal dia-magnet this is known as “meissner effect”
Itis reversible, that when a temperature of specimen is raised below Tc at T= Te, the flux
lines suddenly start penetrating the specimen.
CINSan cn eamco ssh) ENGINEERING PHYSICS II
‘The specimen comes back to normal stage, under these conditions magnetic induction of a
10 (HD -—~ (2)
> applied magnetic field. t
} > magnetization.
As, B=0 5 to (41) =0 --9(3) (~)
H=-1,
specimen
where,
Hence susceptibility is -1, the substances are diamagnetic.
In case of super conductor resistivity (p =0),
But electtic field, e=Jp —-> (4) ==> £=0.
Also from DEL*E = =~ 9 % = 0 ; so, B should be constant.
This contradicts meissner effect itself,
Hence we can say that, super conducting substance or specimen behave differently from
that of normal specimen. Ultimately, in super conducting stage E=0, & B=0
Effect of current:
To destroy the super conducting property critical magnetic field (Hc) is required. As the
current is flowing through the super conductor the specimen can produce its own magnetic
field if superconductivity is to be destroyed. In other words if the current in the specimen is
increased to critical value Ic So that He is produced ,super conductivity disappears.
Hence , Ic can be related as Io~ 2[]t Ho—-> (5)
‘Mathematically Ic is related to Hc & is clear from following example.
Numerical:
Calculate critical current passing through the wires having diameterlmm, at temp=4.2K, Tc
for lead is 7.18k, value of Ho=6.5*10" A/m,
Soln: He=Hol1- |
He = 6.5*10* [1 — 24)?] =42758.55246
I= 2[]r He =2*3.14*1*42758.55246 =134.518A
‘Types of super conductors:
They can be classified as Type-1 & Type-2 depending on the exhibition of meissener
effect.
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‘Type-1 Super conductor : They also known as soft super conductors ,when the magnetic
field is applied & increased gradually from its initial value H