Level Four

Grammar Chapter
 Gerund
Definitions:
The (v+ing) form of a verb that works as a noun is called gerund. Due to its functions, we
also call it verbal noun and it does what a noun does in a sentence.

Functions:
A. Gerund as subject of a sentence:
Examples:
 Reading story books helps us improve our reading comprehension.
 Respecting people makes me a respectful person.
 Studying hard helps you be what you want to be in the future.

B. Gerund as an object:

a. Gerund as object of verb:

Examples:
 I hate laughing at the people.
 We appreciate studying hard.
 They avoid telling the truth.
 We suggesting studying grammar more often.
 They gave up playing games.

Note: the following is the list of verbs after which we use gerund.
Admit, enjoy, feel like, finish, hate, keep, like, avoid, deny, dislike, love, mind, miss,
practice, prefer, recommend, spend time, stop, suggest, give up, keep on, quit, postpone,
put off, discuss, mention, consider (think about) , delay.

b. Gerund as object of preposition:

Examples:
 I have no objection to hearing your story again.
 To tell you the truth, I can fix the cars besides driving them very well.
 We are good at discovering new things.

C. Gerund as complement: (to be verb + gerund)

Examples:

1. My target is being the president of my country.

2. When you are a child, your job is just studying.

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D. Gerund in short prohibitions:
Examples:

1. No smoking. 2. No parking. 3. No recording.

E. Gerund as compound nouns:

A. Noun + noun Bedroom

B. Noun + gerund Handwriting
C. Gerund + noun Living room, dining room
F. Gerund after some expressions:

1. Can’t help (can’t stop) She can’t help crying.

2. Can’t stand I can’t stand seeing a poor being sneered.
3. Worth It is not worth laughing at each other.

Adjective + Preposition Combinations Followed by Gerunds

The following is ONLY A SAMPLE LIST of the most commonly used adjective + preposition
combinations that can be followed by gerunds.

Accustomed to He is accustomed to having his own office.

Addicted to She is addicted to watching TV.

Afraid of She is afraid of speaking in public.

Anxious about Norma is anxious about making the presentation.

Bored of I am bored of doing the same job

Capable of He is capable of taking first position.

Committed to She is committed to improving her English.

Concerned about Nancy was concerned about missing the test.

Content with Tim content with winning second place.

Dedicated to The organization is dedicated to ending poverty.

Disappointed with Sahel was disappointed with coming in third place.

Discouraged by He was discouraged by not getting the job.

Excited about The teacher was excited about going to Africa.

Famous for That actor is famous for being extremely weird.

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 Fond of She is fond of having picnics.

Frightened of She is frightened of being alone at night.

Guilty of The banker was guilty of stealing the money.

Happy about He was happy about winning the lottery.

Interested in She is interested in learning knowledge in America.

Involved in He was involved in making movie.

Known for She was known for causing problems.

Opposed to They are opposed to building a new road in the park

Proud of He was proud of winning the gold medal.

Remembered for She is remembered for protecting mountain gorillas.

Responsible for He is responsible for causing the damage.

Scared of He is scared of speaking in front of the class.

Terrified of The civilians are terrified of being attacked by terrorists.

Tired of Margaret is tired of making dinner every night.

Worried about The hikers were worried about not having enough water.

 Common preposition combinations followed by gerunds.

Complain about/of Keep (sb) from In addition to
Dream about / of Prevent (sb) from Be devoted to
Think about/ of Prohibit (sb) from Look forward to
Talk about Stop (sb) from Object to
Be used to
Apologize for Believe in
Blame (sb) for Participate in
For the purpose of
Forgive (sb) for Succeed in
Instead of
HaveComplete
an excusethe
forsentences with the gerund form of the verbs in parentheses.
Insisted on Take advantage of
Have a reason for
Take care of
Thank (sb) for

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 Exercises: use the correct prepositions with gerund.
1- She is good …………………….. (dance) .
2- He is crazy ………………………..(sing) .
3- I don't like (play) ……………………….cards.
4- They are afraid ………………………..(swim) in the sea.
5- You should give up ………………………………(smoke) .
6- Sam dreams (be)…………………… a pop star.
7- He is interested (make) ………………………friends.
8- My uncle is afraid ……………………… (go)by plane.
9- We insist ……………………………..(cook) the dinner ourselves
10- He didn’t enjoy …………………………….(write) his books.

Complete the sentences with appropriate prepositions.

1. I'm thinking …………… learning either Italian or Spanish.
2. The noise prevented us ………………sleeping.
3. We talked …………… going to Canada for our vacation.
4. Who is responsible …………….washing and drying the dishes after dinner?
5. I don't succeed ………….. memorizing so many words!
6. She's not good ………….. managing her money !
7. He insisted ……………..being paid immediately.
8. He apologized …………….. being late.
9. He is accustomed …………..drinking tea early in the morning.
10. They had a good reason ……………..leaving Afghanistan.
11. Keith is good ……………..speaking English.
12. Julie complains ……………….. losing her books.
13. Stephen and Mark are afraid …………….losing their books.
14. They are tired …………….working in coal mines.
15. They are looking forward …………….. going to France.
16. Anne dreams ………………living in the countryside.
17. Dale said he was sorry ………………..being late.
18. He thinks ……………playing cricket after work.
19. Sarah insists ……………..going out with Wendy.
20. Do you agree ……………..staying on strike?

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Using gerunds as the objects of prepositions.

1. Kostas went to bed instead __________________________________(finish)

2. I thanked my friend ________________________________________(lend)
3. I’m excited ______________________________________________(go)
4. I’m not accustomed ________________________________________(live)
5. Omar did not feel good. He complained ________________________(have)
6. I don’t blame you _________________________________________(want, not)
7. I have a good reason _______________________________________(be)
8. It’s getting late. I’m worried _________________________________(miss)
9. I’m interested ____________________________________________(find out about)
10. I’m thinking _____________________________________________(go)
11. I apologized to my friend ___________________________________(be)
12. I am used ________________________________________________(drive)
13. Nothing can stop me _______________________________________(go)
14. In that office, who is responsible _____________________________(take care of)
15. I look forward ____________________________________________(go)
16. The thief was guilty _______________________________________(steal)
17. Sonya has two jobs. In addition ______________________________(work)
18. Please forgive me _________________________________________(write, not)
19. Sara is an honest person. She is not capable _____________________(tell)
20. Ill health keeps my grandfather ______________________________(travel)

Create sentences from the given words, using any tense and any subject.
Example: Enjoy + read the newspaper.
I enjoy reading the newspaper every morning while I’m having my breakfast.
1. Mind + open the window
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Give up+ eat dessert
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Finish + eat dinner
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4. Postpone + do my homework
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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5. Avoid + answer my question
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. Keep + work
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. Think about + get a job
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. Suggest + go on a picnic
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9. Talk about + go to a movie
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10. Put off + do my homework.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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 The Infinitive:

The base form of a verb without any inflections (s/es/ d/ ed/ ing) is called
infinitive.
Example: He is ready to pass the test.

Kinds of Infinitive

Bare Infinitive Full Infinitive

A: Bare Infinitive:

An infinitive without (to) is called bare infinitive.

Usages of bare infinitive:
1. After let, have and make, if the person is not mentioned, we use a bare
infinitive.

A: Let; permit, to give permission of doing sth.

B: Have; Request, to request to do sth.
C: Make; Force, to force sb to do sth.
Formula:
S + let, have, make + sb + bare infinitive.

Examples:
1. I let my friends enjoy their spare times.
2. We have the president solve our problems.
3. Most of the commanders make the soldiers obey the rule.
4. Poverty makes me leave my education.

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2. After all modal auxiliary verbs we use a bare infinitive.

Examples:
1. He may come here.
2. I will be doing my assignment.
3. Ali can fix your computer very well.

3. After had better (expression) we use a bare infinitive.

Examples:
1. We had better return back to our own debate.
2. You had better study hard. ( It is good for you to study hard)

4. After would rather and would sooner we use a bare infinitive.

Examples:
1. We would rather think of our future.
2. They would sooner come to the party.

5. After some verbs including verbs of perception, if the person is mentioned,

we use either bare infinitive or gerund. Such as the following verbs;
Feel, hear, see, watch, notice, observe, overhear…………..

A: If we use a bare infinitive, it shows a completed action or it means that we watch or

notice the action from the beginning till the end.

Examples:
1. I see people deceive each other while they are working together.
2. She saw my brother smash the bottle.
3. We notice our president forget his duties.

B: If we use gerund, it shows the continuation of an action or it means that we saw only a
part of an action.

Examples:
1. We notice our president not working honestly for the people.
2. I saw Ali watching TV all the day.
3. I feel here being cold now.

B: Full Infinitive:
The form (to + 1v) is called full infinitive.
Usages of full infinitive:

1. Full infinitive as a subject of a sentence:

Examples:
1. To save money is everybody’s wish now.
2. To squander time seems to be a completely unacceptable action.

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2. Full infinitive as object:
A: As object of verb.
Examples:
1. My eyeglasses enable me to see far distances.
2. We really encourage you to have a good position among our society.

Note: The following is the list of the verbs after which we use full infinitive.
Decide, expect, hope, learn, need, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, try, want, would
like, ask, agree, intend, can’t afford, arrange, claim, deserve, hesitate, struggle, wish, swear…

B: The following is the list of verbs + a noun/ pronoun + an infinitive.

Advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, challenge, convince, dare, encourage, expect, forbid, force, hire,
instruct, invite, need, order, permit, persuade, remind, require, teach, tell, urge, want, warn …
B. As object of preposition:
Example:
1) We waited for Ahmad to cook us okra.
2) The child screamed at the man to give him an ice cream.
3) We are depending on you to find a solution soon.
4) He sent the report to Ahmad to deliver it to the president.

3. Full infinitive as complement of a sentence:

Examples:
1. They are to train Afghan Troops.
2. She really needs to be taken to the hospital.
4. The formula (to be + full infinitive) expresses instruction, plan, or order.
Examples:
1. American troops are not to destroy our country.
2. We are not to think of selves, we are to think of our people as well.

5. Full infinitive can express purpose.

A: Full infinitive alone:
Example:
1. Americans are here to reconstruct our country.
B: In order + full infinitive.
Example:
1. Americans are here in order to reconstruct our country.

C: So as + full infinitive:
Example:
1. Americans are here so as to reconstruct our country.

6. Full infinitive can be used after certain nouns like; promise, agreement, plan, wish,
arrangement, decision, demand, desire, failure, offer, refusal, tendency and threat.
Examples;
1. My promise to hold an especial program may become the truth.
2. Our decision to elect Hamid Karzai as the president led us towards many problems.

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7. Full infinitive can be used after certain adjectives like: difficult, shameful, harmful,
good, bad, useful, useless, nice…..
Examples:
1. It is nice to have a party next week.
2. It is useful to manage our time correctly.

8. Full infinitive can be used after too and enough.

Example;
1. I think we are too lazy to have an improved country like Japan.
Example:
1. Ali is enough intelligent to be the editor for our newspaper.

9. Full infinitive can be used with W.H. words.

Verb + W.H. words + full infinitive.

Examples:
1. I found out where to make a gas company.
2. I am completely confused and I don’t know what to do.
3. Do you know why to live in this world?

Gerund and infinitive

1. Remember and forget:
A: Remember + infinitive = you remember first, then you do something.
Example:
I remember to lock the door.

Remember + gerund = you do something then you remember it.

Example: I remember going to America as a child.

B: Forget + infinitive = you didn’t remember to do something.

Example: I forgot to bring your CDs.
Forget + gerund = you did something and you won’t forget it. It is more common in the negative.
Example: I’ll never forget seeing the Taj Mahal.

2. Regret:

A: Regret with full infinitive means that we are sorry for the action that we are doing
now.
Examples:
1. We really regret to disturb you in the middle of your operation.
2. I regret to manage such a useless company.

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B. Regret with gerund means that we are sorry about what we did.
Examples:
1. They regret not helping with your school problems.
2. Karzai regrets spending money for nothing.
3. Try:
Try + infinitive = make an effort to do something.
Example:
I tried to open the window.

Try + gerund = experiment to see if something works.

Example: Try calling John on his cell phone.
1. We try finding a way out of this prison.

4. Stop:
Stop with full infinitive means stopping for a moment for the purpose of doing
something but stop with gerund means finish doing something.
Examples:
1. I stopped to buy a bottle of mental water.
2. Due to an order we stopped searching about the new plan.
5. After some verbs like start, continuous, begin, cease, like, love and hate we can use a
gerund or infinitive without any differences in meaning.
Examples:
1. I like to study politics.
2. I like studying politics.

C: Split infinitive:
A split infinitive is a structure in which an adverb is put between ‘to’ and the infinitive of a
verb.
Examples:
1. I want to really experience it.
2. He decided to definitely deal with the problems.
3. He decided to gradually change his method.
4. She wanted to completely abandon her hometown.

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 Exercises:
Exercise 1: Fill the blanks either with full infinitive or bare infinitive.

1) She's late. She must _________ (forget) our appointment.

2) He hopes ____________(select) to play in next week's football match.
3) I offered ___________(pay) for the meal, but she refused.
4) I'd like __________(meet) Princess Diana.
5) I sent my suit ___________ (dry-clean).
6) Sue and Richard are always arguing. They seem ________(have) a few problems.
7) I'm sorry __________(disturb)you, but can you tell me the time?
8) You should _________(work),not watching the television.
9) I'd like ___________(see) her face when you told her the news!
10) I'm glad I'm not famous. I’d hate ___________(recognize) all the time.
11) You should __________(tell) me you were coming.
12) This homework is late. It was meant _________ (hand) in last week.
13) You should _____________ (meet) your parents.
14) He doesn’t know where ____________(buy) a book.
15) I never let my brother _____________(go) out at night.
16) They forced me ______________( leave) the country.
17) We had better ______________( obey) the rules and regulations of our class.
18) They would like _____________ (meet) us on Friday.
19) He would rather ____________ ( speak) English in the class.
20) Unemployment made our people _____________ ( immigrate) to foreign countries.
21) She intended ______________ (study) computer science.
22) I had my classmates ____________ (help) me with my lessons.
23) We plan ______________( see) that new movie.
24) I encourage them ______________ (take part) in speech contest.
25) He wants ______________(pursue ) his higher education abroad.
26) You must ______________(drive) fast get there on time.

Exercise 2: Join together the following sentences by using infinitives.

1. He did not have even a penny with him. He could not buy a loaf of bread.

E.g.: He did not have even a penny with him to buy a loaf of bread.

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2. He went to the market. He wanted to buy some vegetables.

3. The robber wielded a knife. He intended to frighten the poor traveler.

4. I speak the truth. I am not afraid of it.

5. The officials sold the insolvent’s property. The insolvent’s creditors had to be paid.

6. He wants to be rich. He works hard for that reason.

7. He has five children. He must provide for them.

8. Everyone should do his duty. The nation expects this of every man.

9. She helps the poor. She is eager to relieve them of their suffering.

10. He collects old stamps. It is his hobby.

11. She wanted to impress her host. So she conducted herself gracefully.

12. That young man has squandered away all his wealth. He must have been very foolish.

13. She quit the job. She wanted to pursue higher education.

14. The boy was happy. He received the prize.

15. Byron awoke one morning. He found himself famous.

Exercise 3: Use a gerund or an infinitive to complete each sentence.

1. We are going out for dinner. Would you (join) ………………….us.
2. Jack avoided (look) ……………..at me.
3. Fred didn’t have any money so he decided (get) ………………….a job.
4. The teacher reminded the students (do) ………………….their assignment.
5. I was broke, so Jenny offered (lend) …………………..me a little money.
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 6. Do you enjoy (play) ………………..soccer?
7. Lucy pretended (know) ………………….the answer to my question.
8. I don’t mind (live) …………………alone.
9. Paulo intends (send)…………………… his friend a letter.
10. I was advised (find) ………………………a new apartment.
11. Jack advised (find) …………………….a new apartment.
12. Someone asked me (mail) ………………….this package.
13. Joan and David were considering (get) ………………..married in June, but they finally decided
(wait) ……………………..until August.
14. The teacher seems (be) …………………in a good mood today, don’t you think?
15. My boss expects me (finish) …………………….this work as soon as possible.

Exercise 4: Complete the sentences with doing it or to do it.

1. I enjoyed ……………………………..
2. She didn’t allow me ………………………………
3. We plan ………………………………
4. Please remind me ……………………………
5. I am considering ………………………………..
6. The director postponed ………………………………
7. He persuaded me …………………………………….
8. I don’t mind ………………………………………
9. Everyone avoided ………………………………
10. I refused…………………………………
11. I hope …………………………………….
12. She convinced me …………………………………
13. He mentioned ……………………………….
14. I expect ……………………………………..
15. I encouraged him ………………………………
16. I warned him not ……………………………..
17. We prepared ……………………………..
18. I don’t recall …………………………………
19. We decided …………………………………
20. Did someone offer ………………………….
21. When did you finish …………………….
22. Did you practice ……………………..
23. She agreed ……………………………..

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 24. Keep ……………………………
25. I don’t force him ……………………
26. Somehow the cat managed ………………………….
27. Did the little boy admit …………………………..
28. He denied ……………………………
29. I didn’t mean ………………………..
30. She swore …………………………..
31. He suggested …………………………….
32. He advised me …………………………..
33. I struggled ………………………………
34. I don’t want risk ………………………………
35. I miss ……………………………..
36. I can’t imagine …………………………
37. She threatened ………………………….
38. The children begged …………………………….
39. She challenged me …………………………….
40. Do anticipate …………………………….

Exercise 5: Make up completions. Express the purpose of the action.

1. I went to Chicago to visit my relatives.

2. Tom went to Chicago for a business conference.
3. I went to the market for ____________________________________________________
4. Mary went to the market to _________________________________________________
5. I went to the doctor to _____________________________________________________
6. My son went to the doctor for _______________________________________________
7. I swim every day to _______________________________________________________
8. My fiend swims every day for ______________________________________________
9. I drove to the service station to ______________________________________________
10. They stopped at the service station for ________________________________________

Exercise 5: Put the verb into the gerund or the infinitive:

1) I couldn't sleep so I tried ………………..(drink) some hot milk. .
2) She tried ……………(reach) the book on the high shelf but she was too small. .
3) They tried ………………….(get) to the party on time but the bus was delayed. .
4) We tried ……………(open) the window, but it was so hot outside it didn't help.
5) He tried ……………(get) a job in a newspaper firm but they wouldn't hire him.

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6) He tried …………….(get) a job in a newspaper firm but he still wasn't satisfied.
7) You should stop ……………….(smoke) , it's not good for your health. .
8) We stopped ………………(study) because we were tired. .
9) They will stop ………………(have) lunch at twelve. .
10) We stopped ………………(have) a rest because we were really sleepy. .
11) Oh no! I forgot ………………(buy) milk. .
12) Please don't forget ……………….(pick up) some juice on your way home. .
13) I forget …………………(lock) the door, but I'm sure I must have locked it. .
14) Have we studied this before? I've forgotten ………………(learn) it. .
15) Please remember …………………(bring) your homework. .
16) I remember …………………(go) to the beach as a child. .
17) Finally I remembered …………………(bring) your book! Here it is. .
18) Do you remember …………………..(eat) steak in that little restaurant in Rome?
19) I regret ………………(tell) you the train has been delayed.
20) I regret ………………(tell) Julie my secret; now she has told everyone.

Exercise 7: Choose the correct form (infinitive with or without to or gerund).

On 17th February 2003, a congestion charge for ………………..(drive) in central London was
introduced.

The aim was ………………….(reduce) the number of vehicles in London's City.

People now have the choice between ……………………(pay) the charge and not
…………………..(drive) into the City.

The charge has proven very successful in ……………………(turn) away traffic from the City.

As the traffic has been reduced by about 20 percent, journey times in the City tend
……………………(decrease).

According to an opinion poll, more than 50 percent of Londoners say that it is okay
………………..(charge) people for ……………………..(drive) into the City.

They are relieved …………………..(find) the traffic more easily.

Before ………………(introduce) the charge, average speed in the City was about 10 mph.

Now, people who decide ………………..(pay) the charge can …………….(travel) at a higher speed,
approximately 20 mph.

Many Londoners, however, have chosen ………………..(go) by bus as delays to buses are now down by
half.

London's buses have seen passenger ………………(rise) numbers by 14 percent.

Exercise 8: Supply an appropriate form, gerund full or bare infinitive, of the verbs in
parentheses.

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1. Mary reminded me (be, not) __________ late for the meeting.
2. I don't (enjoy) __________ it.
3. We went for a walk after we finished (clean) __________ up the kitchen.
4. Please go on (write) __________ ; I don't mind __________ (wait)
5. I forgot (take) __________ a book back to the library, so I had to pay a fine.
6. They refused (accept) __________ the bribe.
7. When do you expect (leave) __________on your trip?
8. I saw the driver (open) ___________ his window and (throw) ___________ a box into the bushes.
9. He proceeded (fighting) __________ his campaign.
10. The baby stared (talk) __________ when she was about eighteen months old.
11. He was made (sign) __________ a paper a paper admitting his guilt.
12. I don't mind (wait) ___________ for you. Go ahead and finish (do) __________ your work.
13. Here come the police, You had better (explain) ___________ it to them.
14. Do stop (talk) ____________ ; I am trying(finish) ___________ a letter.
15. I've decided (stay) __________ here over vacation and (paint) __________ my room.
16. We discussed (quit) __________our jobs and (open) __________ our own business.
17. I'm getting tired. I need (take) __________ a break.
18. Sometimes students avoid (look) __________ at teacher if they don't want (answer) __________
question.
19. The club members discussed (postpone) __________ the next meeting until March.
20. Most children prefer (watch) __________ television to (listen) __________ to the radio.
21. How dare you (open) __________ my letters?
22. My grandfather prefers (read) __________.
23. Did Carol agree (go) __________(camp) __________ with you.
24. As the storm approached, the birds quit (sing) __________.
25. The taxi driver refused (take) __________ a check. He wanted the passenger (pay) __________
cash.
26. The soldiers were ordered (stand) ___________ at attention.
27. The travel agent advised us (wait, not) __________ until August.
28. We have a plumber (fix) __________ the pipe leakage.
29. I need not (report) __________ to them.
30. You will soon get used to (work) __________ under pressure of workload.

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 Speculation
When we are not sure of something we use the structure of speculation to speculate or
assume about it.
1. When we are speculating about present actions we are using the following formulas
A. Sub + must + Bare infinitive. (95%)

B. Sub + may /might/can/could + bare infinitive. (50%)

Examples:
 They must take their final test in June.
 They may take taxi to the city.

Could could not (99%)

May may not (50%)
Might might not (50%)
2. When we are speculating about an action which is in progress in the present time we
use the following structures.
A. Sub+ must+ be +v+ ing.
B. sub + may/might/could +be + v + ing.
Examples;
 Ali must be working on your proposals.
 The vice president may be reviewing our reports.

3. When we are speculating about a past action we use the following structures.
A. Sub + must + have +3v.
B. sub + may /might/could + have +3v.
Examples:
 Trump must have decided about American troops in Afghanistan.
 They might have visited the Taj Mahal Palace.

4. When we speculate about an action which was going on in the past we use the following
structures.
A. sub + must + have + been + v + ing.
B. sub+ may/might/could +have +been+ v+ ing.
Examples:
1. They must have been studying since last night.
2. She may have been sleeping for 3 hours yesterday.
3. Tom could have been sightseeing since two hours ago.
4. Obama might have been speaking since 2 hours ago.
5. Iran government could have been exiling our ambassador.

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Exercise: Choose the best completion for the following sentences.
1. Is Jeff a good student?
He ___________. I don’t know him well, but I heard he was offered a scholarship for
next year.
a. Must be b. could be c. is
2. Do you know where Eva is?
She ___________at Barbara’s house. she said something about wanting to visit after
work today, but I’m really not sure.
a. Must be b. could be c. is
3. I stayed up all night finishing this report for the boss.
A: you ___________really tired. B: I do.
a. Must feel b. might feel c. feel
4. Do you think the grocery store is still open?
It ___________. I can’t ever remember what their hours are.
a. Must be b. could be c. is
5. Where is the left-over chicken from dinner last night?
I just saw it when I got some ice cubes. It __________in the freezer.
a. Must be b. might be c. is
6. It’s supposed to rain tomorrow.
I know, but the forecast _______wrong. Weather forecasts are far from 100 percent
accurate.
a. Must be b. could be c. is
7. Excuse me. Could you tell me which bus I should take to get to City Hall?
Hmmm. Bus number 63 ________there. But you’d better ask the driver.
a. Must go b. could go c. goes
8. Which bus should I take to get to the main post office?
Bus number 39. It ________right to the post office.
a. Must go b. could go c. goes
9. Do you suppose Mrs. Chu is sick?
She _______. I can’t think of anything else that would have kept her from coming to this
meeting.
a. Must be b. may be c. is
10. Is that Adam’s brother standing with him in the cafeteria line?
It _________, is suppose. He does look a little like Adam.
a. Must be b. could be c. is
11. Yesterday I fell running and I think I ____________my ankle.
a. Might have sprained b. might sprain c. sprained
12. He ____________the competition. He is the best by far.
a. Must win b. might win c. wins
13. The light in scot’s room is on. He _________computer games.
a. Must play b. must have played c. bust be playing
14. He ___________ German very well. He’s only lived I Germany for one month.
a. Couldn’t speak b. must speak c. speaks
15. I ____________ a lot as an accounting manager, but the job was just too boring.
a. Might earn b. could have earned c. must earn
Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks with may/might/could or must or the negative forms.
1. you __________be tired. You haven’t done anything today.

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 2. Paul ____________be ill. He didn’t come to the class today.
3. We ___________be going to Italy next summer, but we haven’t decided yet.
4. They don’t look very happy. They ___________have been arguing again.
5. Remember to take an umbrella. It ___________rain later.
6. I don’t know where Sarah is. I think she __________have got lost.
7. Why didn’t you tell me you were coming? I ____________have met you at the station.
8. This parcel ___________be for you it’s got your name on it.
9. We haven’t got a lot of money, so we __________go on holiday next year.
10. It ________snow later. I’m not sure.

Advisability
With the structures of advisability we advise sb to do sth which is useful and effective or we
use to regret about past Actions.
1. Advisability for present tense:
A: S + should / had better + bare infinitive.
B: S + ought + full infinitive.

Examples:
1. I should work hard in order to get a good result.
2. You had better work on your pronunciation.
3. They ought to drive carefully.
2. Advisability for present continuous tense.
A. S + should/ had better + be +v+ing.
B. S + ought + to be+ v + ing.

Examples:
1. You should be studying your lessons.
2. You had better be continuing your own plans.
3. You ought to be writing carefully.
3. When we regret about undone past action, we use the following structures.
1. Simple past action:
A: S + should/ had better + have + 3v.
B. S+ ought + to have+ 3v.

Examples:
1. Yu should have not eaten meat.
2. You ought to have locked the door.
4. Past continuous action.

Examples:
1. I should have been studying computer.
2. They ought to have been cleaning the room.

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Exercises:
Choose the best modal for each sentence.

1- Dave loves chocolate, but he _________________ too much or he will get fat.
a) should eat b) shouldn’t eat c) should eat not
2- I'm going to visit your country. Where _______________ if I want to go shopping?
a) should I go b) I should go c) ought to I go
3- A: I’m so hot. B: You _________________ your coat!
a) should put on b) should to take off c) should take off
4- It's raining and I don't want to get my dress wet. I _________________ an umbrella.
a) had better to bring b) had better bring c) had better not bring
5- My mother isn't feeling well, so I told her that she _______________ to the doctor.
a) ought to go b) ought go c) ought
6- The airline only allows two pieces of luggage. You _________________ pack too
much or you will have to take it out at the airport!
a) better not b) had not better c) had better not
7- A: I think that the grade my teacher gave me on my test is wrong.
B: Really? You ______________ to her after class today.
a) ought talk b) should to talk c) ought to talk
8- I need help, doctor. My baby doesn't sleep well. What ________________ ?
a) had I better do b) I should do c) should I do

give appropriate advice for the following situations.

1) I’m writing a composition, and there is a word I don’t know how to spell.

2) I don’t feel well. I think I’m catching a cold.

3) My foot is asleep.

4) My roommate snores, and I can’t get to sleep.

5) I can’t stop yawning.

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6) I have a toothache.

7) I need to improve my English.

8) My apartment is mess, and my mother is coming to visit tomorrow!

9) There is no food in the house, and some guests are coming to dinner tonight.

10) The room is very dark; I can’t read the book.

Choose the correct word.

1. You should/ shouldn’t try and get enough sleep.
2. You should/ shouldn’t worry. It’s not good for you.
3. You ought to/ shouldn’t keep your friends waiting when you meet each other.
4. You ought to/ shouldn’t concentrate on what you are doing.
5. You should/ shouldn’t drink plenty of water.
6. You had better/ shouldn’t apologize to your mother immediately.
7. You should/ ought not to study hard for the test.
8. You had better/ shouldn’t play lots of games.
9. You ought to/ shouldn’t brought your workbook on time.
10. You should/ had better not make a noise when you are in the class.
11. You ought to/ shouldn’t respect the rules of your country.
12. We shouldn’t/ ought to postpone our test for the next week.
13. You ought to/ shouldn’t drink too much tea.
14. You had better/ shouldn’t have come late.
15. You should/ shouldn’t have argued with your parents.
16. You had better/ shouldn’t left the class early
17. They should/ had better not have spoken rudely to their teacher.
18. We had better/ shouldn’t have played the music so loudly.
19. You had better/ shouldn’t have done your homework on time.
20. You ought to/ shouldn’t have driven so carelessly.

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