NGOs activities in rural development:
A critical appraisal.
Course Title: Rural Development-1
Course No: Econ 2205
Submitted To:
Mr. Nasif Ahsan
Course Instructor
Economics Discipline
Khulna University
Submitted By:
Md. Mahbubur Rahman
2nd Year 2nd Term
Student no: 031505
Economics Discipline
Date of Submission: 2nd October2005
Economics Discipline
KHULNA UNIVERSITY
An assignment on
NGOs activities in rural development: A critical
appraisal.
Introduction:
Non-Government Organization (NGOs) started in this country in a limited scale as relief
provides following the devastating cyclone in 1970, which claimed colossal human lives and
properties in the coastal belt and the off-shore islands. Devastations caused by the War of
Liberation in 1971 prompted other foreign and newly established local NGOs to mount relief and
rehabilitation Programs.
Recognizing the need for development for alleviating endemic poverty in the country, NGOs
began to shift their emphasis from relief to socio-economic development and to pursue –initially
rather haphazardly Programs aiming at health care, family planning, income generation and self
reliance for the disadvantaged and the poor. As poverty continued to deepen and encompass ever
larger numbers of people, more foreign NGOs came to work in this country and at the same time,
the members of local NGOs grew fast.
Definition of NGO:
Generally speaking, the terminology may be used to include any institution or organization
outside the Government, and as such, may include political parties, private and commercial
enterprises, social and cultural organizations, academic and research institutions, youth and
sports clubs, and similar other organizations. In fact the terminology covers all those
organizations outside the government, which are involved in various development and welfare
activities with the objective of alleviating poverty of the rural as well as urban poor. In
Bangladesh, it includes all such organizations and institutions that are registered with the
Government under the Voluntary Social Welfare Agencies (Registration and Council) Ordinance
1961 and the Foreign Donation (Voluntary Activities) Regulation Ordinance of 1978.
In the contexts of Bangladesh, the term NGO has been defined “as an association of persons
formed voluntarily through personal initiatives of a few committed persons dedicated to the
design, study and implementation of development projects at the grass root level. They function
outside the government framework but they are bound by and work within the laws of the land.
They are variously involved in multi-sectoral development projects combined with research
welfare services, human capability development through educational training, technology
development m exchange of information and social communication. Their broad objective is
poverty alleviation and their target groups are primarily the poor and the disadvantaged.
Types of NGO:
NGOs may be widely classified into the following broad groups, which are functioning in
Bangladesh.
1. Donor Agencies:
These comprise international NGOs dispensing funds they raise or receive from their
governments to various NGOs- national and expatriate-engaged in social, economic and
development activities. Apart from providing funds to the local and national NGOs, some of
them implement projects directly. Major such organizations operating in Bangladesh include
OXFAM, Swedish Free Church Aid (SFCA), Canadian University Service Overseas (CUSO),
South Asia Partnership (SAP), The Aga Khan Foundation (AKF), etc.
2. International Action NGOs:
Such NGOS are those expatriate organizations who operate on various geographic and
sectoral areas with areas with operating funds obtained from foreign donors. Some of these
NGOs are also acting as co-financing agents of their respective governments. Such major NGOs
operating in Bangladesh include Rangpur, Dinajpur Rural Services (RDRS), Mennonite Central
Committee (MCC), CONCERN, Voluntary Services Overseas (VSO), International
Development enterprise (IDE), etc.
3. National action NGOs:
There are many of these NGOs in the country. Some of them have earned reputation as
effective organizations helping the poor and the disadvantaged through health activities,
educational and training programmes, and income generating activities. Prominent such NGOs
include Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) Proshika Manobik Unnayan
Kendro, Caritas Bangladesh, Nijera Kari, etc.
4. Local Action NGOs:
There are organizations operating in local areas covering single or few villages, and are
engaged in traditionally specialized activities in the locality. Sources of funding of these NGOs
include the government and or nationally based donor agencies and other NGOs.
5. Service NGOs:
There does exist some service NGOs in Bangladesh. Generally, they work i the field of medical
service, education and family programme.
Overall Activities of NGOs:
Non-Government organization (NGOs) has emerged as one of the most effective
institution in poverty alleviation interventions the country. Starting with their relief and
rehabilitation role after independence in 1971 NGOs have vastly expanded their programs and
proved to become effective change agents in the society. The NGOs are mostly involved in
design and implementation of direct action oriented projects at the grassroots level, often
combined with research, training, and other components. Their target population is the poor.
Despite variation in perception of the problems and resolution trust of the programmers. The
NGOs mostly follow the target group strategies where the poor with similar socio-economic
interest are organized into groups to achieve their objectives.
The NGOs have able to bring a positive change in the lives of poor largely following a
process by which members of a society can develop themselves and their institutions in such way
so that they can enhance their ability to mobilize and arrange resources to produce sustainable
life. In order to support social and economic empowerment of the poor, they have also included
group information, micro credit, formal and non formal education, training, health and nutrition,
maternal and child health, family planning and welfare, women’s development, agriculture,
fisheries, poultry and livestock, environment, water supply and sanitation, human rights, legal
aids, land and assets distribution, etc.
Major innovation by development NGOs:
NGOs in Bangladesh have pioneered a number of approaches to poverty alleviation. Below are
the notable examples of NGOs innovation that have been tried, tested, and replicated.
◙ Group Based Mobilization and Beneficiary Participation:
The most important NGOs innovation has been in the way reach the poor. A group based or
target group mobilization strategy to serves to fulfill not only the goal of economic improvement
but also that of social and institutional development.
◙ Micro-Credit:
The identification of credit as critical need felt by the poor and cost effective delivery
mechanism to service have justifiably become the most well known of the development NGOs
innovations in Bangladesh. The model pioneered by Grameen Bank has established micro-credit
as the most widely replicated anti- poverty program.
◙ Women as beneficiaries:
The micro-credit revolution pioneered in Bangladesh has in fact a double innovation
because women have been consciously targeted as the principal beneficiaries group. Currently
over 80% of the Grameen Bank and other credit giving NGOs are women.
A number of NGOs have organized land less group also whom collectively leased Khas
lands and dry riverbeds. Some NGOs organize and mobilize fishing communities to protect the
fish released into open water. Others promote production of seedling in village-based nurseries to
protect-sal (a local, self regenerating tree) forest. Besides, the following programs have been
taken:
◙ Health education
◙ Non formal primary education
◙ Non traditional agricultural extension
◙ Development of appropriate irrigation technology.
Background Information of developed NGOs:
GRAMEEN BANK:
Grameen Bank originating as an NGO and today incorporated in the Bangladesh Bank, has been
selected for its innovation approach of supplying credit without collateral to the resource less
population. Grameen Bank was establishing in 1976. The rural development activities of
Grameen Bank can be grouped into many broad categories:
◙ provides income-generating activities.
◙ Gives loan for housing.
BRAC
BRAC is the pioneer organization motivating the rural poor form homogeneous target group as
vehicles for integrated rural development and is the largest NGO in Bangladesh. BRAC
establishes in 1972 and changed its development strategy and concentrated fully on the
development of the land less.
The rural development activities of BRAC can be groped into three broad categories:
◙ Capacity building and institutional development of the rural poor.
◙ Economic support activities.
◙ Health care and family planning.
BRAC is entirely dependent on external donor agencies for financing its projects for source of
fund. From 1972 to 1980, it received grants and donations of Tk.63 million from various
agencies. Specially, women considered about 44 of the total members. Beside member s have
been able to improve their economic conditions through economic support programs such as
weaving, block printing, joint work, spice grinding, bamboo work, cow/goat generating,
pisciculture, agriculture and kantha making etc.
PROSHIKA
Proshika was founded by social workers trained in BRAC who decided to concentrate
mainly on human development training. Today they are the one of the largest Bangladeshi
NGOs, experimenting with the ideas of giving the resources less population to change the
bargaining power. Proshika was established in 1976. The rural development activities of
Proshika can be grouped into three broad categories:
◙ Building self-awareness and confidence.
◙ promotion of income.
◙ development education.
Especially 40% groups are formed for women.
Program Strategy of NGOs:
Program objectives:
NGOs have been established for rural poverty alleviation in response to the generous
foreign funds that become available beginning with the Bangladesh war of independent in the
early.1971. They seek to accomplish this objective by an integrated holistic approach, which
assumes a comprehensive package of services that are needed to meet the succession of needs of
the poor. The common strategy in all the program approaches is formation of grass root level
beneficiaries group. To determine the access to the credit by the group repayment behavior,
social and economic development and self-reliant program.
Governing corpse and program administration:
Policies, planning and budget are formulated and approved by the members of governing
body and there is a chief executive who is entrusted with the authority to assign, supervise and
guide the project activities in a comprehensive range of the services to the NGO target groups.
He seems to run this program by his own staffs as well as the staffs of his field offices. He with
his staffs may provide a mechanism of co-ordination among all the field units of an NGO. Since
both the NGOs and some governmental agencies may have common mandate of poverty
alleviation, it is possible for them to complement each other’s efforts without giving up their
institutional commitment while pursuing a common compatible goal.
Action taken by NGOs for more rural development?
NGOs should invest in action research to identify better and most cost effective means to
reach the poor. NGOs working with micro cost effective program should continue to build on
lessons learnt. The critical importance of credit discipline and peer responsibilities is two
examples.
Development NGOs should attempt to spread their work more evenly across the country
and avoid overlaps resulting from concentration in only a few geographical areas and definition
of target groups should reflect local realities and be adaptable to changing circumstances.
Government and development NGOs should on successful practices collaboration as
achieved in poverty alleviation programs. The Government should involve NGOs in the design
and formation of project through facilitation by ADAB and others NGO network.
In most cases it is found that every field officer has to cover too much beneficiaries
groups and supervision and demonstration cannot satisfy the beneficiaries group members,
especially in case of new groups. Thus the number of competent field workers should be
increased.
Concluding Remark:
T here are some problems regarding the activities of NGOs, which
includes rural development. There is no common or ideal modus
operandi about the activities of NGOs from government officials
in rural areas. It is a great failure that the policy makers and developers did not find yet any
ideal, socially viable and economically sustained mechanism for development action. Some
scattered efforts have been found in this respect. But to achieve a unified and ultimate goal in
poverty alleviation and human resource development, a unique ideal and unique mechanism can
promote the fragile situation. So it is highly recommended that, the overall activities of NGOs in
rural areas should be taken under deep observation by forming a especial department.