CHART WORK FOR MARINERSCopyright All rights reserved First Edition February 1977 Second Edition March 1981 Reprinted July 1984 Reprinted January 1992 Third Edition April 1995 Reprinted January 1997 Fourth Edition May 1998 Reprinted January 2000 Fifth Edition March 2002 Sixth Edition June 2006 Reprinted March 2011 Reprinted August 2011 Reprinted July 2012 Reprinted July 2013 Reprinted January 2015 Price: % 380.00 Printed by Mrs. Ramma Puri at Vaibhav Enterprises, C-56 Hari Nagar Clock Tower, New Delhi 110064 Phone: 25125276 and Published by sher for Marine Publications of India, E-75 Kirti Nagar, New Delhi -110015Dedicated to the youth of our nation who are our future NAVIGATORS.INDIAN NATIONAL SHIPOWNER’S ASSOCIATION Capt. J.C. ANAND Scindia House President Ballard Estate, ‘Bombay-400 038 Grams : “Hindships” Phone : 268161 23° February, 1977 FOREWORD Literature on various aspects of maritime science and technology is gradually growing in India as more and more marine technologists with interests wider than day to day routine enter the precincts. Nevertheless, production of such literature in our country may be said to be scarce still. Technical personnel, and particularly those engaged at sea are normally not well-equipped to follow the pursuit of successful Men of Letters but considering the large amount of highly specialized and diverse talent and brilliant technical men the shipping industry can claim to have, as | have often observed, it is surprising that it should be so - | am sure the cause for it does not lie in want of willingness or of disposition for necessary application. Perhaps, we may look for the cause elsewhere and means have to be explored to remedy the situation. In the event, Capt. S.K. Puri deserves special compliments for taking up a challenge. | need hardly commend the importance of the subject matter of his present work to Mariners, whose chief responsibility is to ensure safe navigation of vessels and of transport of the cargo and men carried on board entrusted to their care, avoiding in the process, dangers of deviation and other unsafe elements below and above the surface of the waters traversed. A thorough theoretical knowledge and practical grounding ofChart Work for them is too obvious to need emphasis. Capt. Puri's effort endeavors to assist in this and proposes to serve as a text book on the subject for the Mariners, and particularly, for those preparing for MOT Examination for all grades of Certificates of Competency. | have no hesitation in commending it to them as well as to all Mariners who can keep it handy for reference in their Library on board or in their office, or for that matter at home if they so desire. | wish Capt. Puri success in his venture and hope it will prove @ precursor of other works to follow in succession. J.C, ANAND.PREFACE The need for an uptodate text book on Chart Work for the shipping personnel in India has been acutely felt for sometime now. This book has been specially written to fill this gap and Presents the latest principles of the technique of Chart Work and Coastal Navigation. Syllabi for the Transport & Shipping examination for the Certificates of competency for all the grades have been covered fully in this book. The book is based mainly on one chart i.e. “English Channel (Eastern Portion)B.A. Chart No. 2675”. The use of the position lines and the technique of obtaining a “Fix” by various methods including the use of Radar and astronomical observations are explained in details. The text is illustrated fully with clear diagrams and exercises and Test Papers have been provided to give the students sufficient practice. In order to keep the book uptodate, a new chapter on “Transferred Position Circle” has been included. Few new Test Papers have also been added. Every effort has been made to ensure accuracy. | shall, however, be pleased to hear of any errors that may have occurred. New Delhi S.K. PURI June 2006CONTENTS CHAPTERI introduction CHAPTER I Salient Features of the Charts CHAPTER III Miscellaneous Admiralty Publications CHAPTER IV to Find Position, Course and Distance CHAPTER V Fixing Ship's Position CHAPTER VI ‘The Variation, Deviation, Magnetic and The Compass Course CHAPTER VII Running Fix CHAPTER VIII Some Worked Examples and Exercises CHAPTER IX Horizontal Angles CHAPTER X Current and Leeway CHAPTER XI Geographical and Luminous Ranges of the Lights CHAPTER XI Position Lines by Astronomical Observations .... Page No. 17 26 33 39 63 73 83 105 129CHAPTER XIII Running Fix With Current CHAPTER XIV Transferred Position Circle CHAPTER XV Three Point Bearings CHAPTER XVI Picking up a Line of Soundings CHAPTER XVII Passage Planning CHAPTER XVIII Tides CHAPTER XIX Pilotage TEST PAPERS | - XVIII ELECTRONIC CHARTS DEVIATION CARD! DEVIATION CARD II DEVIATION CARD Ill 138 144 152 162 166 195 262 s+ 269-342 343, 346 347 348CHAPTER | INTRODUCTION When the ship is being navigated along or near the coast, the art of fixing the ship's position graphically, laying a safe course to destination and checking ship's position whilst on the course to ensure the vessel's safe arrival is called “Chart Work”. This naturally involves the use of a suitable graphical representation of the earth’s surface on the plane of the paper, which when constructed to suit the special needs of a navigator is called the “Navigational Chart’. Navigational charts are mostly drawn on Mercator’s projection, which ensures that all meridians and parallels of latitude are straight lines, at right angles to each other and all angles on the earth’s surface are equal to the corresponding angles drawn on the chart. A special feature of this projection is that rhumb lines are also represented as straight lines. As the safety of the ship depends upon the accuracy of the navigational chart, utmost care is taken in its construction and upkeep. It is drawn precisely giving full details of all the information required by the navigator. The chart must naturally cover more area of the sea, as compared to the land, and should highlight the information that a mariner requires to navigate his ship safely from one position to another, that is to say the chart must show clearly the depth of water, nature of the bottom, details of coastline and off lying dangers and the various navigational aids e.g. lighthouses, prominent land marks, light vessels and radio beacons.2 FATHOM CHARTS AND METRIC CHARTS The unit used for indicating the depths i.e. “Fathom” or “Feet” or “Metres” is boldly displayed just below the title of the chart. British Admiralty charts, which have traditionally been using fathom and feet for depths and also feet as unit for height, are being changed to adopt metric units, thus conforming to charts of most of the other countries. The words “DEPTH IN METRES” are printed in bold letters under the title of these charts. The British Admiralty plans that all new charts will be metric, and that existing charts will also be converted to metric form as soon as possible. However, it will be many years before all the charts will be converted. The metric charts differ in appearance from old fathom charts by their improved design and greater use of colour. Full details of symbols and abbreviations used on metric and fathom charts are given on British Admiralty chart and publication No. 5011. CATEGORIES OF CHARTS Navigational charts may be generally classified into three categories. OCEAN CHARTS These charts are prepared on a very small scale, covering large portions of the globe e.g. Indian Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean. On such charts only the outstanding coastal features and important ports etc. are shown. These charts are used for planning and executing long voyages across the oceans and are obviously unsuitable for coastal navigation.3 COASTAL CHARTS OR COASTAL SHEETS These charts are of medium scale and cover only a portion or a part of the coast. They show all the aids to navigation e.g. lights (their characteristics), important Navigation marks including offlying rocks and other dangers. Such charts are used when the ship is being navigated along the coast. Coastal charts thus highlight the features on and slong the coast and the adjoining portions of the seas. PLANS These charts are drawn on a very large scale and each plan covers only a small area e.g. Plan of Bombay Port They contain all the information required when navigating a ship in harbours, and other congested and enclosed waters. Every possible information of use to a navigator is shown in great detail. The scale of these plans enables the mariner to plot his position with great accuracy and thus avoid the dangers which are frequent in ports and in harbours. SOME SPECIAL TYPES OF CHARTS DECCA CHARTS These are normal basic navigational charts with the eppropriate Decca lattice superimposed on them, and can be used in place of corresponding basic navigational charts. The number of Decca chart is the same as that of the basic chart but is prefixed L (D) and suffixed with Decca chain number. CONSOL CHARTS These are mostly used in air-navigation but may be used ‘as an aid to ocean navigation also. They show great circle bearings of the consol stations. Details of consol systems e.g. in USSR and USA are shown in Admiralty List of Radio Signals.LORAN CHARTS Loran chains for ocean navigation cover most of the Northern Hemisphere, and parts of Central Pacific Ocean. British Admiralty Loran charts cover only the North Atlantic. The U.S. Oceangraphic office publishes Loran charts for the Pacific Ocean. ROUTEING CHARTS These charts are published for every month of the year for each of the oceans and they give important information for planning of passages across the oceans. These charts have recommended ocean passages and the distances printed. These charts also show predominant currents, wind patterns, water and air temperatures and ice conditions. The load lines zones are also marked on these charts ISOGONIC LINES These are the lines joining points of equal variations. Usually isogonic lines are drawn on the variation charts and also on the ocean charts. VARIATION CHARTS These are special charts showing isogonic lines. The variation shown on these charts is usually more accurate than shown on the compass rose of many charts. This is because variation charts are updated every few years whilst other charts are printed after decades at times.CHAPTER II SALIENT FEATURES OF THE CHARTS HOW CHARTS ARE MADE Navigational charts in U.K: are published by the Hydrographic Department of the British Admiralty; under the Hydrographer of the Royal Navy. The Hydrographer of the Navy is responsible for the preparation, correction and issue of the charts and other navigational publications. He is also the authority for surveying the British and other connected waters. In India, the Hydrographic Department of the Indian Navy, with its Headquarters at Dehradun, prepares and issues the charts and other navigational publications. However, its activities and publications are restricted at present to the Indian and adjacent waters only. The Hydrographic Department of the British Admiralty issues charts for almost all the parts of the world. This task has now become easier, because the Admiralty gets the necessary information from the Hydrographic Departments of the countries, which are responsible for the publication of the charts for the waters under their jurisdiction. To start with, the surveying department carries out an extensive survey of the area required to be covered by the chart and all information from various sources is collected and carefully analysed. A modern survey, with all the resources of such inventions as Radar, Echo sounders, Hi-Fix and DECCA systems is a very thorough and detailed operation. The depths are closely sounded and elaborate examination is made of reported or suspected dangers. The actual Latitude and Longitude of some key stations is also determined.6 From the data thus obtained, the charts are produced, ready for the engravers, by the specialist staff of the Chart Branch. Projections are computed and all important points are produced, ready for the engravers, by the specialist staff of the Chart Branch. Projections are computed and all important points are plotted accurately before the actual drawing of the chart begins. This drawing is very accurately engraved on a copper plate by coating it with wax by using special ink on the drawing. The engraving of this copper plate is transferred to a lithographic stone or a zinc plate by contact or by Photo lithography. The plate is then ready for printing on paper, which is done by lithography or multicolored offset printing. The paper used is high grade non-distortion paper. Every new chart, in its final proof is examined by the officers of the Department responsible for such details. No effort is spared to ensure the accuracy and completeness of the chart. After the chart is published and distributed, it must be kept up-to-date by incorporating any changes or corrections, which may have occurred subsequently. Such corrections and changes in charts of various parts of the world are issued as “Notices to Mariners” by the Hydrographic Departments. DESCRIPTION OF THE CHARTS TITLE OF THE CHART The title of each chart is printed in some convenient conspicuous place on a chart, where it does not hinder the navigational use of it. It is also shown on the reverse side of the chart at the thumb level. Under the title, the information about datum, bearings, lights, Natural scale, Projection etc. are shown. Below this “Cautions “ are given in respect of the use of chart. Examples of titles are “Arabian Sea”, “Karachi to Vengurla”.NATURAL SCALE Natural scale is the relationship between the actual length of something on the Earth and the length by which that thing is shown on the chart e.g. 1/12,500 natural scale. The numerator of the fraction is always unity, and both the lengths (that on the Earth and that on the chart) must be in the same units e.g. Natural Scale of 1/12,500 means a feature of 12,500 cms. length on the earth would be represented by a length of one cm. on the chart. Natural scale of the chart is shown below the “Title of the chart”. CAUTION Normally “Caution” appears under or near the title of the chart. It may also be found around a particular portion on a chart where it is required to attract attention of navigators towards a warning. It is meant to caution the mariner against unusual phenomena in the area or the limitations of the charts or warn against crossing ferries etc. SCALES OF LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE Whenever a three dimensional Earth’s surface is represented on two dimensional plane of paper, distortion must occur, as is evident from different types of “Projections”. Mercator’s projection, which is mostly used in the charts, is one such method by which Earth (which is three dimensional) is represented on the paper. This projection has the following properties and principles :— (a) Direction lines on the Earth’s surface are represented by straight lines on the chart, called “Rhumb Lines”. (b) All angles on the chart are true and equal to the corresponding angles on the Earth’s surface. On the chart the meridians are shown as equidistant parallel lines, perpendicular to the Equator, whilst on Earth’s surface they converge at the poles.8 Hence to retain the property of “correct angles” on the chart, the parallels of Latitude are shown as straight lines, parallel to Equator, but at increasingly larger distance apart (and not equidistant) as one Moves away from Equator. Hence on the Mercator's chart, the Latitude scale is increased gradually as the Latitude becomes higher and higher, with Longitude scale being kept constant all over. To be more precise the length of 1°D' Lat. = Length of 1' D’ Long X sec. Lat. Thus on a Mercator's chart all distances are measured along tHe Latitude scale (1° of Lat. Scale representing one nautical mile). The Longitude scale is used for measuring Longitude and the difference in Longitude only. All charts have two scales, Latitude and Longitude. The former is shown at both the sides and the latter at the top and bottom edges of the chart. These are properly and accurately graduated in minutes and degrees. NUMBER OF THE CHART Each chart has a serial number assigned to it. This is shown at the bottom right hand corner and the top left hand corner outside the margin. It is also given at the thumb level on the reverse side of the chart. The number of chart is to identify each chart. The number of the chart enables you to find the area covered by the chart from the Chart Catalogue. The next consecutive number does not necessarily cover the neighbouring area. The next number chart may cover an area far away from the area covered by previous chart. DATE OF PUBLICATION The date of publication alongwith the name of the Hydrographer to the Admiralty or Government authority is9 printed at the bottom, in the middle just outside the margin. Recent publication would mean a more reliable chart, incorporating all corrections, large and small, upto that date. DATE OF PRINTING This is shown as the number of the day in the year, printed at the top right hand corner, outside the margin e.g. 335.02. this means that the chart was printed on the 335" day of 2002. SMALL CORRECTIONS As stated earlier, various Hydrographic Departments issue “Notices to Mariners” which carry the corrections to their Nautical publications. Thus Notices to Mariners also contain “small correction” which have to be incorporated on the charts which are already printed. Each small correction is issued as Notice to Mariner (which are numbered). When the small correction is entered or printed on the chart, that Notice number is shown on the chart as “Small Corrections” and are given at the bottom left hand corner of the chart, outside the margin. For example small correction, 1998 - 1235, 1999 - 1128 mean Notice to Mariner No. 1235 of 1998 and Notice to Mariner No. 1128 of 1999 respectively and they refer to the corrections made on that chart vide those notices. Small Corrections prior to printing of charts and are shown printed on the bottom left hand corner of the chart. The corrections after date ’of printing are entered by hand and the notice number is written also by hand on the bottom left hand corner, outside the margin. Temporary (T) and Preliminary (P) notices are not shown in small corrections. TEMPORARY (T) AND PRELIMINARY (P) corrections are entered in pencil and not in ink and their notice number is10 also entered in‘pencil in bottom left hand corner, after small corrections. Preliminary corrections are changes planned or proposed in the future in the area covered by the chart. NEW EDITIONS AND LARGE CORRECTIONS Large corrections are shown near the new edition dates, at the bottom, in the middle (outside the margin). These are the corrections involving major changes in the chart, which a navigator normally cannot incorporate in the chart himself. So a new chart is published/printed, whenever large corrections occur on the same. So whenever a chart is revised throughout or modernized in style, a new Edition is published. All notations of earlier large and small corrections are at the same time erased in the new editions and old copies of the charts are cancelled. From 1972 onwards, large corrections are discontinued and only New Editions are shown. CHART BLOCKS Sometimes a “Notice to Mariner” includes a reproduction of a small area of a chart, in which the corrections have been carried out. This is called a chart block and it is cut and pasted in its appropriate position on the chart as a part of “Small Corrections” SOUNDINGS AND THE CHART DATUM Soundings mean the depths of water below the chart datum and are thus one of the most important features of the navigational chart. The units used for Soundings are clearly shown below the “Title” of the chart. Soundings figures are scattered on the chart, and their distance apart from each other is a measure of the extent of: the survey and hence the “Reliability” of the chart. On all11 charts the position of sounding is the centre of space occupied by the Sounding figure. Sometimes during survey the lead is lowered to only a certain predetermined depth and if no bottom is detected then such a sounding is shown as “No bottom sounding” e.g. iio means “No bottom at 110 metres”. On Metric charts, generally soundings are shown in metres and decimeters in depth of 20 metres or less and in metres elsewhere. On Fathom charts soundings are shown in fathoms and feet in depths of less than 11 fathoms and in fathoms elsewhere. Soundings on the chart are the depths below the chart datum. CHART DATUM being an imaginary datum, beyond which the sea level rarely falls. In modern practice, the datum is established at or near the Lowest Astronomical Tide (L.A.T.) The height of tide at any given time is thus an “error on the safer side”. Chart datum is also the level above which tidal levels and predictions are given in Admiralty Tide Tables. This datum is also used on the charts for giving “drying heights” of features which are periodically covered and uncovered by the tide. NATURE OF BOTTOM Under certain soundings, the nature of the sea bottom, is also indicated e.g. soM (soft mud), CO (Coral), Sh (Shells) Sn (Shingles). This information is very useful when anchoring a ship. The nature of bottom also becomes helpful in estimating the ship's position, when worked alongwith the soundings. DEPTH CONTOURS The soundings in the chart are very useful to a navigator but if these soundings on the chart are shown very closely,12 the chart will become confusing and impracticable. Hence all areas, having certain selected equal soundings are shown as below :— SEES. cases One fathom line. Two fathom line Six fathom line Ten fathom line One hundred fathom line @ sD Sounding of doubtful depth 738 No bottom found at 120 fathoms. HEIGHTS All charted heights, unless otherwise stated are given in metres or feet above the Mean High Water Springs or in places where there is no tide, the charted heights are above Mean Sea Level. Thus the actual height of the object will be more than the charted height by the amount the tide has fallen below MHWS (Mean High Water Springs). Heights of small islets and of the tops of artificial features are enclosed in brackets. Brackets are used whenever the figure expressing height is necessarily set apart from the objects. DRYING HEIGHTS Underlined figures, on rocks and banks which uncover, express the heights (in metres and decimeters or in feet as appropriate) above the datum of chart. BEARINGS Bearings are always from seaward and are always true bearings.13 SEA MILE A Sea mile is a length of one minute of Latitude at a place and it is the principal unit of distance. PLATE DIMENSIONS The figures in brackets shown outside the lower right hand border of the chart thus (425.0 x 860.0 mm) or (34.46x 25.49) express the dimension (in millimeters or inches) of the plates from which charts are printed. The dimensions of the charts are measured from the inner rectangle of the ehart and exclude the chart borders. A check on these dimensions serves as a good guide to assess the distortion of the chart in use. INFORMATION REGARDING LIGHTS (1) All the heights of the lights are given above the Mean High Water Springs. (2) Range of the light is given in nautical miles. The range of the light may be Geographical or Nominal/ Luminous. “Geographical Range” given on the chart or in the List of Lights is based only on its height of the Light above sea level (assuming the observer to be at a 15 feet height). The “Luminous” or Nominal range, on the other hand is based on the intensity of the light. Nominal and Luminous range is the same when meteorological visibility is 10 miles. Until 1972, the charts showed the geographical ranges but on the new charts now, only the Nominal range is shown. The Lists of Lights also give the Nominal/Luminous range now. LEADING LIGHTS Quite often, at the entrance or approaches to the harbour, two lights of different characteristics are erected, some distance apart, in such a manner that a mariner entering the harbour correctly and properly, would see them in one line14 are called Leading Lights. The leading lights indicate to the navigator that the ship lies on a line joining the two lights and is thus entering the harbour or port correctly, clear of all dangers to navigation. ADVANTAGES OF THE LEADING LIGHTS (1) The leading lights indicate the safe passage of the ship in a channel. (2) The leading lights help in fixing the position of the ship. (3) The leading lights also help the navigator in finding the compass error. The (actual) true transit bearing [Link] two leading lights is read off the chart and the compass bearing of the two lights, when in transit is taken, and the difference between the two bearings is the compass error. COMPASS ROSE Compass rose for laying off bearing and courses are engraved on charts, and they are referred to as compass roses to avoid confusion with ship’s compass. The compass roses are printed on the chart, at two or three places, wherever it is possible, so that it does not interfere with any useful information given on the chart. The compass rose is printed as two concentric cards, the outer compass rose is on the true north and the inner card is on the magnetic meridian, at the place where the centre of the compass rose is shown on the chart. The number of degress by which the magnetic north is to the east or west of the true north is the Variation, and is shown on the compass rose on the 90° and 270° line. The year for which the variation is given, is shown within brackets (next to variation) and the annual change (variation) at that place is indicated in italics, alongside the variation.15 HINTS TO REMEMBER WHEN USING CHARTS (1) Always use the largest scale charts available for the area. (2) Note carefully the units in which soundings are given. (3) Familiarise yourself thoroughly with graduations on the chart before reading the Latitude and Longitude. (4) When measuring distance, along the Latitude scale, the divider should be used along the mean latitude between the two points. (5) When using the compass rose, the ruler must pass through the centre of compass rose and 180° on the opposite direction. (6) If in doubt about a “Cooked hat” always assume the ship to be closer to danger. (7) Always keep the chart dry. Keep bottles and pens away from the chart. Use soft black pencils and soft erasers. Never use copying pencils. LARGEST SCALE CHART ALWAYS TO BE USED The large scale charts show in greater detail all the useful information required by a mariner. These charts are always corrected first and it may happen that a large scale chart of a particular locality may have received corrections of coastline and water-work from a major new survey. CAUTION IN USING SMALL SCALE CHARTS Whenever approaching the land or dangerous banks, only large scale charts should be used. A small error in laying down a position on a large scale chart means a few metres difference; while on a small scale chart, a small error may mean difference of a few cables or even a mile.16 THE INTERNATIONAL HYDROGRAPHIC ORGANISATION The first International Hydrographic conference was held at London in 1919 and it was attended by 24 nations only. At the end of this conference it was agreed that a permanent organization should be established, firstly for the purpose of carrying through the decisions taken and secondly for maintaining close liaison among the various Hydrographic offices. The International Hydrographic Bureau started at Monaco in 1921, with 19 member countries. The Hydrographic conferences were held nearly every 5% year. In 1967, a convention was adopted with the aim of establishing the Bureau as Intergovernmental Organisation. This convention came into force in 1970 and since then the new title “The International Hydrographic Organisation” came into effect. The organisation's principal objective, as stated in the convention are :— (1) The Co-ordination of the activities of national Hydrographic offices. (2) The greatest possible uniformity in nautical charts and documents (3) The adoption of reliable and efficient methods of carrying out and exploiting hydrographic surveys. (4) The development of the sciences in the field of Hydrography and techniques employed in descriptive Oceanography. There are lots of useful hydrographic publications published by this organization.CHAPTER III MISCELLANEOUS ADMIRALTY PUBLICATIONS ADMIRALTY NOTICES TO MARINERS Notices to Mariners, which contain important information for the mariners, are issued by the Hydrographic Department of the British Admiralty. In India also, the Hydrographic Department of the Indian Navy, at Dehra Dun issues the Notices to Mariners. The “Notices to Mariner” enable a navigator to keep his charts and other books corrected for the latest information. They are published in Weekly Editions. These Notices and Weekly editions are numbered consecutively, commencing at the beginning of each year. However, the Notices to Mariners issued by the Indian Hydrographic Department are issued once every fortnight. Temporary & Preliminary Notices have their consecutive number prefixed by (T) & (P). respectively. The Symbol * when it appears-in the Notices to Mariners of the British Admiralty means that the notice is based on original information as opposed to one that republishes information from another country. Obviously, almost all notices pertaining to the English coast would bear * mark. The Weekly Editions of the Notices to Mariner can be obtained gratis from the Admiralty chart agents and depots, Mercantile Marine Department, Customs House and Shipping offices. WEEKLY EDITIONS Each Weekly Edition of the Notices to Mariners contains the following six sections:- (1) Index.18 (2) Admiralty Notices to Mariners. (3) Navigation Warnings. (4) Corrections to Sailing Directions (5) Corrections to Admiralty List of Lights. (6) Corrections to Admiralty List of Radio Signals. (7) Hydrographic notes 102 and 102A. NO. 1 WEEKLY EDITION No. 1 weekly edition published at the beginning of every year is different from the typical Weekly Edition described above. It contains in a consolidated form, the information of important and permanent nature. The topics covered are as under :- (1) Admiralty Tide Tables. . (2) Admiralty Agents for the sale of Charts, etc. (3) Official Radio Messages to U.K. Registered Merchant Ships. “The GBMS Organisation”. (3A) Official Messages to U.K. Registered Merchant Ships. (Small Craft and Fishing Vessels). (3B) Official Radio Message — The Merchant System. (4) Distress and Rescue at Sea — Ships and Aircraft. (4A) Distress and Rescue — Indian and S.W. Pacific Oceans — Ship's Position reports. (4B) The AMVER Organisation (Automated Mutual — Assistance Vessels Rescue System). (5) Firing Practice and Exercise Areas.(6) (”) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) 19 Areas Dangerous due to Mines, Swept Routes and Instructions regarding Explosive picked up at Sea. British Merchant Ships — Use of Radar in time of Emergency or War. Information concerning Submarines. British Isles — Warnings Broadcast by Coast Radio Stations. Minelaying and Mine Countermeasures Exercises — North Sea, English Channel and waters around the British Isles. North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans — Ocean Weather ships. Territorial Waters and Fisheries Jurisdiction Claims. Radio Navigational Warnings. Availability of Notices to Mariners and Chinpacs Route — Book. Under - Keel Clearance — Reliance on Charts and Predicted Tides. Protection of Historic and Dangerous Wreck Sites. Traffic Separation Schemes. ANNUAL EDITION OF THE INDIAN NOTICES TO MARINERS The Indian Hydrographic Department also publishes similar Annual Edition of Notices to Mariners in the beginning of each year, the contents of which are as follows:— (1) (2) General Notice. Availability of Notices to Mariners.(3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) 20 Under — Keel Clearance — Reliance on Chart & Predicted Tides. Caution when approaching Indian Ports. (4A) Andaman and Nicobar Islands — Restrictions. Weather bulletins issued to ships by the Indian Meteorological Departrnent. List of Storm Signal Stations. Distress and Rescue at Sea — Ships and Aircraft. Firing Practice and Exercise Areas. Caution with regard to Ship Approaching Squadrons. Information concerning Submarines. Radio Navigational Warnings. Long Range (H/F) Radio telegraphy Service for Indian Merchant Ships in Area IN. Submarine Cables Indian Merchant Ships — Use of Radar in time of War. Reports of Shoals obtained by Echo Sounding —- Instructions. The International Hydrographic Organisation. Information about Radar Responder Beacon. List of Charts published by Naval Hydrographic office. List of up-to-date Corrections to Charts. List of Temporary and Preliminary Notices in force on 31% December. HYDROGRAPHIC NOTE This is given in Admiralty Weekly Notices to Mariners. The hydrographic notes are for the mariners to report to the21 Admiralty any discrepancies that are observed from the information given on the charts or publications. For example if a depth is observed to be different from the one on the chart (after correction for tide), then it must be reported to the Hydrographer of the Admiralty using these forms. The details how the sounding was obtained and the method of position fixing along with the date and time of observation is sent through this Hydrographic note. ADMIRALTY NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS Every nautical publication of Admiralty is assigned a number, which is used for ordering the publication. For example the number assigned to Catalogue of Admiralty Charts and Publications is NP131. Catalogue of Admiralty Charts and Publications (NP131) This is a publication which covers the entire range of British Admiralty Charts and publications. The contents of Chart Catalogue are as follows :- (1) General Instructions. (2) List of Admiralty Chart Agents. (3) A comprehensive reference in graphical and textual form of all Admiralty Charts. (4) Full details of individual title, scale, coverage and the price. (5) A comprehensive reference in graphical and textual form of Admiralty publications. ( List of Admiralty Charts index. ( Chart diagrams showing coverage area of charts (8) Diagrams of other publications coverage. ( 9) Details of electronic charts.22 The chart catalogue is used to determine the charts and publications required for the passage. The Catalogue is issued every year and lists the data of publications and printing of all current charts and publication, including latest supplements of the publications. The Indian Hydrographic Department at Dehra Dun also issues similar Chart Catalogue. SAILING DIRECTIONS Sailing Directions or generally known as PILOT Books are also issued by the British Admiralty. Indian Hydrographer also issues similar Sailing Directions for Indian waters. The Sailing Directions amplify the information given on charts and also give other useful guidance to the mariners for approaching the ports and harbours. They list the type of coastline, hazards and dangers to navigation along the coast, tidal streams and the recommended anchorages. They also give the weather conditions, facilities available in the ports. In short Sailing Directions give the mariner useful local knowledge to the mariner. The whole world is covered by approximately 75 volumes of the Sailing Directions, numbered consecutively. A new volume is republished at intervals about 12 years and between the editions, it is kept upto date by means of successive supplements every 18 months. Whenever a new supplement is published, the previous one is cancelled. The supplement must be referred to, when consulting Sailing Directions. A small number of Notices to Mariners are also published each year to correct Sailing Directions. The limit of the area covered in each Sailing Directions is shown in the Chart Catalogue.23 ADMIRALTY LIST OF LIGHTS Admiralty List of Lights and Fog Signals, usually termed as “Admiralty List of Lights” give details of lights, light structure, and fog signals available throughout the world. There are 12 volumes, numbered alphabetically, covering the whole world and the limits of each is shown in the Chart Catalogue. Details of light vessels, light floats and light buoys, exhibiting lights at elevations exceeding 6 metres are also included in the “Lists”. A new volume of “List of Lights” is published every 18 months approximately and during this time, it should be kept corrected from section V of the Weekly Editions of Notice to Mariners. ADMIRALTY LIST OF RADIO SIGNALS (ALRS) Admiralty List-of Radio Signals are published in eight volumes as follows:- VOLUME 1 - COAST RADIO STATIONS (NP281, PARTS 4 & 2) A complete, detailed global listing of Coast Radio Stations accepting public correspondence, distress, urgent and safety traffic. Published annually. VOLUME 2 - RADIO NAVIGATIONAL AIDS (NP282) World-wide listing of all Marine Radio Navigational Aids including information on Global Satellite Position Fixing Systems. Published annually. VOLUME 3 — MARINE SAFETY INFORMATION SERVICES A complete listing of all stations broadcasting Radio Weather Services and Navigational Warnings world-wide. Published annually.24 VOLUME 4 - METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATION STATIONS (NP284) A comprehensive list of over 9,000 Meteorological Observation Stations world-wide taken from the official data supplied by the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) and UK Meteorological Office. Published every 18 months. VOLUME 5 - GLOBAL MARITIME DISTRESS AND SAFETY SYSTEM (NP285) Recognised by the International Maritime Organisation as fully compliant with the SOLAS V/20 requirements, this easily the most comprehensive world wide guide currently available on all aspects of the GMDSS. Published annually. VOLUME 6 — PILOT SERVICES, VESSEL TRAFFIC SERVICES AND PORT OPERATIONS (NP286 PARTS 1 & 2) All the radio procedures essential to assist vessels requiring pilots or entering any recognized port, harbour or marine world-wide. Published annually. Contains all the information on the many local, national and international Vessel Traffic Services (VTS), including those that have been adopted by the International Maritime Organisation. Published annually. VOLUME 8 — SATELLITE NAVIGATION SYSTEM (NP288) Comprehensive information on all aspects of Satellite Navigation System including detailed explanation and advice on various position error sources. Published annually. ADMIRALTY TIDE TABLES Admiralty Tide Tables are issued annually in four Volumes- VOLUME 1 United Kingdom and Ireland (including European Channel Ports)25 VOLUME 2 Europe, Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean. VOLUME 3 Indian Ocean and South China Sea. VOLUME 4 Pacific Ocean. Q Each Volume is divided into 2 parts. Part 1 gives daily predictions of times and heights of high water and low water for a selected number of ports, known as “Standard Ports”. a Part 2 gives data for predictions of the rest of the ports known as “Secondary Ports”. Q The Indian Hydrographic Department at Dehra Dun also issues one volume of Tide Tables known as “The Indian Ocean Tide Tables”. OCEAN PASSAGES OF THE WORLD The British Admiralty also issues “Ocean Passages of the World” which helps the mariner to plan his passage across the oceans. It gives recommended routes and distances between various ports of the world, with the details of wind, current data and ice hazards. MARINER’S HANDBOOK (NP100) This book is a useful book to the navigators and gives the details of natural conditions, Ice and Navigational hazards etc. as shown on charts and Nautical publications. SHIP’S ROUTEING This is an IMO publication and gives the different Routeing Systems established world wide in heavy traffic density areas, such as Traffic Separation Schemes, Deep Water Routes and areas to be avoided by certain class of ships.CHAPTER IV TO FIND POSITION, COURSE AND DISTANCE [English Channel (Eastern Portion) Chart B.A. No. 2675] Position: A position on a chart may be stated in one of the two ways: (a) By the Latitude and Longitude. (b) With reference to another position i.e. by giving the bearing and distance of, or from, that position. Example 1. To find the Latitude and Longitude of Start Point Lighthouse. " 3d a ra to wi tee ct a ee Start Point Gp. FI (3) 20 M. so? 13.2N = and F. R. 19 M. 3° 30° W (1) To find the Latitude. Place the parallel ruler on the chart with one edge set along a parallel of Latitude. Carefully open/roll parallel ruler27 out until one edge passes through the required position. Where this edge (or the continuation of this edge) cuts the scale of Latitude, at the side of chart, read off the Latitude of the lighthouse i.e. 50°13.2’ North. (2) To find the Longitude Place the parallel ruler on the chart with one edge set along a meridian. Carefully open/roll parallel ruler out until one edge passes through the required position. Where this edge (or the continuation of this edge) cuts the scale of Longitude at the top or bottom of the chart, read off the Longitude of the lighthouse i.e. 3°39’ West. Hence Position of Start Point Lighthouse:- Lat. 50°13.2’ North Long. 03°39" West. Note : A position is always given by the Latitude first then the Longitude. SECOND METHOD Divider may also be used to find the Latitude and Longitude. This is done by measuring the perpendicular distance between the nearest parallel of latitude or longitude (meridian) and the required position and transferring these measurements to the appropriate latitude and longitude scale. Exercise: Find the Latitude and Longitude of the following positions on the chart. (1) Bill of Portland Lt. Ho (2) Anvil Point Lt. Ho. (3) Les Sept. Iles Lt. (4) Casquets Lt. Ho. (4) . Pte de Barfleur Lt. Ho. (6) Beachy Head Lt. Ho. (7) C.d’ Antifer Lt. Ho (8) Dungeness Lt. Ho.Answers: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. 50°31'N 50°35.8'N 48°52.8'N 49°43'N 49°41.4'N 50°44.4'N 49°41.1'N 50°55'N Long. Long. Long. Long. Long. Long. Long. Long. 28 02°27.5'W 01°57.7'W 03°29.4'W 02°22.7'W 01°16.0'W 00°14.5' E 00°10'E 00°59'E POSITIONS BY BEARING AND DISTANCE A position can also be indicated or found by a bearing from a lighthouse (or a navigational mark) and the distance from the lighthouse:- Example: A vessel is in position with Start Point Lt. Ho. bearing 340° (T) distance 10 miles off. Find the ship's position in terms of Latitude and Longitude. Bearing 340°@ Cistance 10 miles Start Point 340° ©29 () To lay off true bearing:- Place the parallel ruler on the nearest compass rose in such a manner that one edge passes through the exact centre of the compass rose and the required true bearing i.e. 340° in this case. Transfer the parallel ruler until one edge passes through the point of which bearing is given (Start Point in this case) and draw a line through this position. This is the required bearing. (2) Set the divider apart to the given distance (i.e. 10 miles in this case) and cut off the same along this line of bearing from the point under reference (Start Point in this case). This will give the required position. Answer: Latitude 50°04'N Longitude 03°32.7'W Exercise: A vessel is in position with Pte. D'Ailly light bearing 128° (T) distance 12 miles off. Find the ship’s position in terms of Latitude and Longitude. Answer: Latitude 50°02.8'N Longitude 00°43'E Exercise: A vessel is in position with Le Havre Lt. Vessel bearing 115° (T) distance 9 miles off. Find the ship's position in terms of Latitude and Longitude. Answer: Latitude 49°36'N Longitude 00°21.5'W Exercise: A vessel is in position with Roches Douvres Lt. bearing 076° (T) distance 10 miles. Find the ship's position in terms of Latitude and Longitude. Answer: Latitude 49°3.9'N Longitude 03°04'W30 THE COURSE AND DISTANCE Example: Find the true course and distance from position (A) Lat. 49°05'N Long: 03°40'W to a position (B) Lat. 49°33'N Long: 03°09'W. SOLUTION (1) Plot the two positions on the chart, using the reverse procedure to that given in the previous example. (2) Join the two positions by a straight line; the direction of this line represents the course and the length of the line is the distance between the two positions. (3) To find the true course : +I L TL I GATITUDE SCALE