Lectureϱ
HYDRO-THERMALCO-ORDINATION
Prepared By
Dr. Ahmed Yakout
Cairo20ϮϮ
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Lecture Objectives
In this Lecture we will learn about
• Plant Requirements for base and peak load.
• The advantages of combined operation ( hydro
and steam).
• Five ways to schedule hydro-steam operation.
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Hydro Plant Power
• Paverage= 9.81 Q H ɻ kW
• Where,
• Q = Discharge m3/sec
• H = Head m
• ɻ= Efficiency of
turbine-alternator unit
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Plant Requirements for Base Load
1. Operating cost of plant should be low
2. Plant should be capable of working
continuously.
3. It should be possible to repair the plant
speedily and economically.
(Hydro wins)
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Plant Requirements for Peak Load
1. It should be possible to start , synchronize
and load the plant quickly.
2. The plant should have quick response to load
variations.
(Hydro wins)
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Advantages of Combined Operation
1. Flexibility of operation.
2. Economic Advantages.
3. Security of Supply.
4. Better utilization of hydro power
5. Reserve capacity
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Scheduling Methods
1. Constant Hydro Generation
2. Constant Steam Generation
3. Maximum Hydro efficiency method.
4. Equal incremental production cost
method(transmission losses neglected).
5. Co-ordination equation method (with
transmission losses)
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1. Constant Hydro Generation
• The hydro generation is kept constant
throughout the operating period based on the
amount of water available. The remaining load
is met by steam plants.
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2. Constant Steam Generation
• The steam generation is kept fixed at such a
value that the hydro generation would use the
available amount of water over the operating
period to meet the remaining load.
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3. Maximum Hydro Efficiency
Method
• In this method , the hydro plants are operated
at the point of maximum efficiency during
peak load periods.
• During off-peak hours, the hydro generation is
scheduled so that the remaining amount of
available water is used.
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[Link] incremental Production
Cost
• In this method the transmission losses are
neglected.
• The incremental water rate is multiplied by a
constant r [(L.E./hr)/(m3/sec)] to obtain the
incremental cost for the hydro plant. (Note: r
depends on the amount of water available during
the operating period.)
• Finally, the following equation are used for
scheduling
dC/dPsteam = ICsteam = ʄ
r (dW/dPhydro ) = r IWhydro= ʄ
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5. Co-ordination Equation Method
• Here the transmission losses are not neglected
and the following equations are solved
together.
dCs / dPs = ʄϭ - (dPlosses/dPs)] for steam plants
r dWh/dPh = ʄ [1 - (dPlosses/dPh)] for hydro plants
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Example 1
• The system shown in Figure 1 is to supply a load shown
in Figure 2. The data is
C1=(24+0.02P1)P1 L.E./hr
W2=(6+0.0025 P2) P2 m3/sec
• The maximum capacity of hydro plant and steam plant
is 360 MW and 250 MW respectively.
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Continue Example 1
• Determine the operating schedules such that
148.6905 million m3 water is used during the
24 hour period.(Note: maximum efficiency of
hydro occurs at 275 MW.)
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Example 2
A two plant system having a steam plant near load
center and a hydro plant at e remote location is
shown in Figure 3. The Load is 700 MW for 14 hours
a day and 500 MW for 10 hours a day. The
characteristics of units are:
• C1=(24+0.02P1)P1 L.E./hr
• W2=(6+0.0025 P2) P2 m3/sec
• Loss coefficient B22= 0.0005.
Find the generation schedule, daily water used by
hydro plant and daily operating cost of thermal plant
for r2=2.5 L.E. per h/m3 per sec.
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Thank You
For your Attention
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