CERTIFICATE
This is hereby to certify that, the original and genuine investigation work has been carried out to
investigate about the Subject matter and the related data confection and station has been completed
solely, sincerely and satisfactorily by TANYA TIWARI
of class XII B, Kendriya Vidyalaya No 1 AFS Agra, Regarding her project titled "STUDY OF FOAMING
CAPACITY AND FOAM STABILITY OF SOAPS"
Teach's Signature
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It would be my utmost pleasure to express my sincere thanks to my Chemistry teacher AMAN KUMAR
SAREEN in providing a helping I hand in this project. Their valuable guidance, support and supervision all
through this project title "FOAMING CAPACITY AND FOAM STABILITY OF SOAPS"
DECLARATION
This is to certify that the annual project report entitled STUDY OF FOAMING CAPACITY AND FOAM
STABILITY OF SOAPS
submitted to Kendriya Vidyalaya Agra is a record of annual project work done by me during the period
of study in the school under the supervision of AMAN KUMAR SAREEN
RESULT
Among liquid dishwashers, Pril has maximum foaming capacity and Pril has maximum foam stability.
Best liquid dishwasher brand among these is Pril.
Among hand wash soaps, Dettol has maximum foaming capacity and Lifebuoy has maximum foam
stability.
Best hand wash soap brand among these is Dettol.
Among shampoos, Himalaya has maximum foaming capacity and
Himalaya has maximum foam stability.
Best shampoo brand among these is Himalaya.
OBSERVATION
Weight of the each soap sample taken = 1g
Volume of the solution after mixing the soap sample to the water = 200mL,
for each sample taken
Observation Table:
S. Brand of Initial volume Initial Final Final Decrease in
No soap of volume of reading volume of volume of
foam foam foam
PROCEDURE
1. Weigh 1g of each of the different samples of soapsprovided to you
in a watch glass.
2. Dissolve each of these weighed samples in distilled water
separately, in different beakers to form a total of 200ml solution. Label the solutions as 1,23,4 etc.
3. Stir the sample thoroughly with a glass rod to produce foam. 4. Pour the solution into a 250 ml
measuring cylinder.
5. Measure the amount of foam present in the measuring cylinder and note down the readings.
6. After 30 minutes, note down the final readings in a tabular form.
7. Repeat the above steps for all the samples provided to you.
CALCULATIONS
Foaming capacity =
CALCULATIONS - (initial volume of foam/ initial volume of sample solution)*100
Foam stability = (final volume of foam/ initial volume of foam)*100
Foaming capacity of -
1. Vim = 16
2. Pril = 20
3. Bizz = 35
4. Wonderspa = 11.25
5. Dettol = 31.25
6. Lifebuoy = 15
7. Himalaya = 25
8. Sunsilk 21.25
9. Dheedhi 16.25
Foam stability of -
1. Vim = 75
2. Pril = 80
6. Lifebuoy = 41.67
7. Himalaya = 85
3. Bizz = 57.14
8. Sunsilk = 82.35
4. Wonderspa = 33.33
9. Dheedhi 84.61
5. Dettol = 24
INTRODUCTION
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids. The higher fatty acids may be such as stearic
acid (CH3COOH), palmitic acid (C15H3COOH). A soap molecule has a lipophilic (oil soluble) part and a
hydrophilic (water soluble) part. Soaps are used for washing purposes. When soap is shaken with water,
it produces foam which is responsible for removal of dirt. A soap which produces more foam is more
effective in cleaning.
The cleaning action of soap can be explained by keeping in mind that a soap molecule contains a non-
polar lipophilic group and a polar hydrophilic group. The dis held on the surface of clothes by the oil or
grease which is present there. When soap is applied, the non-polar alkyl group dissolves in oil droplets
while the polar -COO-Na* group remains dissolved in water. In this way, each oil droplet is surrounded
by negative charge. These negatively charged oil droplets cannot coalesce and a stable emulsion is
formed. These oil droplets containing dirt particles can be washed away with water.
CONCLUSION
The soap that makes more volume of foam has the highest foaming capacity and that which takes more
time to disappear, has maximum foam stability.
The soap with maximum foaming capacity and maximum foam stability is the best quality soap or
detergent among the samples tested.
If foaming capacity is high and foam stability is low or foam stability is high and foaming capacity is low,
we draw the conclusion that soap with higher foaming capacity is the better soap.
THEORY
There is no quantitative method for the determination of foaming capacity of soap. However, the
foaming capacity of different soaps can be compared qualitatively by the following way.
Solutions of different soapsare prepared by dissolving their equal weights in equal volumes of distilled
water. These solutions are shaken vigorously to produce foam and then they are allowed to stand. The
volume of the foam produced initially is noted and compared as well as volume of foam remaining after
a specific amount of time for each solution is also noted. The greater the quantity of foam produced in a
given sample of soap, greater is its foaming capacity and longer the time taken for disappearance of
foam, greater is its foam stability.
Foaming capacity = (Foam volume/initial sample volume)*100%
Foam stability = (Foam volume after 30min/initial foam volume)*100%
AIM
TO STUDY THE FOAMING CAPACITY AND FOAM STABILITY OF SOAPS
MATERIALS AND REQUIREMENTS
To do this experiment we will need the following materials and equipments:
➜ 200 ml beaker
➜ Watch glass
➜ Weighing machine
➜ 250 ml measuring cylinder
➜ Stop-watch
➜ Different samples of soaps
➜ Distilled water
➜ Glass rod
INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION
2. AIM
3. OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT
4. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
5. THEORY
6. PROCEDURE
7. OBSERVATION
8:CALCULATIONS
8. RESULT
9. CONCLUSION
10. BIBLIOGRAPHY
OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT
The objective of this project is to compare the foaming capacities and foam stability of different samples
of soaps and hence to determine the best brand among them.