aia. ee Wi DO ea eae aoe TOUCHES EVERY CORNER OF NCERT INCLUDES NCERT ACTIVITIES (AKQ), BOXES(BKQ) & EXEMPLAR (EKQ) EACH LINE, FLOWCHART & DIAGRAM IS MOTIVATED FROM PYQs medina res CBSE TOPPERS ae a nS UPIID: akshaypadhle@axlLight is a eae usually referring to electromagnetic radiation which has wavelength 3800A-76008 and help us to tee various object st + It isnon-mechanical wave as it doesn’t require any medium to travel. + Itisa transverse, electromagnetic wave + speed of light in vacuum is 299,792,458nVs (approx 3x10°8m/). Repagation ate Oaitltson vigeractiow Btetromgrtiy vows if an opaque object on the path of light become very small, light has tendency to bend around it and not walk in a straight line - an effect knowns as the diffraction of light Modern quantum theory 9€ Wahl In this theory light is neither wave nor a particle: it reconciles the particle properties with the wave nature. When light travelling from one medium falls one the surface of another medium, & portion of the incident light is turned back into the first [Link] is called reflection of light. Normal | Angle ent | of reflection + The angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence, + The incident ray, the normal to the mirror at the point of, incidence and the reflected ray, all lie in the same plane. Incident Ray Reflected Ray | + image formed is virtual and erect. + Size of the image is equal to the size of the object: + The distance of image behind the mirror is equal to the distance of the object from the mirror. + The image is laterally inverted. — B.0.W ~ WAL. © | Do you get the image? Is it smaller or larger? @Banswer: Yes, the image of the face formed on outer curved surface is smaller in size. > |Move the spoon slowly away from your face. Observe the image. How does it change Answer: The size of image gradually decreases with a increase in field of view > | Reverse the spoon and repeat the Activity. How does the image look like now? [GAnswer: Earlier, when the spoon was close the image formed on the inner curved surface was erect and magnified and as we moved the spoon slowly away from our face, the image transitioned to a inverted image with gradual decrease in its size 2 aoe ‘the characteristics of the image on the two surfaces. inswer : Outer Surface (i) tmage is always erect (li) Image size is gradually decreases as we move away the spoon. Inner Surface (i) The image is erect when spoon is close and inverted when spoon is away (ii) image size i larger when spoon is close and it is smaller when spoon is moved awayet f. laws of reflection hold true for : (a) plane mirrors only (b) concave mirrors only (c) conver mirrors only (d) all reflecting surfaces, Answer: d The laws of reflection hold true for all the reflecting surfaces, ie. all mirrors (either plane or spherical) regardless of their shape It is a mirror whose reflecting surface forms a part of a hollow spheres. Mirrors as a part of Sphere i con sata —+—_j The reflection of The reflection of light take place light take place from from the inner the outer bulged hollow sphere surface The angle subtended by The line passing through|| the cireular boundary of It is the radius of the the pole and the centre || the mirror is called its sphere of which the of curvature of the || Perture mirror forms @ part mirror is called its \ | rincipal ay ae \ clus of curvature Principal Axis 5 a It is the centre of the mictiatiseanee sphere of which the ieeceet te foes ol mirror forms a part the pole of the mirror ‘tis point on the principal axis where a beam of light parallel to the principal auis either actually converge to or appears to diverge from, after reflection from the mirror. It is the middle point of the spherical mirrorRules Uo Draw Ray Diagravy i Foose Spade Gr ofp cigs 3 pats B85 > ‘oPned ax et Crew a CT stony Coutre x pate as SS) [os SES a Bt chose Sa oa Deora a Ge bs wa 3) S{- SAR er c = ~eYet 8 otreatt ( Arner FS Plane mitwor > Image Cormalion by concave mirror ve Real nvorod enlarged image beyond (a) Object berween Cond FearneTuage Gormalion by conven mirror Ray diagram Object position | Image position | Nature of image Between Behind the Virtual, smaller and infinity and | mirror between | erect S| the pole the focus and we get! the pole i At infinity Behind the Virtual, point-sized mirror at the | and erect focus F Infinity + In torches, search light and vehicle headlight to get powerful parallel beam of light + Used in shaving mirror + Dentist use to see large image of teeth. + To concentrate sunlight to produce heat in solar furnaces Why driver prefers to use a conver mirror as rear-view mirror? We use conver mirror as a rear view mirror in the vehicles because convex mirror always forms virtual, erect and diminished images irrespective of distance of the object. A convex mirror enables a driver to view large area of the traffic behind him. Convex mirror forms very small image ‘than the object. Due to this reason convex mirrors are used 4s rear view mirrors in vehicles > |what do you observe? Why? lGbAnswer: The paper burns and catches fire. This is because the light from the Sun is converged (concentrated) at a point of paper as a bright spot (image of the Sun). This point is the focus of the concave mirror. It produces heat and ignites the paper. Sian convention Cor reeleclipn by spherical mirror The object is always placed to the left of the mirror. This implies that the light from the object falls on the mirror from the left hand side = All distance paralle! to the principal axis are measured from the pole of the mirror All the distance measure to the right of the origin (along +X auis) are taken as positive while those measure to the left of the origin (along -¥ axis) are taken as a negative Distance measure perpendicular to, and above the principal axis (along +Y axis) are taken as positive Distance measure perpendicular to, and below the principal axis (along -¥ axis) ave taken as negativelth tee le > Mirror formula Object on the kt tytel tLe preston oe , \ VoU"F 4» “radeon V = image distance Height a . U = object distance . —— 5 Wagnificalions : Start oe eT / > | Could you see a full-length image? (Answer: Wo. ‘Try with plane mirrors of different sizes. Did you see the entire object in the image? —- > | Repeat this Activity with a concave mirror. Did the mirror show full length image of the object? Answer: Wo. Now try using a convex mirror. Did you succeed? Explain your observations with reason. 2 | Answer: Yes. In a convex mirror, we can see full length image of distant abject with wider field of view The phenomena of bending of light at the surface separating to Media is commonly known as refraction of light Example ‘spoon dipped in water, * standing in clear full of water + The bottom of a glass tumbler filled with water appear rest did you see keep looking for the coin from your position. Does the coin become visible again from your positi [this happen? IoD Answer: Yes. The coin becomes visible again. This is because the coin appears slightly raised above its actual pesition due to the refraction of light: Observe the image of the pencil in the mirror. 1s the image erect or inverted? Is it diminished or enlarged? @BAnswer: its image in the mirror is erect and diminished Move the pencil away from the mirror slowly. Does the image become smaller or larger? GAnswer: the image becomes smaller. Repeat this Activity carefully. State whether the image will move close object is moved away from the mirror? Answer: The image moves closer to the focus >| With your eye to a side above water, try to pick up the cain in one go. Did you succeed in picking up the coin? G Answer: No. >| Repeat the Activity. Why did you not succeed in doing it in one go? @ Answer: Reflected light coming from the submerged coin in water (denser medium), on entering air (rarer medium), bend away from the normal due to refraction of light and image size becomes larger than its actual size. Thus, coin appears to be closer than its actual distance. 1A? How could| 0 or farther away from the focus ax the Ask your friends to do this. Compare your experience with theirs Answer: Same resultLook at the portion of the line under the slab from the sides. What do you observe? Does the line under the glass slab appear to be bent at the edges? Answer: The line ander the glass slab appears to be bent at the edges It is due to the refraction of light Newt, place the glass slab such that it is normal to the line, What do you observe now? Does the part of the line under the glass slab appear bent? © Answer: The part of the line under the glass slab does not appear bent: It appears in a straight line, Because a ray of light perpendicular to the lain of a refracting medium does not change its angle due to refraction. Look at the line from the top of the glass slab. Does the part of the line, beneath the slab, appear to be raised? Why does this happen? 1G Answer: Yes. Part of the line appears to be raised. This is due to the refraction of light The ratio of the speed of the light in vacuum to the speed of the light in medium is called the refractive index of the medium. Refractive index (x) = CIV C = the speed of the light in vacuum. V = the speed of light in mediam. D> Larger the refractive inder of a medium greater is the bending of light when it enters the medium from ai oblique usually Air=1.0003 Some Tppordant = Hvackive Taslex Leann > Why does light bend when it enters in different medium? The fact that light travels at a different speed in different material. Therefore, when it travels from one medium to another it either speed up of slower down. The amount by which its Speed change determine the amount by which it change its direction. + The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the refraction surface at the point of incidence are in the same plane. + The ratio of sin of angle of incidence te the sin of angle of refraction is Constant, for the given pair of media. This law is also known as Snell Law. - = Pp tN Sint = Constant = ‘ Sin nt ‘ edtom 3 ‘ D Refractive index of the 2! medium with Respect to medium vz Ae if «ray falls prpendisary om the refracting surface tt gos inte the second medium withoct dentin. then [20 Sat = indent ray Sin om | =e) “raved vey 1. But the speed of the light change.If refractive index of glass wrt air is 3/2, then refractive index of air wart glass wil be its reciprocal 2/3. Question: The absolute refractive index of Ruby is 1.7. Find the speed of light in Ruby. The speed of light in vacuum is 3 10Fm/s. Giver Refractive Inder (R.!) of Ruby = 1.7 Speed of light in Vaccum (C) = 3» 10'm/s Speed of light in Ruby (VR) =? Ril = speed of Utgie Vacourn | Spa Up eres) 2 a Xe Vpos1s4 xtobm]s Optically Denger and Rarer Media Of « pair of transparent media, the one that has the higher refractive index is called the optically denser medium of tthe two, while the one that has the lower refractive index is called the optically rarer medium. Raver—SDenser == Bends towards normal (slow down) Denser —aRarer 3 Bends away from normal (speed up) ato BS Optically denser does not mean greater mass density (mass per unit volume) For example: kerosene is lighter than water! it float on water) but it has a higher refractive index, that is, itis optically denser than water. Slate vy aed Sin Siny ot aut 7% ~ | Simt' n Sins'=ngtat Sinx!s Stat yet on Passing through a transparent slab with parallel faces, « ray is displaced parallel to itself for a thin slab, the displacement is negligible i ligQuestion: What is the refractive index gradient? Answer: With respect to distance in the particular material, the rate of change of the refractive index is known as the refractive index gradient. Here, the slope of the refractive inder profile at any point is the distance. Refractive index gradient is articulated in terms of reciprocal of a unit of distance, itis a vector point function. The total reflection of light travelling in a medium of higher refractive indes, when it is incident on the boundary with another medium of lower refractive index at angle greater than the critical angle is called total internal reflection. D> For a particular value of ‘', the angle of refraction become 90% called the critical angle“ A transparent material bounded by two surfaces of which at least one is curved is called a lens. Converging lens + Allens that is thicker at the middle than at the edges is called a convex lens. It converges a parallel beam of light on refraction through it. It Has real focus verging lens + Allens that is thicker at the edge is Called a concave lens, It diverge a parallel beam of light on refraction through it. 1t has a virtual foeus. a a4 a a [Convex Coke | cevahune A Cobre ote ueerabine tee at zune ae The Centre of the surface of a lens is the centre of the sphere of which it form a part, Because a lens has two surface, to it has two centres of curvature.The radius of curvature of the surface of a lens is the radius of the sphere of which the surface forms a part. it is the line passing through the two centres of curvature ofthe lens A beam of light parallel to the principal axis either converge to a point or appears to diverge from a point on the principal avis after refraction through the lens. This point is called the principal focus. A lens hast two faci, but principal focus is only one where the light Converge or appears te diverge It is @ point situated with in the lens through which a ray of light passes undeviated, it is the distance between the principal focus and the optical centre of the lens. it is the diameter of the circular boundary of the lens The power of lens is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length. P= metre) + The unit i called diopter (0) + The power of a conver lens is positive and that of a concave lens is negative. dena, ye -ve (reall tmage) Gontanne: Vm Ve (eetuad rage) . Dbject distance — -_ Commer v= —ve (virtual tmage) il) Troge datange ye oa et Va awe -veat Imag Vistual Cmage alattnce ye Me H Concave Lens dloern't forms Yea Tmage Hold the paper and the lens in the s Recall your experience in Activity 10. @ Answer: the paper begins to burn and may catch fire. The parallel rays of light from the Sun are converged by the lens at the sharp bright spot on paper. it generates heat and causes the burning of paper. position for a while. Keep observing the paper. What happened? Why?Object - At infinity Image - At focus F Highly diminished point sized Real and inverted > Object - between infinity and 25 Image - Between Rand 2F,, Diminished Real and Inverted aun _ object - At 26, Image - At 2F,, Same site Real and Inverted Object - Between F and 2F, Image - beyond 25, Enlarged 2 tmportanb Real and Inverted object - At focus Image ~ At infinity Highly enlarged Real and Inverted object - between focus f and optical centre 0 Image - same side of the lens as the object Enlarged Virtual and erect oF Tg Object - At infinity Image - At focus & Highly diminished point sized Virtual and Erect Object - between infinity and optical centre Image - between focus f, and optical centre Diminished Virtual and Erect A ImportantSigh comention Gor spherical mirror + We follow sign convention, similar ta the one used for spherical mirror. + we apply the rule for sign of distance except that all measurement are taken from the optical centre of the lens. + The focal length of a conver lens is positive and that of a concave [ens is negative 1] Voir dictance eee au: FI] Ve ager distance + 1 diopter is the power of a lens whose focal length is t metre. (1 = tne) + The net power (p) of the lenses placed in contact is given by the algebraic sum of the individual powers p. PERT R ERE RE cant R + The simple additive property of the powers of lenses ean be used to design lens system to minimise certain defects in images produced by a single lens. Question - Which of the following can make a parallel beam of light when light from a point source is incident on it? (a) Concave mirror as well as conver lens (b) Conver mirror as well as concave lens (c) Two plane mirrors placed at 20° to each other (d) Concave mirror as well as concave lens answer - 6 eae J conver lenses with power 2 dioptre are kept in contact with each other. The focal length of the combined lent system it solution: > f20.5m Combined Power = 4 dioptre Combined focal length = 0.251 > [Question - Magnification produced by @ rear-view mirror fitted in vehicles a) is less than one Io) is more than one. tc) is equal to one. (A) can be more than or less than one depending upon the position of the object in front of it [Caanswer - 8[Question- tn torches, search lights and headlights of vehicles, the bulb is placed of (a) between the pole and the focus of the reflector (b) very near to the focus of the reflector (c) between the focus and centre of curvature of the reflector |) at the centre of curvature of the reflector. [Answer - D. > auestion - in which of the following, the image of an object placed at infinity will be highly dimi ized? (a) Concave mirror only Ct) Conver mirror only lc) Conver lens only hed and point Id) Convex mirror, conver mirror, concave lens and convex lens [Answer - > [Question - You ave given water, mustard oll, glycerine, and Kerosene. In which of these media, a ray of Tight incident obliquely at some angle would bend the most. ta) Kerosene (b) water (c) Mustard oil (4) Glycerine [Answer - > Question - A convex lens of focal length 20 em can produce a magnified virtual as well as real image. 's this a correct statement? If yes, where shall the object be placed in each case for obtaining these images? GAnswer - ves, for getting virtual image the abject has to be placed between the optical centre and the focus. For real and enlarged image, the abject should be placed between F and 2F. Question - Why does a light ray incident on a rectangular glass slab immersed in any medium emerges parallel to itself? GAnswer - Due to variation in speed of light in different medium, light bends as it moves from one medium to another Since, there ave two surfaces for reaction which are parallel the light ray should bend in opposite sense in thems equally the emerging light ray is always parallel to the incident ray. Question = Under what condition in an arrangement of two plane mirrors, incident ray and reflected ray will always be parallel to each other, whatever may be angle of, incidence. Answer - when two plane mirrors are placed at right angle with each other, then the incident ray and reflected ray will always be parallel to each other, irrespective of the angle of incidence. Question: An object is placed at a distance of 60 em from @ concave lens of focal length 30 em. Use the lens formula to find the distance of the image from the lens. i) List four characteristics of the image (nature, position, size, erect/inverted) formed by the lens in this case. sotuTion We have (i) object distance, Us -60 em Focal length of the concave lens, f =-30 em. The image will be formed at a distance of 20 em in front of the lens. (ii) Nature of the image is virtual. The position of the image is between F1 and optical center 0. ize of the image is diminished. The image is Erect.pee | security mirror used in a big showroom has radius of curvature 5 m. If a customer is standing at a distance of 20 m from the cash counter, find the position, nature and size of the image formed in the security obieet distance, Us-20m Radius of curvature, R= +5 m Then, focal length, f= 5/2 =+25m (f= R2) To find: The position, nature, (v) and size of the image (h’) Solution: From the mirror formula. we know that Wil =tle substituting the given values we get- WwW + M-20) IN 1120 10/25 + 1/20 40 + 8/100 45/100 Thus, the position or distance of the image, Vis. 2.2m from the mirror, and the positive sign implies that it forms on. tthe right side of the image Therefore, the nature of the image will be virtual and erect, and its size will be diminished, as the convex mirror always formed a virtual, ereet, and diminished image regardless of the object distance from the mirror. Now, from magnification formula we know that -22/200 “oat Thus, the height of the image, h’ is 0.11 times smaller than the object