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Peephole Lens Design and Analysis

The document describes designing a peephole optical system to increase the field of view of the human eye through a door. It presents: 1) A thin lens peephole design with a total length of 25mm and field of view of 90 degrees, using a reversed Galilean telescope configuration with a -3.83mm front lens and 28.83mm back lens. 2) Calculations showing the minimum lens diameters needed for a fully vignetted field are 7mm for the front lens and 4mm for the back lens. 3) Determination that the illuminance produced on the retina by a full moon using this peephole system would be 0.00068 lux.

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18 views7 pages

Peephole Lens Design and Analysis

The document describes designing a peephole optical system to increase the field of view of the human eye through a door. It presents: 1) A thin lens peephole design with a total length of 25mm and field of view of 90 degrees, using a reversed Galilean telescope configuration with a -3.83mm front lens and 28.83mm back lens. 2) Calculations showing the minimum lens diameters needed for a fully vignetted field are 7mm for the front lens and 4mm for the back lens. 3) Determination that the illuminance produced on the retina by a full moon using this peephole system would be 0.00068 lux.

Uploaded by

ghost2human
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Peephole with Radiometry

The goal of this problem is to design a door peephole to view your visitors (you
see them, but they don’t see you). The eye should be included as part of the
design, and for this problem we will model the eye as a single refracting surface of
radius 5.65 mm. The index of the eye is that of water (1.333), and the pupil or iris
diameter is 4 mm and is located at the cornea. The retina is located at the rear
focal point of the cornea. The macula is the central portion of the retina and is
specialized for resolution. The fovea is the highest resolution part of the macula
and has a diameter of about 1.5 mm. The resolution of the retina drops off outside
the macula. The macula has a diameter of about 3 mm, and we will somewhat
arbitrarily use an area of about 1.5 times the macula diameter to define the visual
field of view for this application.

The peephole is a non-inverting afocal system used to increase the field of view of
the eye through the door. The iris of the eye is the system stop.

a) Design a thin-lens peephole that covers a total field of 90° and has a total length
of 25 mm (it has to fit within the thickness of the door).

b) What are the required element diameters for a totally vignetted field of this size?
The separation between the cornea and the rear element of the optical system
should also be 25 mm (nose room).

c) Given that the illuminance produced by a full moon on the earth’s surface is
0.27 lm/m2, what is the illuminance produced on the retina using this system?
Remember that the image at the retina is in water.

Solution:

Eye: R  5.65mm n  1.333

E  (n  1) / R  0.0590 / mm

f E  16.95mm

  nf E  22.6mm
f RE

DPUPIL  4mm
Macula: 3mm Dia

Image size limit = 1.5  Macula = 4.5mm Dia

h  4.5mm / 2  2.25mm

Chief ray angles at cornea:

After: u  h / f RE
  2.25 mm / f RE
  0.100

Before: u  nu  n2.25mm / f RE


  2.25mm / f E  0.133

FOV of the eye: FOV  2 tan 1  u   15.2

This corresponds to the Central High-Resolution Zone on the retina.

a) Telescope Requirement:

FOV  90 (Full Field)

Chief ray angle in object space (paraxial angle)

 FOV 
u 0  tan    1.00
 2 

Required MP: MP  u / u0  0.133 / 1.00  0.133

m  1 / MP  7.52

Remember that m and MP are paraxial quantities, and we must use the values of
the chief ray, not the FOV, to determine the MP. This application requires a
reducing telescope that will make the scene appear farther away to increase the
FOV.
Telescope Design – None inverting

Use a reversed Galilean telescope (negative lens in front)


t  f1  f 2 m   f 2 / f1

f 2  mf1

t1  f1  mf1  1  m  f1

f1  t / 1  m 

t1  25mm m  7.52

f1  3.83mm 1  0.261 / mm
f 2  28.83mm 2  0.0347 / mm

b) For vignetting, we need the marginal and chief ray value of both lenses.

The marginal ray is easy since the telescope is afocal and the object is at infinity.
The marginal ray is parallel to the axis between L2 and the eye.

y  L 2   y  Cornea   2mm  DPUPIL / 2

y  L1  y  L 2  / m  0.266mm

The chief ray values can be found by starting at the cornea:

y  Cornea   0mm

u  Cornea   0.133

Use a backward raytrace to get the chief ray heights at the lenses of the telescope:

t2  25mm (Second Lens to Cornea)

y  L 2   y  Cornea   u  Cornea  t2
 y  L 2   3.32mm

u  L 2   u  L 2   y  L 2   L 2 

u  L 2   u  Cornea 

u  L 2   0.0178

t1  25mm (Telescope Lens Separation)

y  L1  y  L 2   u  L 2  t1

 y  L1  3.77

If extended to object space, these results produce u  1.00 in object space.


This raytrace can also be done on a raytrace sheet. Inside the eye (after the cornea)
 / n  f E ) and optical angles ( nu, nu ) are shown on the
reduced distances ( f RE
raytrace sheet.
b) For a totally vignetted field:

a y  y and a y

L1:

a1  3.77  0.266 and a1  0.266

a1  3.50mm and a1  0.266

a1  3.50mm

D1  7.00mm

L2:

a2  3.32  2.00 and a2  2.00

a2  1.32 and a2  2.00

Here, the second condition must be applied since the second lens cannot become
the system stop. The fully vignetted field is therefore not limited by the second lens.
a2  2.00mm

D 2  4.00mm

The second lens of the telescope and the pupil of the eye now have exactly the
same diameters. The result of this condition is that the unvignetted field of view of
this system is zero. It is only unvignetted on axis.
c) Retinal Illuminance

Scene Luminance:

EV  0.27lm / m 2   0.18

 EV
LV   0.0155lm / m 2 sr

In order to get the retinal illuminance, the index of refraction of the eye must be
included (n = 1.33). The Basic Luminance is conserved. For the scene, the
Luminance equals the Basic Luminance.

At the retina, the Basic Luminance is

LR
LV 
n2
where LR is the Retinal Luminance
LR  n 2 LV

Multiple by the solid angle of the iris as seen by the retina to obtain the retinal
illuminance:

 DPUPIL 2 / 4
 ER  LR 
2
f RE

 n 2 LV
ER   /n
f E  f RE
 2 / DPUPIL 2
4 f RE

 LV  LV fE
ER   f /#
4 f / # 
2 2 2
4 f E / DPUPIL DPUPIL
This result is the basic camera equation. Remember that the n is hidden in the f/#
since the f/# is defined in terms of the focal length f E and not the physical distance
 .
or rear focal length f RE

ER  0.00068lm / m 2  0.00068lux

Common questions

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The diameter of the eye's pupil (4 mm) acts as the system stop in the optical setup and significantly impacts the field of view. It helps define the boundaries within which light is admitted into the optical system, consequently influencing the extent of the visual field through the peephole . By constricting the light path, the pupil size ensures that the viewer sees a stable image while maximizing the effective field of view up to 90°, thus enhancing the design's goal of seeing visitors while remaining unseen .

The field of view (FOV) of the peephole system is determined through calculations involving the chief ray angles in both object and image spaces. Initially, the paraxial angle, represented as u0, is calculated using u0=tan(FOV/2)=1.00. From this, the required magnification parameter (MP) is derived, resulting in 1/MP=7.52, indicative of the optical reduction necessary for the desired FOV . Essential components for this calculation include the lens focal lengths and separation distances, particularly those maintaining the parameter of a non-inverting system, such as seen in a reversed Galilean telescope configuration .

To fit within a standard door, the peephole system design is constrained to a total physical length of 25 mm. This requires precise calculation of lens focal lengths to maintain the afocal nature of the telescope within this length. Specifically, the separation between the eye's cornea and the telescope's rear element must also be 25 mm to accommodate 'nose room' while ensuring proper optical alignment . The reversed Galilean telescope design helps in achieving the required field of view within this limited space efficiently .

The design of a peephole with radiometry requires consideration of several optical characteristics and constraints. The design involves modeling the eye as a single refracting surface with a radius of 5.65 mm and an index of refraction of 1.333, which is equivalent to water . The peephole must be a non-inverting afocal system that increases the field of view to 90°, while maintaining a physical length of 25 mm to fit within the door thickness . A reversed Galilean telescope is used, ensuring that the scene appears farther away to achieve the required field of view . Additionally, the system stop is at the iris of the eye, and the diameter requirements must accommodate a totally vignetted field .

To achieve a totally vignetted field, calculations must consider the marginal and chief ray values at both lenses of the telescope. The marginal ray is parallel between the lenses and the eye due to the afocal nature of the telescope and an object at infinity . For L1, the conditions are calculated as 1 a ≤ -3.50 m and 1 a > 0.266 m, resulting in a diameter of 7.00 mm . For L2, it's determined that 2 a ≤ -1.32 and 2 a ≥ 2.00, giving a diameter of 4.00 mm . These ensure proper coverage without the second lens becoming the system stop, aligning with the pupil diameter.

A reversed Galilean telescope is chosen for the peephole design because it allows for a wider field of view without inverting the image. This optical configuration includes a negative lens in the front which helps reduce the size of the scene, making it appear farther away, thus increasing the field of view . The design benefits from this setup as it enables a compact optical assembly that fits the required physical constraints while delivering a FOV of 90° .

The macula, a central portion of the retina, is crucial for high-resolution vision and influences the design by defining the field of view. The macula's diameter is 3 mm, and the fovea within it has a 1.5 mm diameter, representing the highest resolution area . For the peephole design, the visual field is defined as 1.5 times the macula's diameter, equating to a 4.5 mm image size limit . This requirement ensures that the peephole covers the central high-resolution zone of the retina, optimizing visual clarity.

The refractive index of the eye, equivalent to that of water (1.333), is critical for calculating retinal illuminance as it affects the optical path and the f-number of the system, which is integral to determining the luminance transfer . The index is factored into the basic luminance calculations, combining with the solid angle of the iris to find retinal illuminance using modified camera equation principles . Through this, the refractive index ensures accuracy in reflecting how light is focused and distributed on the retina.

Designing for a totally vignetted field ensures that the image remains uniformly illuminated across the desired field of view. This requires strategic computation of lens diameters where the chief and marginal rays do not exceed constraints such as 1 a ≤ -3.50 and 2 a ≤ -1.32 for lens L1 and lens L2, respectively . These calculations avoid early internal blocking or clipping of rays, maximizing the visual coverage and preventing the second lens from becoming the limiting system stop within the optical path . This aspect of design is essential in optimizing the performance and reliability of the peephole system under varying lighting conditions.

Retinal illuminance is calculated using principles of radiometry, factoring in the index of refraction of the eye and optical geometries. The method includes using basic luminance, defined by the illuminance from natural sources (0.27 lm/m^2) and applying the known transmission efficiencies and the system's f-number . This illuminance is expressed with the effects of the eye's refractive index and the effective f-number, considering the pupil's solid angle, achieving an illuminance of 0.00068 lm/m^2 . This calculation is important as it dictates the amount of light reaching the retina, determining the peephole system's efficiency and usability under low ambient lighting conditions.

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