CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL TYPES OF MATERIALS

SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Metals
ISSUES TO ADDRESS…
 Strong, ductile
 What is material science and engineering?  High thermal & electrical conductivities
 Why are materials important?  Opaque, reflective
 Why is it important for engineers to understand
Polymers/Plastics: compounds of non-metallic elements
materials?
 Soft, ductile, low strengths, low densities
 Low thermal & electrical conductivities
WHAT IS MATERIAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING?  Opaque, translucent or transparent

Material Science Ceramics: compounds of metallic & non-metallic elements

(oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides)
 Investigate relationships between structures and
properties of materials  Hard, Brittle
 Design/develop new materials  Low thermal & electrical conductivities
 Opaque, translucent or transparent
Materials Engineering

 Create products from existing materials

 Develop materials processing techniques MATERIALS SELECTION

Engineers often solve materials selection problems.

WHY ARE MATERIALS IMPORTANT? Procedure:

Materials drive advancements in our society 1. For a Specific Application -> Determine Required
Properties
 Stone Age
 Bronze Age  Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
 Iron Age magnetic, optical, deteriorative

What is today’s material age? 2. From List of Properties -> Identify Candidate Material(s)

 Silicon (Electronic Materials) Age? 3. Best Candidate Material -> Specify Processing
 Nanomaterials Age? technique(s)
 Polymer Age?  To provide required set of properties
 To produce component having desired shape and
sixe
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT FOR ENGINEERS TO  Example techniques: casting, mechanical forming,
UNDERSTAND MATERIALS? welding, heat treating

Products/devices/components that engineers design are all

made of materials
MATERIAL PROPERTY TYPES
To select appropriate materials and processing techniques
for specific applications, engineers must; Properties of materials fall into six categories as follows:

 Have knowledge of material properties and  Mechanical

 Understand the structure-property relationships  Electrical
 Thermal
 Magnetic
 Optical
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG PROCESSING, STRUCTURE, &
 Deteriorative
PROPERTIES

Processing (e.g., cooling rate of steel from high temperature)

affects structure (microstructure) MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Structure in turn effects hardness Affect of carbon content on the hardness of a common steel:

 Increasing carbon content increases hardness of

steel.
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES MAGNETIC PROPERTIES

Factors that affect electrical resistivity – for copper: Magnetic Storage:

- Recording medium is magnetized by recording write

head.

 Increasing temperature increases resistivity.

 Increasing impurity content (e.g.,Ni) increases
resistivity.
 Deformation increases resistivity.

Magnetic Permeability vs Composition:

THERMAL PROPERTIES
- Adding 3 atomic % Si makes Fe a better recording
Thermal Conductivity- measure of material’s ability to
medium!
conduct heat.

 Increasing impurity content (e.g., Zn in Cu)

decreases thermal conductivity.

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

The light transmittance of some materials depend on their

structural characteristics:
Highly porous materials are poor conductors of heat.

Ceramic Fibers:

- Significant void space

- Low thermal conductivity

Material used for space shuttle. DETERIORATIVE PROPERTIES

Demonstration: Small cracks formed in steel bar that was simultaneously
stressed and immersed in sea water.
- Low thermal conductivity of this material
 - Good lubricity and high wear resistance between
articulating surfaces
For stress-corrosion cracking, rate of crack growth is
diminished by heat treating. Femoral Stem- inserted into top of hip bone (femur)

- Titanium or CoCrMo alloy

Head (Ball)- affixed to femoral stem

- CoCrMo alloy or Al2O3 (ceramic)

Shell- attached to pelvis

- Titanium alloy

Liner- into which head fits

- Polyethylene (polymer) or Al2O3 (ceramic)

EXAMPLE OF MATERIALS SELECTION: ARTIFICIAL HIP

REPLACEMENT

Anatomy of a human hip joint and adjacent skeletal features

SUMMARY

 Appropriate materials and processing decisions

require engineers to understand materials and their
properties.
Hip joint problems can be painful and disabling.  Materials' properties depend on their structures;
 Joint deterioration (loss of cartilage) as one ages structures are determined by how materials are
processed
 Joint Fracture
 In terms of chemistry the three classifications of
materials are metals, ceramics, and polymers
 Most properties of materials fall into the following
six categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, and deteriorative.
 An important role of engineers is that of materials
selection.

Damaged and diseased hip joints can be replaced with

artificial ones.

Materials requirements for artificial joints.

- Biocompatible – minimum rejection by surrounding

body tissues
- Chemically inert to body fluids
- Mechanical strength to support forces generated
 1, 3, 5, 7 (-l to +l)

½ , -½

CHAPTER 2: ATOMIC STRUCTURE & INTERATOMIC

BONDING
ELECTRON ENERGY STATES
ISSUES TO ADDRESS…
Electrons…
 What characteristics of atoms/molecules promote
- Have discrete energy values
interatomic/intermolecular bonding?
- Tend to occupy lowest available energy states
 What types of interatomic/intermolecular bonds
exist?
 What properties of materials depend on the
magnitude of interatomic/intermolecular bonds?

ATOMIC STRUCTURE (FRESHMAN CHEM.)

Atom – electrons – 9.11 x 10 -31 kg

neutrons – 1.67 x 10 -27 kg

Atomic Number = # of protons in nucleus of atom

= # of electrons in isoelectronic species SURVEY OF ELEMENTS

Atomic Mass Unit = 1.66x10 -24 g = 1/12 mass of 12C Most elements: Electron configurations not stable.

A = Atomic wt = wt of ________ molecules or atoms

1 amu/atom = 1 g/mol

C 12.011

H 1.008

etc.

Some of the following properties are determined by an

atom’s electronic structure:
Why not stable? Valence (outer) shell usually not completely
1. Chemical filled.

2. Electrical ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

3. Thermal  Valence electrons – those in outer unfilled shells

 ___________________ - require more energy to
4. Optical gain or lose electron
 Valence electrons available for bonding and tend to
determine an atom’s chemical properties
ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE
Example: C (atomic number = 6)
Electrons have wave-like and particle-like characteristics.
Example: Fe (atomic # = 26)
Two wave-like characteristics are

- Electron position in terms of

___________________
- Shape, size, ____________________ of probability
density determined by quantum numbers

Quantum #

n = ____________________ (shell)

l = azimuthal (subshell)
THE PERIODIC TABLE
ml = ____________________
Elements in each column: Similar valence electron structure
ms = spin

Designation/Values

K, L, M, N, O (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.)

s, p, d, f (0, 1, 2, 3,…, n-1)

 Predominant bonding in
_____________________________.

ELECTRONEGATIVITY

 Ranges FROM 0.7 TO 4.0,

 Large values: tendency to acquire electrons.

COVALENT BONDING

 Similar _____________________ ∴ share electrons

 Bonds involve ____________________ - normally
s and p orbitals are involved
 Example: H2
Each H: has 1 valence e-, needs 1 more
______________________________ are the same.

IONIZATION PROCESS

COVALENT BONDING: BOND HYBRIZATION

IONIC BONDING

 Occurs between + and – ions.

 Requires _________________________________.
 Large difference in
__________________________.
 Example: NaCl

Hybrid sp3 bonding involving carbon

Example: CH4

C: each has 4 valence electrons, needs 4 more

 Energy - ___________________ energy most
stable H: each has 1 valence electron, needs 1 more

Net energy = sum of attractive and repulsive energies Electronegativities of C and H are similar so
______________ are shaped in sp3 hybrid covalent bonds.
Equilibrium separation when net energy is a minimum
METALLIC BONDING

Electrons ____________________ to form an “electron

cloud”
SUMMARY: PROPERTIES RELATED TO BONDING TYPE
AND BONDING ENERGY

MIXED BONDING

Most common mixed bonding type is Covalent-Ionic mixed

bonding.
SUMMARY
% ionic character = 1−e−¿
 A material’s chemical, electrical, thermal, and
Where XA & XB are _________________________ of the two optical properties are determined by electronic
elements participating in the bond. configuration.
 Valence electrons occupy the outermost unfilled
Example: MgO XMg = 1.2 electron shell.
 Primary bonding types include covalent, ionic, and
XO = 3.5
metallic bonding.
 Secondary or van der Waals bonds are weaker than

( )
2
(3.5−1.2) the primary bonding types.
% of ionic character = 1−e− ×(100 %) =
4  The percent ionic character of a covalent-ionic
73.3% mixed bond between two elements depends on
their electronegativities.
SECONDARY BONDING

Arises from attractive forces between

___________________

 Fluctuating ________________________________

PROPERTIES RELATED TO BONDING I:

MELTING TEMPERATURE (T m)

PROPERTIES RELATED TO BONDING II:

COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION (al)

Coefficient of thermal expansion, al