ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special

thanks of gratitude to my Chemistry
teacher (Mr. Ashish Sir ) as well as our
principal (Mr.Y.K Pandey) who gave me
the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project.

Secondly, I would also like to thank my

parents and friends who helped me a
lot in finalizing this project within the
limited time frame.
Lastly, I like to thank all my supporters
who have motivated me to fulfill their
project before the timeline.
CONTENTS
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Effects on Environment
4. Theory
5. History
6. Classification
A) Herbicides
B) Fungicides
C) Rodenticides
D) Insecticides
7. Alternative in pest control
8. Requirements
9. Experiments procedure
ABSTRACT
The intensive development of
agriculture means that more and more
toxic organic and inorganic compounds
are entering the environment. Because
of their widespread use, stability,
selective toxicity and bio accumulation,
pesticides are among the most toxic
substances contaminating the
environment. They are particularly
dangerous in fruit and vegetables, by
which people are exposed to them . It is
therefore crucial to monitor pesticide
residues in fruit and vegetables using all
available analytical methods. We
present results from the literature in the
context of Maximum Residue Levels
(MRLs) of target pesticides in fruit and
vegetables samples. We also discuss
about the presence of pesticide and
insecticide in fruit and vegetables.
2023-02-22
INTRODUCTION
Pesticides a re a numerous and diverse
group of chemical compounds, which
are used to eliminate pests in
agriculture and households. They
enable the quantities and the quality of
crop s and food to be controlled, and
help to limit the many human diseases
transmitted by insect or rodent vector.
However, despite their many merits,
pesticides are some of the most toxic;
environmentally stable and mobile
substances in the environment. Their
excessive use has a deleterious effect
on humans and the environment; their
presence in food is particularly
dangerous. With their environmental
stability, ability to bio accumulate and
toxicity, pesticides may place the
human body at greater risk of disease
and poisoning. Pesticides enter the
environment in various forms (e.g.,
powders, moistened powders, powders
for preparing aqueous solutions, and
concentrates for making up emulsions
or sprays).
EFFECTS ON
ENVIRONMENT
Pesticides have many advantages, but
they also do much harm to the
environment. In view of both positive
and negative effects of pesticides; we
should aim to achieve full selectivity of
their action. Nonetheless, the latest
studies show that pesticides still
constitute a hazard to the environment
and human health. Each year, 140,000
tons of pesticides are sprayed onto
crops in the European Union (EU) alone.
Fruit and vegetables are the crops most
likely to be contaminated by pesticides,
particularly grapes, citrus fruits and
potatoes. According to data from the
EUs Pesticide Action Network, as of
2008, some 350 different pesticides
were detected in food produced in the
EU. More than 5% of products
contained pesticides at levels
exceeding the EU s maximum permitted
level (MPL). The diversity of their
8. chemical structures, actions and the
diversity of their chemical structures,
actions and The diversity of their
chemical structures, actions and which
they can be categorized: (1) Toxicity; (2)
Purpose of application; (3) Chemical
structure; (4) Environmental stability;
and, (5) The pathways by which they
penetrate target organisms.
THEORY
In the decade, there has been a
tremendous increase in the guilds of
various crops to meet the demand of
our growing world population. This
great feat has been achieved by
adopting new methods of forming and
by expensive use of fertilizers and
insecticides. A pesticide is any
substance is mixture of substance
intended for preventing, destroying
repelling or mitigating any pest. A
pesticide may be a chemical
substance, biological agent antimiobial
disinfectant or device used against any
pest. Pests includes insects, plant
pathogens insects, molluscs, birds,
mammals, fish nematodes and
microbus that destroy property, spread
disease or are a vector for disease or
cause a nuisance. Although there are
also drawbacks, such as potential to
humans and other animals. The term
includes substances intended for use
as a plant growth. Farmers use
insecticides to protect their crops from
insect damage. In urban areas, public
health officials use them to fight
mosquitos and that insect carry germs.
People use insecticides indoor to
control pests and ants and
cockroaches.
HISTORY
Since before 20BC, humans have
utilised pesticides to protect their
crops ; The first known pesticides was
elemental sulphur dusting used in
ancient summer about 4500 years ago
in ancient Mesopotamia. By the 15th
century, toxic chemicals such as
arsenic, mercury and led being applied
sulphate was extracted from tobacco
leaves for use an insecticide. The 19th
century saw the introduction of two
more natural pesticides, pyrethrum,
which is derived from
chrysanthemums, rotenone which is
derived from the root of tropica I
vegetables. In 1940s, manufacture
began to produce large amounts of
synthetic pesticides and their use
become widespread. Some sources
consider the 1940s &1950s to have
been the start of the "pesticides era" .
Pesticide use has increased 50 field
since 1950 and 2.3 million tonnes of
pesticides are now used each year. In
1960s, it was discovered that DDT was
preventing many fish eating birds from
reproducing which was a serious threat
to bio-diversity. The agricultural use of
DDT is now leaned under the
Stockholm convention, but it is still used
in some developing nations.
CLASSIFICATION
Pesticides classified according to the
pests they control. The four main types
of pesticides a re
A). Herbicides Herbicides eliminates
plant threats grow where they are not
wanted. Farmers use them to reduce
weeds in such public areas as parks
and ponds. People use herbicides in
their yards to get rid of Crab grass,
Dandelions and other weeds.

B). Fungicides Certain fungi cause

disease and may infect both plants and
animals including human beings.
Fungicides control plant diseases that
infect food- crops-wood used for
building houses in often breated with
fungicides to prevent dry not.
C). Rodenticides Colloquially "rat
poison" are typically non-specific pest
control chemicals made and sold for
the purpose of killing rodents. Some
rodenticides are lethal after one
exposure while others require more
than one. Rodents are disinclined to
gorge on an unknown food (perhaps
reflecting an adaptation to their inability
to vomit), Preferring wait and to
sample, observe whether it makes
them or other rats sick. This
phenomenon of bait shyness or poison
shyness is the rationale for poisons that
kill only after multiple doses.
Besides being directly toxic to the
mammals that ingest them, includin,g
dogs, cats, and humans, many
rodenticides present a secondary
poisoning risk to animals that hunt or
scavenge the dead corpses of rats.
D). Insecticides Farmers use
insecticides to protect their crops from
insect damage. In Urban areas public
health officials use them to fight
mosquitoes and that insects carry
germs. People use insecticides indoor
to control pests and ants and
cockroaches.
Alternatives in Pest
Control
Continuing problems arising from the
wide spread use of board spectrum
insecticide creates a dilemma how best
to control pest and at the sometime
how to remove environmental hazards.
Restrictions on use of pesticides and
the substitution of pests on controlling
use of pesticides is by far the best
method. Restrictions can mean simply
more limited use or total banning or
chemicals. Many countries have limited
or banned the use of DDT and other
chlorinated hydro carbons insecticide
but this group of chemicals is widely
used mainly in the third world countries.
The US department of agriculture has
campaigned for the safe use of
pesticides but from environment point
of view no broad spectrum biocide can
be used. Traditional insecticides such
as pyrethrum or non-persistent
chemicals such as carbonate sevin are
now very widely used and totally new
types of pest control are useful in
particular cases. For example the
autodial (sub destroying) techniques
makes use of sterilized nales
population. Large - scale rearing,
radiation
REQUIREMENTS
1. Mortar
2. Pestle
3. Beakers
4. Funnel
5. Glass rod
6. Filter paper
7. China dish
8. Water bath
9. Tripod stand
10. Fusion-tubes
11. Knife
12. Test-tube
13. Samples of fruits & vegetables
14. Alcohol
15. Sodium metal
16. Ferric chloride solution
17. Ferrous sulphate crystals
18. Distilled water and
19. Dilute sulphuric acid.
Experiment Procedure
1. Heat a small piece of dry sodium in a
fusion tubes, till it melts. Then add Take
different kinds of fruit and vegetables
and cut them into small piece
separately.

2. Transfer the cut piece of various

fruits and vegetables in mortar
separately and crush them.

3. Take different beaker of each kind of

fruits and vegetables and place the
crushed fruit and vegetable in these
beakers, and add 10ml of alcohol to
each or these. Stir well and filter collect
the filtrate in separate china dishes.

4. Evaporate the alcohol by heating

china dishes one by one over water
bath and let the residue dry in an oven.
5. One of the above residue from china
dish to the fusion tube and heat till red
hot. Drop the hot fusion tube in china
dish containing about 110ml of distilled
water. Break the tube and boil the
contents of the china dish for about 5
minute to cool and filter solution.
Collect the filtrate.

6. To the filtrate add 1ml freshly

prepared ferrous sulphate solution and
warm the contents. Then, add 2-3drops
of ferric chloride solution and acidity
with the dil. Hydrochloric acid if a blue
or green precipitate or colouration is
obtained, it indicated the presence of
nitrogen containing insecticide.