Section 2.
1: Limits Graphically
Definition. We say that the limit of f (x) as x approaches a is equal to L, written
lim f (x) = L,
x→a
if we can make the values of f (x) as close to L as we like by taking x to be sufficiently close
to a, but not equal to a. In other words, as x approaches a (but never equaling a), f (x)
approaches L.
Definition. We say that the limit of f (x) as x approaches a from the left is equal
to L, written
lim f (x) = L,
−
x→a
if we can make the values of f (x) as close to L as we like by taking x to be sufficiently close
to a, but strictly less than a (i.e., to the left of a as viewed on a number line). In other words,
as x approaches a from the left (i.e., x < a), f (x) approaches L.
Definition. We say that the limit of f (x) as x approaches a from the right is equal
to L, written
lim f (x) = L,
+
x→a
if we can make the values of f (x) as close to L as we like by taking x to be sufficiently close
to a, but strictly greater than a (i.e., to the right of a as viewed on a number line). In other
words, as x approaches a from the right (i.e., a < x), f (x) approaches L.
Definition. Limits taken from the left or the right are called one-sided limits.
Result. If both one-sided limits equal L, then the two-sided limit must also equal L. Con-
versely, if the two-sided limit equals L, then both one-sided limits must also equal L. That is,
lim f (x) = L if and only if lim f (x) = L and lim f (x) = L.
x→a x→a− x→a+
Definition. The function f is continuous at x = a provided f (a) is defined, lim f (x)
exists,
x→a
and
lim f (x) = f (a).
x→a
In other words, the value of the limit equals the value of the function. Graphically, the
func- tion f is continuous at x = a provided the graph of y = f (x) does not have any holes,
jumps, or breaks at x = a. (That is, the function is connected at x = a.)
If f is not continuous at x = a, then we say f is discontinuous at x = a (or f has a
discontinuity at x = a).
2 SECTION 2.1: LIMITS GRAPHICALLY
Example 1. For the function f graphed below, find the following:
y
7
6
6
5
/\
4
/ \
0/3 \ •
\0 /
2 /
0//\ 1 • 0
/ "'- / / -
\
−7 −6 −5 −4/−3 \−2 −1 0 1 2 "'3 4 /5 6 7 x
/ \ "'-/
-
/ \\•−1
/ −2
/
/ /
−3
−4
−5
−6
−7
?
1. lim f (x) = 9. lim f (x) = 17. lim f (x) =
x→−3− x→2− x→6−
2. lim f (x) = 10. lim f (x) =
x→−3+ x→2+
18. lim f (x) =
x→6+
3. lim f (x) = 11. lim f (x) =
x→−3 x→2
4. f (−3) = 12. f (2) = 19. lim f (x) =
x→6
5. lim f (x) = 13. lim f (x) =
x→−1− x→4−
20. f (6) =
6. lim f (x) = 14. lim f (x) =
x→−1+ x→4 +
7. lim f (x) = 15. lim f (x) =
x→−1 x→4 21. List the value(s) of x
at which f is discon-
8. f (−1) = 16. f (4) = tinuous.
Note that the function is continuous at x = 4 and hence
lim f (x) = f (x) = f (x) = f (4) = −1.
lim lim
x→4 x→4− x→4+
SECTION 2.1: LIMITS GRAPHICALLY 3
EXERCISES
For the function f graphed below, find the following:
y
7
6 •
/
6
/
"'- / 5
"'- 0/ 4 0
"'- 3 "'-
"'- 0 • 2 "'- 0
• "' 1 "'-• •
"'- "'-
-
"'- 0 1 2 3 4 5 "'6 7 x
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2
−1
"'- 0 −1 - "'-
−2
"'-
−3
0
−4
0/
−5
−6
−7
?
1. lim f (x) = 11. lim f (x) = 21. lim f (x) =
x→−5− x→0 x→4−
2. lim f (x) = 12. f (0) = 22. lim f (x) =
x→−5+ x→4+
3. lim 13. lim f (x) = 23. lim f (x) =
x→−5 f (x) =
x→4
x→1−
4. f (−5) = 14. lim f (x) = 24. f (4) =
x→1+
5. lim f (x) = 15. lim f (x) = 25. lim f (x) =
x→−2− x→1 x→5−
6. lim 26. lim f (x) =
x→−2+ f (x) = 16. f (1) =
x→5+
7. lim 17. lim f (x) = 27. lim f (x) =
x→−2 f (x) =
x→5
x→3−
8. f (−2) = 18. lim f (x) = 28. f (5) =
x→3+
9. lim 19. lim f (x) = 29. List the value(s) of x
x→0− f (x) =
x→3
at which f is discon-
10. lim tinuous.
x→0+ f (x) = 20. f (3) =
4 SECTION 2.1: LIMITS GRAPHICALLY
ANSWERS
1. 2
11. 6 21. 1
2. 2
12. 6 22. −4
3. 2
13. 7
23. Does not exist
4. 1
14. 4
24. 1
5. −1
15. Does not exist
25. −3
6. 4
16. 7
7. Does not exist 26. 1
17. 2
8. 2 27. Does not exist
18. 2
9. 6 28. 1
19. 2
10. 6
20. Undefined 29. x = −5, −2, 1, 3, 4, 5