Quantity Surveying is broadly concerned with the 2.
Strength
estimation, planning and control of cost on 3. Durability
construction projects 4. Economy
Estimating can be defined as process of determining the
approximate cost of performing a work task based on the
design information available such as detailed plans,
detailed specifications and
standard schedule of rates of the current year.
Types of Estimates:
1. Approximate Estimate / Rough Estimate – prepared by
multiplying the area of the How to compute:
building to cost per area. 1. Determine Volume of concrete required.
2. Detailed Estimate – includes determination of the 2. For Cement, multiply the volume of concrete by
quantities and cost of everything the Cement Factor of Bags. Round it up to the
that is required to complete the project. This includes nearest whole number.
material cost, labor cost, 3. For Sand, multiply the volume of concrete by the
equipment cost, insurance, bonds, overhead and profit. Factor of Sand (Sand Factor = 0.50). Do not round
up like cement.
Competitive bidding is a common procurement practice that 4. For Gravel, multiply the volume of concrete by
involves inviting multiple vendors or the Factor of Gravel (Gravel Factor = 1.00). Do
service providers to submit offers for any particular not round up like cement.
material or service.
Formulas for Structural Elements (A for allowances)
Invitation to Bid
An invitation for bid or invitation to bid is an STRUCTURAL FORMWORK CONCRETE
invitation to contractors or equipment suppliers, ELEMENTS
through a bidding process, to submit a proposal on a BEAM 2*D + W + A L x W x D
specific project to be realized or product or COLUMN 2*(L + W) + A, THEN L x W x D
service to be furnished. MULTIPLY BY H
SOG PERIMETER OF SLAB AREA OF SLAB
Contracts MULTIPLY BY H MULTIPLY BY H
SHEARWALL PERIMETER OF SW AREA OF SW
Construction contracts typically include most of the MULTIPLY BY H MULTIPLY BY H
following: SUSPENDED SLAB AREA OF SUSPENDED AREA OF
1. the initial agreement; SLAB SUSPENDED SLAB
2. general conditions; MULTIPLY BY H
3. drawings; FOOTING PERIMETER TIMES AREA TIMES
4. specifications; HEIGHT FOR NON HEIGHT FOR NON
5. and other documents as needed. RECTANGULAR FOOTING RECTANGULAR
TIMES H FOOTING TIMES
Change Orders are amendments to the contract. They are H
essentially a mini-agreements OR
to adjust the work, price, and schedule of the initial OR
contract. 2 * (L + W) *
FOOTING H L x W x
Special Conditions of Contract is typically an addition FOOTING H
or amendment to the general conditions section.
This document will detail the specific clauses and
D = Depth of beam
conditions for each task or project.
H = Height or Thickness of Slab, Floor Height
L = Length of Beam/Footing
Special Conditions of Contract (SCC) shall be read in
W = Width of Beam/Footing
conjunction with the General Conditions of
Contract, specifications, drawings, and other documents
Masonry
forming part of the contract, wherever the
Concrete Hollow Block is popularly known as CHB.
context so requires.
How to Determine quantity of CHBs.
Concrete can be Plain or Reinforced
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑒
Plain Concrete is an artificial stone resulting from 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑀𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 =
mixing 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 1 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙
cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and water.
Cement Mortar
Reinforced Concrete is basically a concrete with
reinforcement properly embedded that the two materials
work together.
The Different Types of Concrete Used in Construction are:
1. The Ordinary Portland cement
2. The Rapid Hardening Portland Cement (Early Strength)
3. The Blast Furnace or Sulfate Cement (Chemical
Resistant)
4. The Low Heat Portland Cement (Reduce Heat of
Hydration) How to Compute Mortar
5. The Portland Pozzolan Cement
6. The High Alumina Cement. For every sqm, multiply the computed area with data on
the table.
The purpose in mixing concrete is to select an optimum
proportion of cement, water and aggregates, to Sample: A 20-meter length fence with a height of 3m is to
produce a concrete mixture that will meet the following installed in site, determine the quantity of sand and
requirements: cement.
1. Workability
First compute the required area, assumed class a - 10 x handy. It has smooth surface which may not require
20 x 40 CHB (4” thick) plastering. Less consumption of nails. Ease of
assembling and disassembling
Area Required = 20 m x 3 m = 20 m2
Bags of Cement = 20 * 0.792 = 15.84 or 16 bags Standard commercial size of plywood:
Volume of Sand = 20 * 0.044 = 0.88 m3 1. 4 ft by 8 ft
2. 122 cm x 244 cm
The required number of Sand = 16 bags 3. 1.22 meters by 2.44 meters
The required volume of Sand = 0.88 m3 4. 48 inch by 96 inches
Plastering (Area)
For computing the materials for plastering we can use the
table below using the same approach
as the mortar.
How to compute for Board Feet:
1. Compute the area required for formworks.
2. Determine the required quantity needed for
formworks. (must be pcs)
3. Multiply the quantity of forms and board feet
factor per quantity. (see table for the board
feet fact)
Formwork formulas for Beam and Column:
Steel
For Columns:
P = 2 (a + b) + 0.20
Area of Forms = Perimeter x Height
Where:
P = lateral perimeter of the column
a = shorter side of the column
b = longer side of the column
0.20 = allowances for lapping of joints
For Beams:
P = 2d + b + 0.10
Area of Forms = Perimeter x Height
Or simply it can be derived by density formula,
Where:
𝑑2 P = lateral perimeter of the column
𝑘𝑔/𝑚 = d = height of beam (side areas)
162
b = width of the beam (bottom area)
FAQs: 0.20 = allowances for lapping of joints
1. The most common commercial length of bars available
are 6 m, 7.5m, 9m, 10.5m and 12m ELECTRICAL
2. The total height of columns is taken from the top of The National Electrical Code states that “100 watts shall
the footing up to the top of column or highest be the maximum load for each household lighting outlet.
beam.
The National Electrical Code states that “for each single
3. The minimum concrete cover for footings is 75mm and receptacle shall be considered at no less than 180 watts
for columns and beams is 40mm. rating.” Simply means that each convenience outlet is
considered to have a maximum load of not less than 180
End of P1 watts per plug or gang.
PERIODIC 2 In the Philippines the standard voltage is 220 V, and the
frequency is 60 Hz. You can use your electric appliances
FORMWORKS in the Philippines, if the standard voltage in your
country is in between 220 - 240 V (as is in the UK,
Form is a temporary boarding, sheathing or pan used to Europe, Australia and most of Asia and Africa)
produce the desired shape and size of
concrete. Acronyms:
Selection of forms are based on: AWG – American Wire Gauge
1. Cost of materials MCM - million cubic meters
2. Construction and assembling cost TW (for Wires) - thermoplastic, water-resistant wire
3. The number of times it could be used RHW (for Wires) - high-heat rubber insulation cable that
4. Strength and resistance to pressure tear and wear is resistant to water.
THW (for Wires) - thermoplastic high heat-resistant and
Plywood as form has the following. advantage. It is water-resistant
economical in terms of labor cost. It is lightweight and
THWN - Thermoplastic Heat and Water-resistant Nylon- EARTHWORKS
coated
THHN - Thermoplastic High Heat-resistant Nylon-coated. Earthworks involve reshaping a site’s terrain by digging
deep and moving large quantities of earth or rock. The
purpose is to create an ideal base for various types of
PLUMBING construction including houses, decks, pools, driveways,
and large-scale projects like roads, highways, dams and
buildings.
UNIT COST DERIVATION: LABOR
Productivity in construction is often broadly defined as
output per labor hour.
1 man-hour – is the average amount of work that one
person can do in an hour.
8 man-hours – 1 man day
Normal hours of work. – The normal hours of work of any
employee shall not exceed eight hours a day except in
cases where the enterprise adopts a compressed work week
scheme but shall not exceed 48 hours a week.
Productivity Rates based on Modules:
FAQs:
1. Soil Pipe – a pipe thru which the sewage discharge
from water closet passes.
2. Waste Pipe – a pipe which carries liquid waste but not
toilet sewage.
3. Vent Pipe – provides air within the installation to
prevent suction-locking in a fixture drain.
4. Trap – retains water at its curved section to block
obnoxious sewer gasses and prevent them from
coming into the room.
5. Stack – vertical sanitary pipes extending from floor
to floor or floor to roof in the building.
6. Coupling / Socket – for joining two pieces of pipes
without altering the direction of the conduits
7. Bend / Elbow – facilitates the change of direction of
the piping installation.
8. Tee / Sanitary Tee or Wye – fittings that allow a
branch to be connected to the longitudinal or main pipe
line.
Formula for Determining Productivity:
𝑊𝑂𝑅𝐾 = 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝐷𝑈𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑉𝐼𝑇𝑌 𝑅𝐴𝑇𝐸 𝑥 𝑇𝐼𝑀𝐸
Where:
Work is the desirable job done. Can be express in m3, m2
Productivity Rate is express in Work/Time (m2/hr, m3/hr)
Time may be expressed in hours,days,months and so on.
For productivities with the unit of time/work. Divide it
into 1/Prod. Rate to get the value equivalent of
work/time.