This is to certify that Mathematics Project File submitted by

Raghvendra Jaiswal under the guidance of Mr. Sanjay Pandey

as prescribed by Central Board of Secondary Education
(CBSE) during the academic session 2023-24.

Mr. Sanjay Pandey

Signature
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my
teacher “Mr. Sanjay Pandey” as well as our principal “Mrs.
Nidhi Kalra” who gave me the golden opportunity to make
this wonderful Mathematics Project file which also help me in
doing a lot of research and I came to know about so many
new things I am really thankful to them.

Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents and friends

who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the
limited frame.

Raghvendra Jaiswal
Class: 12th ‘A’ (PCM)
Aryabhatta, also known as the father of Indian Mathematics,
was a renowned astronomer and mathematician of the ancient
times of India. Aryabhatta contributed significant work in
science and mathematics and concluded theories of earth
rotation on its axis, approximation of pie (π) place value
system of zero, trigonometry, and many others.
One of his famous works is Aryabhatiya, a magnum opus
written in the Sanskrit language and the only known surviving
work of Indian mathematician Aryabhata from the fifth
century. His work includes the Arya-Siddhanta, a lost treatise
on astronomical calculations, Varahamihira, Bhaskara, and
Brahmagupta. The discoveries made by the Aryabhatta were
impactful. Aryabhatta gained worldwide recognition as a
legendary mathematician.
Let us look at the detailed life of Aryabhatta, his contribution
to Mathematics and Astronomy, and his background,
qualification, and legacy.

Aryabhatta Place of Birth and Education

Aryabhatta was born in Pataliputra, which in present times is
in Patna, Bihar state, in the year 476. It is believed that he
completed his studies in Kusumapura. Aryabhata was the
head of a Kusumapura institution (kulapa). Aryabhata was
also the head of the Nalanda University, Bihar, because the
university was located near Patliputra and housed an
astronomical observatory.
Contribution of Aryabhatta to Mathematics
Aryabhatta made several contributions to Mathematics
inventions and theories. Due to his significant contribution
and achievement in mathematics, he is also called The King
of Indian Mathematics. Some of the important discoveries he
made in the mathematics field are:
 The place value system and zero

 Trigonometry

 Algebra

 Approximation of pi π

 Indeterminate equations

Honours are given to Aryabhatta, the Father of

Mathematics
The well-known mathematician of ancient India, Aryabhatta,
has received several honours from the government of India.
Today, many ventures, schools, universities, and satellites are
named after the great scientist and mathematician, Aryabhatta.
Go through the details about the Aryabhatta honours given
below.
 To honour such great Indian mathematicians, the Bihar

Government created Aryabhatta Knowledge University

(AKU) in Patna to develop and manage educational
infrastructure linked to leadership, medical, technical,
and associated professional education. Bihar State
University Act of 2008 governs the AKU university.
Moreover, the government of India names India’s first
satellite (Aryabhata and the lunar crater Aryabhata) after
Aryabhatta to embrace his contribution to astronomy and
mathematics.
Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887-1920), the man who reshaped
twentieth-century mathematics with his various contributions
in several mathematical domains, including mathematical
analysis, infinite series, continued fractions, number theory,
and game theory is recognized as one of history's greatest
mathematicians. Leaving this world at the youthful age of 32,
Ramanujan made significant contributions to mathematics that
only a few others could match in their lifetime. Surprisingly,
he never received any formal mathematics training. Most of
his mathematical discoveries were based only on intuition and
were ultimately proven correct. With its humble and
sometimes difficult start, his life story is just as fascinating as
his incredible work. Every year, Ramanujan’s birth
anniversary on December 22 is observed as National
Mathematics Day.
Ramanujan was born on 22 December 1887 into a Tamil
Brahmin Iyengar family in Erode, in present-day Tamil Nadu.
His father, Kuppuswamy Srinivasa Iyengar, originally from
Thanjavur district, worked as a clerk in a sari shop.

Ramanujan’s major contributions to mathematics:

 Infinite series for pi

 Game theory

 Mock theta function

 Ramanujan number

 Circle Method

 Theta
Other notable contributions by Ramanujan include
hypergeometric series, the Riemann series, the elliptic
integrals, the theory of divergent series, and the functional
equations of the zeta function.

Ramanujan‘s achievements were all about elegance, depth,

and surprise beautifully intertwined. Unfortunately,
Ramanujan contracted a fatal illness in England in 1918. He
convalesced there for more than a year and returned to India
in 1919. His condition then worsened, and he died on 26
April 1920. One might expect that a dying man would stop
working and await his fate. However, Ramanujan spent his
last year producing some of his most profound mathematics.

It has been more than a century, however, his mathematical

discoveries are still alive and flourishing. "Ramanujan is
important not just as a mathematician but because of what he
tells us that the human mind can do”. "Someone with his
ability is so rare and so precious that we can't afford to lose
them. A genius can arise anywhere in the world. It is our
good fortune that he was one of us. It is unfortunate that too
little of Ramanujan’s life and work, esoteric though the latter
is, seems to be known to most of us".
Born on 23rd March 1749 at Normandy – The Kingdom of
France, Pierre-Simon Laplace was a polymath scholar, who
contributed in the field of Engineering Mathematics. Laplace
was a great scientist of all time- arguably one of the great
mathematicians, who is still remembered for his contribution
for the development of Engineering mathematical tools, which
he summarized in different volumes.
Laplace was also known as a physicist, for his work in the
field of mechanics, by predicting the existence of black holes.
In statistics he developed the Bayesian interpretation of
probability. However, one of the greatest works of Laplace
was the development of Laplace Transform, Laplace’s
equation, inverse Laplace, Laplacian, Laplace distribution,
Laplace number, Laplace limit, Laplace invariant, all these
topics are of great importance in Engineering Mathematics –
as he formulated these equations and pioneered the transform
methods in engineering.
Laplace received his basic education at the “Benedictine
priory school”, because his father intended that he become a
Roman Catholic priest. However, from beginning
Laplace was in love with numbers, as he entered “Caen
University” in 1765 to study theology, while there he
discovered his passion and show-off his Mathematical talent
at the “University of Caen” and wrote “Calculus” by using
Laplace transform method, after which the two professors of
the Caen University “C. Gadbled and P. Lecanu” from the
Department of Mathematics, realized his mathematical
potential. Later “Laplace” left for Paris and began to study
Mathematics. After that Laplace found a position for his
contribution as a professor and started his career as an
academician, after that he had written remarkable series of
Mathematic research papers. His first publication was
on “Maxima” and “Minima” of curves and afterwards he
produced the paper on differential equations. His first paper
on “Integral calculus” appeared in the print which he has
translated into Latin- published at Leipzig in the Nova acta
eruditorum.
Laplace developed the concept of scalar potential to define
how gravitational vectors behave. His nebular hypothesis is
currently adopted for the explanation of planetary origins.
The “Laplacian operator” introduced by him is still of great
importance in higher studies curriculum, which is still used in
physics to perform the mathematical operation, related to
vector physics.
Laplace’s deep study resulted in a number of quantitative
methods in mathematics and physics, which made him one of
the influential scientists. His contribution is widely considered
across the globe, due to his wide knowledge and calibre as he
dominated all discussions in Mathematical sciences. His
transformation methods are considered as one of the most
effective tools to simplify very complex problems in the area
of stability & control. On 5th of March 1827 Laplace died
and “The French Academy of sciences” marked this day as a
tribute to this influential Mathematician.