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Prepare to Read
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Section 1 Land and Water

Objectives

1. Learn about the size, location, and population of Europe and Russia.
2. Examine the major landforms of Europe and Russia.
3. Find out about the waterways of Europe and Russia.

Target Reading Skill

Set a Purpose for Reading When you set a purpose for reading, you give
yourself a focus. Think of this focus, or purpose, as a pair of eyeglasses that
will help you read more clearly.
Before you read this section, look at the objectives above, then flip
through the next two pages and read the headings. Use this information to
set a purpose for reading the section. What are you curious about? What
would you like to know about the geography of Europe and Russia? Read
to satisfy that curiosity—that’s your purpose for reading.

Vocabulary Strategy

Using Context to Determine Meaning When you come across new words

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in your textbook, or in this workbook, they are often defined for you.
Sometimes the definition appears in a separate sentence. Sometimes there
may be a brief definition in the same sentence. The word or may be used
to introduce the definition. Look at the following examples.
The Central Uplands are a region of highlands, made up of mountains and
plateaus. Plateaus are large raised areas of mostly level land bordered on one or more
sides by steep slopes or cliffs.
The people of the Netherlands created polders, or patches of new land.
The underlined words are defined in context. In these examples, the
definitions appear in italics. Look for definitions in the context as you
come across unfamiliar words in your reading.

6 Reading and Vocabulary Study Guide

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Section 1 Summary

Size, Location, and Population

1 Europe and Russia are parts of Eurasia. Eurasia is the
world’s largest landmass. It is made up of two continents—
Europe and Asia. The country of Russia stretches over
both continents. Much of Europe and nearly all of Russia
5 are located farther north than the United States.

Reading Check
Europe is a small continent, but it has 47 different
What is the largest landmass in the
countries. Most of these countries are small. Russia, on world?
the other hand, is the largest country in the world. Most
____________________
European countries have a much higher population
10 density than most other countries in the world. Russia, ____________________
on the other hand, has a very low population density. ____________________

Major Landforms
The continent of Europe forms a peninsula, or a body of
land nearly surrounded by water. The European penin-
sula juts out into the Atlantic Ocean. Because of this,
15 Europe has many good harbors. Much of Russia lies on
the Arctic Ocean, which is frozen most of the year.
Europe has four major land regions. See the chart
below to learn about these regions.
Europe’s Land Regio s n Target Reading Skill
Regio n Ch r ct er i s t i c s
a a
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If your purpose is to learn about the

Northwestern Highlands • in far north geography of Europe and Russia,
• old mountains with thin soil
how does the chart help you meet
North European Plains • covers more than half of Europe your goal?
• now best farmland and large
cities ____________________
Central Uplands • highlands made of mountains
____________________
and plateaus
• not good for farming, but has ____________________
other uses

Alpine Mountain System • in southern Europe

• includes the Alps

Key Terms
population density (pahp yuh LAY shun DEN suh tee) n. the average
number of people living in a square mile or a square kilometer
peninsula (puh NIN suh luh) n. a land area nearly surrounded by
water
plateau (pla TOH) n. a large raised area of mostly level land
bordered on one or more sides by steep slopes or cliffs

Chapter 1 Section 1 7
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Europe and western Russia share the North Euro-

20 pean Plains. Russia’s largest cities and most of its
industries are located there. The Ural Mountains are on
the eastern border of the North European Plains. East of
the Urals is a region known as Siberia. Few people live

Reading Check there because the climate is so harsh.

Where is Siberia located? Waterways of Europe and Russia
____________________ 25 Rivers and lakes provide water and transportation. The
____________________ Rhine River, Danube River, and Volga River are the
____________________ major rivers of Europe and Russia.
The Rhine River starts in the Alps in Switzerland.
The Rhine then winds through forests and plains.
30 Canals and tributaries allow the Rhine to reach far into
Western Europe.
The Danube is Europe’s second-longest river. It
begins in the Black Forest region of western Germany.
It passes through nine countries and ends in the Black
35 Sea of Central Europe.
The longest river in Europe is Russia’s Volga River.
Vocabulary Strategy
It flows through western Russia and empties into the
The term navigable is defined in Caspian Sea. Unfortunately, the Volga River freezes for
context. Circle its definition. three months of each year. During the winter, it is not
Hint: Look for the
k
ar
navigable, or clear enough for ships to travel through.
M ext
40
word or.
Europe has many rivers, but contains few lakes.
T

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TH

Russia, on the other hand, has a huge number of lakes.

E

Lake Baikal, the world’s largest freshwater lake, is

Reading Check located in southern Russia.

Where is the world’s largest Review Questions
freshwater lake located?
1. How does the land size of Europe differ from the
____________________ land size of Russia?
____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________

2. Why is the Volga River not navigable year-round?

____________________
____________________

Key Terms
tributary (TRIB yoo tehr ee) n. a river or stream that flows into a
larger river
navigable (NAV ih guh bul) adj. wide and deep enough for ships to
travel through
8 Reading and Vocabulary Study Guide
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Prepare to Read
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1 Section 2 Climate and Vegetation

Objectives

1. Find out about the wide range of climates in Europe and Russia.
2. Learn about the major climate regions of Europe and Russia.
3. Examine the natural vegetation regions of Europe and Russia.

Target Reading Skill

Predict Making predictions about what you will learn is one way to set a
purpose for reading. It also helps you remember what you have read.
Before you begin reading, preview the section. Look at the section title
and objectives above, then the headings. Also preview any maps. Then
predict what the section will tell you. Based on your preview, you will
probably predict that this section will tell you about the climate and
vegetation of Europe and Russia.
List two facts that you expect to learn about the climate and vegetation
of Europe and Russia.
Prediction 1: ____________________
Prediction 2: ____________________
As you read, check your predictions. Were they right? If they were not
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very accurate, you may need to pay closer attention while you preview
the section.

Vocabulary Strategy

Using Context to Determine Meaning Sometimes a word might sound

familiar, but its meaning is still a mystery to you. When this happens, it’s
time to put on your detective hat. Search for clues from the words, phrases,
and sentences that surround the familiar-sounding word. Sometimes, a
word with a very similar meaning is used nearby. Substitute the word
climate for the underlined phrase in the paragraph below. Now do you
know what climate means?
An area’s distance from an ocean or a sea helps explain its climate. Areas
that are near an ocean or a sea usually have fairly mild weather from year
to year. Areas that are far from the ocean often have more extreme weather.

Chapter 1 Section 2 9
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Section 2 Summary

A Wide Range of Climates

1 Areas that are near an ocean or a sea have fairly mild
weather year-round. Areas that are far from the ocean
often have more extreme weather. Look at the map
below and find the Gulf Stream. Notice that it becomes
5 the North Atlantic Current as it crosses the Atlantic
Ocean. This powerful ocean current brings mild weath-
er to northwestern Europe by carrying warm water and
winds from the Gulf of Mexico. Winds blowing across
the ocean pick up moisture that turns into rain.

The Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Current

100° W 90° W 80° W 70° W 60° W 50° W 40° W 30° W 20° W 10° W 0° 10° E 20° E 30° E 40° E 50° E

ARCTIC OCEAN 70° N

70° N
Arctic Circle Arctic Circle
Norwegian
Labrador Sea
Sea ICELAND
60° N
NORWAY 60° N
N North
A TLANTIC Sea
CANADA UNITED
W E
O CEA N KINGDOM
50° N 50° N
N O R T H
S E U R O P E
IRELAND

A M E R I C A
40° N 40° N

Target Reading Skill UNITED

STATES
KEY
Gulf Stream
0 miles 1,000
30° N
North Atlantic 30° N
0 kilometers 1,000
Current
Based on what you have read so Robinson

BAHAMAS
0° 10° E

Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Cancer

far, are your predictions on target?

If not, change your predictions 10 In Europe, areas west of mountains receive a lot of

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now. rain. Areas east of mountains get less rain. The moun-
New Predictions: tains cause this difference. As winds rise up a moun-
tain, they cool and drop their moisture. The air is dry by
____________________
the time it reaches the other side of the mountain. Areas
____________________ 15 on the side away from the wind are in a rain shadow.
Oceans and mountains both affect the climates of

Reading Check Europe and Russia.

What factors affect the climates of Major Climate Regions
Europe and Russia?
There are four main climate regions in Europe and
____________________ Russia. The humid continental climate region has long,
____________________ 20 cold winters and hot summers. The subarctic climate
____________________ region has short summers and long, cold winters. Sub-
arctic regions include places like Irkutsk, Russia. The far
north areas of Europe and Russia have an arctic climate.

Key Term
rain shadow (rayn SHAD oh) n. the area on the dry, sheltered side
of a mountain, which receives little rainfall

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It is very cold in these areas all year round. On the other

25 hand, southeastern Europe and southwestern Russia
have a semiarid climate. These areas have hot tempera-
tures and very little rainfall. Europe also has three
moderate climate regions that Russia does not have.

Reading Check
Natural Vegetation Regions Name the four main climate regions
of Europe and Russia.
There are also many different kinds of natural vegeta-
30 tion, or plant life, in Europe and Russia. The four main ____________________
vegetation zones in the region are forest, grassland, ____________________
Mediterranean, and tundra. ____________________
Much of Europe’s vegetation is forest. Northern ____________________
Europe has forests of large evergreen trees. Most of
35 western and central Europe has forests of trees that lose
their leaves in the fall. Russia also has many forests. The
Taiga (TY guh) in Siberia is the world’s largest forest.

Reading Check
In Europe, grasslands once covered large parts of Where is the world’s largest forest
the North European Plain. Today, the land is used for located?
40 farming. In Russia, the grasslands are called steppes.
____________________
The soil of the steppes is rich and good for farming.
Mediterranean vegetation is a mix of trees, scrub, ____________________

and smaller plants. ____________________

Northern parts of Europe and Russia have a cold, dry
45 region called the tundra. No trees grow on the tundra, Vocabulary Strategy
and the ground is covered with snow for most of the year. From context clues, write a defini-
The ground contains permafrost. When the top layer tion of the word tundra. Cir-
thaws, grasses, mosses, and other plant life grow quickly.
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M cle words or phrases

ar in the text that
TH

Te k
E

Review Questions xt helped you write

your definition.
1. What is the climate like in areas close to an ocean?
____________________ tundra means:
____________________ ____________________

2. Name two vegetation zones of Europe and Russia. ____________________

____________________ ____________________

____________________

Key Terms
steppes (steps) n. the grasslands of fertile soil in Russia
tundra (TUN druh) n. a cold, dry, treeless region covered with snow
for most of the year
permafrost (PUR muh frawst) n. permanent layer of frozen ground
below the top layer of soil.

Chapter 1 Section 2 11
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Prepare to Read
1
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Section 3
Resources and Land Use

Objectives

1. Learn about the natural resources of Western Europe.

2. Find out about the natural resources of Eastern Europe.
3. Examine Russia’s natural resources.

Target Reading Skill

Preview and Ask Questions Before you read this section, preview the
section objectives shown above. Then look at the title and headings on the
next two pages to see what the section is about. What do you think are the
most important concepts in this section? How can you tell?
After you preview the section, write two questions that will help you
understand or remember important concepts or facts in the section. For
example, you might ask yourself:
• What natural resources are located in Europe?
• What types of natural resources does Russia have?
Find the answers to your questions as you read.
Keep asking questions about what you think will come next. Does the

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text answer your questions? Were you able to predict what would be
covered under each heading?

Vocabulary Strategy

Using Context to Determine Meaning Using context is like being a

detective looking for clues. Sometimes you can pick up clues about an
unfamiliar word’s meaning from the words, phrases, and sentences
around it. The underlined words in the paragraph below give clues to the
meaning of the word loess.
Over thousands of years, winds have deposited loess on the North Euro-
pean Plain. With this rich, dustlike soil and plenty of rain and moderate
temperatures, European farmers grow abundant crops.
Loess is a type of rich, dustlike soil. The underlined phrase told you
that information.

12 Reading and Vocabulary Study Guide

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Section 3 Summary
Target Reading Skill

Resources of Western Europe Ask and answer a question about

Western Europe’s natural resources.
1 Western Europe is a wealthy region. It also helps lead
the world’s economic development. There are many Question:
reasons why this region has so much wealth and ____________________
success. One reason is that Western Europe has many
____________________
5 natural resources. These natural resources include fer- Answer:
tile soil, water, and fuels.
____________________
Soil is important for growing food. Much of Western
Europe is covered with rich, fertile soil. Wind helps ____________________
create the fertile soil of the North European Plain. Over
10 thousands of years, winds have deposited loess on the
plain. Along with plenty of rain and moderate temper-
atures, this has helped European farmers grow abun-
Reading Check
dant crops.
How is hydroelectric power
Water is another important resource in Western generated?
15 Europe. People need water to drink and for farming.
Water is also used to make electricity. The force of ____________________

rushing water spins machines called turbines (TUR bynz). ____________________

These turbines create hydroelectric power.
____________________
Fossil fuels are another important natural resource.
Vocabulary Strategy
20 Industries use fossil fuel deposits as a source of energy.
The United Kingdom and Norway have many deposits Look at the term fossil fuels in the
of natural gas, oil, and coal. Long ago, remains of ancient underlined sentences. The
term is not defined for
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plants and animals formed these deposits. M

a you. But there are
Te rk
TH
E

clues to what it
xt
Resources of Eastern Europe means. Circle the
words or phrases
Eastern Europe has natural resources like those of West- that help you learn its meaning. In
25 ern Europe. Ukraine, a large country in Eastern Europe, your own words, write down the
has coal deposits. It also has oil and natural gas. Howev- meaning of the term.
er, the most important resource in Ukraine is probably its
____________________
soil. The region’s black soil is very fertile. Because of the
____________________
fertile soil, farming is very important in Ukraine.



____________________
Reading Check
What important natural resources
Key Terms are located in Ukraine?

loess (LOH es) n. a type of rich, dustlike soil ____________________

hydroelectric power (hy droh ee LEK trik POW ur) n. the power
____________________
generated by water-driven turbines
fossil fuel (FAHS ul FYOO ul) n. a source of energy that forms from ____________________
the remains of ancient plants and animals

Chapter 1 Section 3 13
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Resources of Russia
30 Russia has many more natural resources than the
United States does. But Russia’s harsh climate, huge
size, and few navigable rivers have made it difficult to
turn the country’s resources into wealth. Russia has few
places fit for farming. Most places lack one or more of
35 the key elements for farming: favorable climate, good
soil, and plentiful water.

Electricity

Forests Oil

Natural Resources
of Russia

Natural Gas Fish

Minerals

Many of Russia’s natural resources are located in

Siberia, which is far away from the population and
industrial centers of the country. Getting these resour-
40 ces from Siberia is not easy. Siberia’s rivers flow away
from major cities and are frozen part of the year.

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Pipelines carry oil and natural gas. Railroads carry coal.
They have to transport these resources to the industrial

Reading Check centers in Russia.

45 Collecting the natural resources causes another
Where are many of Russia’s natural
problem—protecting the environment. Some of the
resources located?
world’s worst cases of pollution are found in Russia,
____________________ especially in Siberia.
____________________
Review Questions
____________________
1. How is water used as a natural resource in Western
Europe?
____________________
____________________

2. Why has Russia not been able to use its resources as

effectively as Western Europe?
____________________
____________________

14 Reading and Vocabulary Study Guide

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Chapter 1 Assessment

1. A land area nearly surrounded by water is known as a

A. peninsula.
B. plateau.
C. tributary.
D. loess.

2. Where are Russia’s largest cities and most of its industries located?
A. in the Northwestern Highlands
B. in the North European Plains
C. in the Central Uplands
D. in the Alpine Mountain System

3. Which of the following describes the subarctic climate region of Europe

and Russia?
A. This region has hot temperatures and little rainfall.
B. This region has long, cold winters and hot summers.
C. This region has hot summers and mild, rainy winters.
D. This region has short summers and long, cold winters.

4. What kind of plant life grows in the tundra?

A. evergreen trees
B. grasslands
C. grasses and mosses
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D. a mix of trees, scrub, and smaller plants

5. Why has it been difficult for Russia to turn its natural resources into
wealth?
A. Russia has very few deposits of natural resources.
B. Most of Russia’s natural resources are located far away in Siberia.
C. Many of its resources, such as the forests, were used up long ago.
D. Pipelines to carry oil still need to be built.

Short Answer Question

How does the North Atlantic Current affect the climate of northwestern
Europe?
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________

Chapter 1 Assessment 15