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Signals and Systems Tutorial 4 Solutions

The document contains solutions to tutorial problems on signals and systems. It defines the convolution operation and uses it to solve for the response y(t) to different inputs over different time intervals. It also shows that shifting the inputs in time results in a shifted output, and that scaling the time variable is equivalent to convolving scaled versions of the original signals.

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8 views6 pages

Signals and Systems Tutorial 4 Solutions

The document contains solutions to tutorial problems on signals and systems. It defines the convolution operation and uses it to solve for the response y(t) to different inputs over different time intervals. It also shows that shifting the inputs in time results in a shifted output, and that scaling the time variable is equivalent to convolving scaled versions of the original signals.

Uploaded by

rb6h58qcz5
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EE1101 Signals and Systems JAN—MAY 2018

Tutorial 4 Solutions

R∞
1) Let y(t) be the response to the input i(t). Then, y(t) = i(t) ∗ h(t) = y(t) = h(τ )i(t − τ )dτ . Fig. [1] shows
−∞
i(t − τ ) and h(τ ) respectively.

i(t − τ )

h(τ )

t−2 t τ 0 3 τ

Figure 1: Plot showing variation of i(t − τ ) and h(τ ) as a function of τ for some given real value t.

Case 1: For t < 0, there is no overlap between the non-zero regions of i(t − τ ) and h(τ ). Hence, y(t) = 0, ∀t < 0.
Case 2: Suppose t ≥ 0 and t − 2 < 0, i.e., 0 ≤ t < 2.
Then,
Zt
y(t) = (4)(2e−τ )dτ = 8 1 − e−t .


Case 3: For t < 3 and t − 2 ≥ 0, i.e., 2 ≤ t < 3, we have,


Z t
e−τ dτ = 8 e2−t − e−t .

y(t) = 8
t−2

Case 4: When t ≥ 3, but still t − 2 < 3, i.e., 3 ≤ t < 5, we get,


Z 3
e−τ dτ = 8 e2−t − e−3 .

y(t) = 8
t−2

Case 5: Finally, if t − 2 ≥ 3, i.e., t ≥ 5, due to non-overlapping of the non-zero portions of h(τ ) and i(t − τ ), y(t)
becomes zero.

The signal y(t) is, 




 0, t<0
−t
8(1 − e ), 0 ≤t<2




2−t −t
y(t) = 8(e − e ), 2 ≤ t < 3
− e−3 ), 3 ≤ t < 5
 2−t
8(e





0, t ≥ 5.

1
2) (a) Given that f (t) ∗ g(t) = y(t). Hence,
Z∞
y(t) = f (τ )g(t − τ ) dτ.
−∞

Let us consider f (t − T1 ) ∗ g(t − T2 ), and by using the definition of convolution, we have


Z∞ Z∞
f (t − T1 ) ∗ g(t − T2 ) = f (τ − T1 )g(t − τ − T2 )dτ = f (τ − T1 )g(t − T2 − τ )dτ.
−∞ −∞

Denote τ 0 = τ − T1 , note that the limits and derivative does not change.
Z∞ Z∞
f (τ )g t − T2 − (τ + T1 ) dτ 0 =
0 0
f (τ 0 )g t − (T1 + T2 ) − τ 0 dτ 0
 
f (t − T1 ) ∗ g(t − T2 ) =
−∞ −∞

= y t − (T1 + T2 ) [On comparing with the first equation].

(b) If u(t) ∗ u(t) = r(t), then

 
u(t + 1) − u(t − 2) ∗ u(t − 3) − u(t − 4)
= u(t + 1) ∗ u(t − 3) − u(t + 1) ∗ u(t − 4) + u(t − 2) ∗ u(t − 4) − u(t − 2) ∗ u(t − 3)
= r(t − 2) − r(t − 3) + r(t − 6) − r(t − 5).

The last equality is a consequence of the result obtained in (a). We now sketch r(t−2)−r(t−3)+r(t−6)−r(t−5)
in Fig. [2].

r(t − 2) − r(t − 3)

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 t

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 t
0

-1

r(t − 6) − r(t − 5)

r(t − 2) − r(t − 3) + r(t − 6) − r(t − 5)

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 t
 
Figure 2: Sketch of the signal u(t + 1) − u(t − 2) ∗ u(t − 3) − u(t − 4) using the distributive and shift property of
convolution.

2
 
One can verify the result by performing convolution of pulses u(t + 1) − u(t − 2) and u(t − 3) − u(t − 4) ,
shown in Fig. [3].

u(t + 1) − u(t − 2) u(t − 3) − u(t − 4)

1
1
0
0
-2 -1 0 1 2 t 0 1 2 3 4 t
 
Figure 3: Signals x(t) = u(t + 1) − u(t − 2) and y(t) = u(t − 3) − u(t − 4) .

 
Hence, if x(t) = u(t + 1) − u(t − 2) and y(t) = u(t − 3) − u(t − 4), then x(t) ∗ y(t) is given by,



 0 t<2
t − 2 2≤t<3




x(t) ∗ y(t) = 1 3≤t≤5

6 − t 5 ≤ t ≤ 6




0 t>6

3) Given: y(t) = f (t) ∗ g(t). Now, consider the following:


Z ∞ Z ∞
y(t) = f (τ )g(t − τ )dτ =⇒ y(ct) = f (τ )g(ct − τ )dτ
−∞ −∞

At the same time, Z ∞


f (ct) ∗ g(ct) = f (cτ )g(ct − cτ )dτ
−∞

dτ 0
Case 1: Let c > 0. Then, c = |c|. Let τ 0 = cτ = |c|τ =⇒ dτ = |c| . Hence,
∞ ∞
dτ 0
Z Z
1 1
f (ct) ∗ g(ct) = f (τ 0 )g(ct − τ 0 ) = f (τ 0 )g(ct − τ 0 )dτ 0 = y(ct).
−∞ |c| |c| −∞ |c|

Case 2: Suppose c < 0, then c = −|c|. In which case, let τ 0 = cτ = −|c|τ =⇒ dτ 0 = − dτ


|c| .

Z −∞  dτ 0  Z ∞
1 1
f (ct) ∗ g(ct) = f (τ 0 )g(ct − τ 0 ) − = f (τ 0 )g(ct − τ 0 )dτ 0 = y(ct).
∞ |c| |c| −∞ |c|

1
Therefore, if y(t) = f (t) ∗ g(t), then f (ct) ∗ g(ct) = |c| y(ct), for all c 6= 0.
Fig. [4] shows f (t) and g(t).

f (t) g(t)
1
1

−1 2 t 0 1 t

Figure 4: f (t)

R∞
Then, y(t) = f (τ )g(t − τ )dτ and g(t − τ ), as a function of τ , will be non-zero from τ = t − 1 to τ = t, as
−∞
shown in figure [5].

3
g(t − τ )
−τ + t
1

t−1 t τ

Figure 5: g(t − τ )

Case 1: If t < −1. Then, f (τ )g(t − τ ) = 0 in this range. Hence, y(t) = 0, ∀t < −1.
Case 2: If t ≥ −1 but t − 1 < −1, i.e., −1 ≤ t < 0.
Rt 2
Here, y(t) = (−τ + t) dτ = t2 + t + 12 .
−1
Case 3: If t < 2 but t − 1 ≥ −1, i.e., 0 ≤ t < 2.
Rt
Then, y(t) = (−τ + t) dτ = 0.5.
t−1
Case 4: If t ≥ 2 but t − 1 < 2, i.e., 2 ≤ t < 3.
R2 2
Now, y(t) = (−τ + t) dτ = − t2 + 2t − 32 .
t−1
Case 5: If t − 1 ≥ 2, f (τ )g(t − τ ) = 0 =⇒ y(t) = 0, ∀t ≥ 3.

Using the result derived initially, we get,





0, t < −0.5
2
t + t + 0.25, −0.5 ≤ t < 0



f (2t) ∗ g(2t) = 0.25, 0≤t<1
 2
−t + 2t − 0.75, 1 ≤ t < 1.5





0, t ≥ 1.5

4) A continuous-time LTI system is stable if and only if, the impulse response is absolutely integrable
Z ∞
|h(τ )|dτ < ∞.
−∞

A continuous-time LTI system is causal if,

h(t) = 0 for t < 0,

A continuous-time LTI system is instantaneous/memoryless if, h(t) = cδ(t), where c is a nonzero scaling factor.
(a) h(t) = e−(t+2) u(t) R∞
This system is stable as impulse response is absolutely integrable i.e, 0 e−(τ +2) dτ = e−2 , causal as
u(t) = 0 for t < 0 and, not instantaneous as h(t) 6= cδ(t).
R∞
(b) h(t) = e−|t| is stable as −∞ e−|τ | dτ = 2. Since the impulse response is two sided i.e, h(t) = et ∀ t < 0
and h(t) = e−t ∀ t ≥ 0, the system is non-causal and, not instantaneous as h(t) 6= cδ(t).
R∞
(c) h(t) = δ(t) + δ(t − 3) is stable as −∞ (δ(t) + δ(t − 3))dτ = 2, causal as h(t) = 0 ∀ t < 0 and not
instantaneous as h(t) 6= cδ(t).
Rt
5) a) The output of S1 is, w(t) = e−4t u(2t). Further, the output of S2 is y(t) = w(t) ∗ h(t) = 0 e−4τ e−(t−τ ) dτ .
Thus, y(t) = 31 e−t (1 − e−3t ), ∀t ≥ 0.
Rt
b) Here, the output p(t) is given by, p(t) = x(t) ∗ h(t) = 0 e−2τ e−(t−τ ) dτ = e−t (1 − e−t ). Thus, p(t) =
e−t (1 − e−t ), ∀t ≥ 0. Now, the final output z(t) will be,

z(t) = e−2t (1 − e−2t ), ∀t ≥ 0.

The final outputs are not same as S1 is not time-invariant system.

4
6) (a) The response is given by,
Z∞
y(t) = x1 (t) ∗ h(t) = 5 e−2(t−τ ) u(t − τ )u(τ )dτ
−∞
Zt
=5 e−2(t−τ ) dτ for 0 ≤ τ ≤ t
0
= 2.5e−2t (e2t − 1) for t ≥ 0.
(
5
− e−2t ), ∀t ≥ 0
2 (1
Hence, y(t) =
0, t < 0
(b) Given: x2 (t) = cos(4πt) = 12 (ej4πt + e−j4πt ). Then, we obtain,
Z∞ Z∞
1
y(t) = x2 (t) ∗ h(t) = h(τ )x2 (t − τ )dτ = ej4πt e−j4πτ −2τ + e−j4πt ej4πτ −2τ dτ
2
−∞ 0
Z∞ Z∞
1 
= ej4πt e−(j4π+2)τ dτ + e−j4πt e−(2−j4π)τ dτ
2
0 0
1  ej4πt e−j4πt  2 cos(4πt) + 4π sin(4πt)
= + = .
2 2 + j4π 2 − j4π 4 + 16π 2

7) (a) True. If h(t) periodic and nonzero, then


Z ∞ +∞ Z
X nT
|h(t)|dt = |h(t)|dt.
−∞ n=−∞ (n−1)T

Since each summand is positive, the infinite sum is unbounded. Thus h(t) is unstable.
(b) False. For instance, suppose that the inverse of h[n] = δ[n − n0 ] is g[n]. Then,

⇒ h[n] ∗ g[n] = δ[n]


X∞
⇒ δ[k − n0 ]g[n − k] = g[n − n0 ] = δ[n]
k=−∞

⇒ g[n] = δ[n + n0 ]

which is noncausal.
(c) False. For example h[n] = u[n] implies that
∞
X
|h[n]| = ∞.
−∞

This is an unstable system.


(d) True. Assuming that h[n] is bounded in the range n1 ≤ n ≤ n2 ,
n2
X
|h[k]| < ∞.
k=n1

This implies that the system is stable.


R∞ R∞
(e) False. For example, h(t) = tu(t) is causal. However, −∞
|h(t)|dt = 0
et dt = ∞.
(f) False. For example, the cascade of a causal system with impulse response h1 [n] = δ[n−1] and a non-causal
system with impulse response h2 [n] = δ[n + 1] leads to a system with overall impluse response given by
h[n] = h1 [n] ∗ h2 [n] = δ[n].

5
R∞
(g) False. For example, if h(t) = e−t u(t), then s(t) = e−t u(t) ∗ u(t) = τ =−∞
e−τ u(τ )u(t − τ )dτ
Rt
= τ =0 e−τ u(τ )dτ = (1 − e−t )u(t) and
Z ∞
|1 − e−t |dt = t + e−t |∞
0 = ∞.
0

Although the system is stable, the step response is not absolutely integrable.
(h) True. We may write u[n] = Σ∞
k=0 δ[n − k]. Therefore,

s[n] = Σ∞ ∞
k=−∞ u[k]h[n − k] = Σk=0 h[n − k].

If s[n] = 0 for n < 0, then h[n] = 0 for n < 0 and the system is causal.
8) Given: System A is LTI and system B is inverse of A. Let y1 (t) and y2 (t) be outputs of system A for inputs
x1 (t) and x2 (t) respectively. Combining these informations, we get,
A B
x1 (t) −
→ y1 (t) −
→ x1 (t). (1)

And,
A B
x2 (t) −
→ y2 (t) −
→ x2 (t). (2)

(a) To prove system B is linear. Assume that system B is not linear. From equations (1) and (2), we
observe that an input ax1 (t) + bx2 (t) to system A can generate ay1 (t) + by2 (t), i.e.,
A
ax1 (t) + bx2 (t) −
→ ay1 (t) + by2 (t).

This is due to linearity property of the system A. Our assumption that system B is not linear implies
that the output of B for the input ay1 (t) + by2 (t) is not ax1 (t) + bx2 (t), i.e., in (1) and (2) the outputs of
system B does not add up linearly even if the inputs combine linearly. Therefore, we arrive at a situation
which is as follows:
A B
ax1 (t) + bx2 (t) −
→ ay1 (t) + by2 (t) −
6 → ax1 (t) + bx2 (t).

This contradicts the fact that B is inverse of A. Hence, our assumption is incorrect, and so, system B is
linear.
(b) To prove system B is time-invariant. Assume system B is time variant. By time-invariant property
of system A, we have,
A
x1 (t − τ ) −
→ y1 (t − τ ).

When this output of system A, is fed to system B, we must not expect its response to be x1 (t − τ ) because
of our assumption. So, we land up in a situation where,
A B
x1 (t − τ ) −
→ y1 (t − τ ) −
6 → x1 (t − τ ).

This contradicts the fact that B is the inverse of A. So, the assumption about system B is incorrect.
Therefore, system B is also time-invariant.

Common questions

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The response y(t) of a continuous-time LTI system to an input signal is described by the convolution integral y(t) = ∫_{-∞}^{∞} h(τ)i(t-τ) dτ, where h(t) is the impulse response of the system. The integral evaluates the overlap between the input signal i(t-τ) and the system's impulse response h(τ) over time. When there is no overlap (for example, when certain conditions on t are met such as t < 0 in Case 1), the output is zero. In contrast, when there is overlap within certain time intervals (such as 0 ≤ t < 2 in Case 2), the response is calculated by evaluating the integral over that duration .

Specific conditions, such as the duration and starting point of signals and impulse responses, dictate which parts of the signals overlap and hence determine the bounds of integration in convolution calculations. Depending on whether the input t falls within conditions such as 0 ≤ t < 2 or 2 ≤ t < 3, the overlap region changes, resulting in different integral calculations that are critical for determining the system's output at those intervals .

The convolution properties such as distributive, associative, and commutative properties can be used to verify the identity of a pulse signal response by ensuring that the operations performed maintain linearity and time-invariance throughout the process. For example, for u(t + 1) − u(t − 2) and u(t − 3) − u(t − 4), convolution can be verified by performing the operations sequentially and comparing them to expected patterns derived from these properties .

The integral of g(t-τ) indicates the overlap of the impulse response with the input signal across different ranges of t, which in turn affects the output y(t). For example, when t changes, the limits of integration change, thus affecting the evaluated value of y(t), demonstrating how the system output depends on how the input signal overlaps with the system’s impulse response in time .

Proving stability, causality, and memory properties for specific impulse responses in LTI systems demonstrates how these characteristics dictate the system's behavior and response. Stability ensures the system's output remains bounded. Causality dictates that the system cannot respond to future inputs, while the absence of memory (instantaneity) indicates the output at any time is solely determined by the current input, represented mathematically by δ(t).

For the piecewise function involving convolution, y(t) has different expressions depending on the value range of t: for t < 0, y(t) = 0; for 0 ≤ t < 2, y(t) = 8(1 - e^-t); for 2 ≤ t < 3, y(t) = 8(e^(2-t) - e^-t); for 3 ≤ t < 5, y(t) = 8(e^(2-t) - e^-3); and for t ≥ 5, y(t) = 0. These different expressions arise due to the changes in overlap between the signals being convolved as t varies .

The causality of a continuous-time LTI system implies that the impulse response h(t) must be zero for t < 0. This is significant because it ensures that the system’s output at any time depends only on inputs applied at current or past times, not future inputs. Hence, evaluating whether h(t) = 0 for t < 0 is crucial to determining causality .

If system B, the inverse of a linear system A, is assumed to be non-linear, it leads to a contradiction. Based on the linearity of A, an input ax1(t) + bx2(t) results in the output ay1(t) + by2(t). If B were non-linear, it would not transform ay1(t) + by2(t) back to ax1(t) + bx2(t), violating the property of being an inverse system. This contradiction asserts B must be linear .

A continuous-time LTI system is considered stable if its impulse response is absolutely integrable, meaning ∫_{-∞}^{∞} |h(τ)| dτ < ∞. This implies that the system's output will remain bounded for any bounded input. If the integral diverges, the system is unstable .

If system B were not time-invariant, then for a time-shifted input x1(t - τ), even though A would transform it to y1(t - τ), B would fail to transform y1(t - τ) back to x1(t - τ), contradicting the definition of an inverse system. Thus, for B to properly act as the inverse of time-invariant system A, it must also be time-invariant .

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