rain (n) snow (fa) sun (a) wind (n) ‘What is your favourite type of weather? Why? What is your least favourite type of weather? Why? Look at the large photo, What type of weather do you see?KNOWLEDGE PREDICTING CONTENT USING VISUALS UNDERSTANDING. DETAIL ACTIVATING YOUR WATCH AND LISTEN PREPARING TO WATCH 1 Work with a partner and answer the questions. 1 What is a thunderstorm? 2. Why are some people afraid of thunderstorms? 3. How can wind from a storm be dangerous? 2 Look at the pictures from the video. Discuss the questions with your partner. 1. What do you think the video is about? 2 Where do you think it takes place? 3 What do you think is the man’s job? GLossARy ‘extreme (ad) the worst or most serious, for example, extreme weather conditions tornado (r) an extremely strong, dangerous wind that blows ina circle alley (n) a narrow street between buildings produce (y) to cause a reaction ora result Doppler radar (oa special radar system that can give us information about a storm spin (x if something spins it tums around and around quickly WHILE WATCHING 3 © Watch the video. Circle the correct answers. 1. The middle of the United States is called Tornado Alley / Valley. 2 The year 2010 / 2011 was very bad for tornadoes. 3. That year a dangerous tornado killed more than 160 / 60 people. 4 Scientists can / cannot predict when and where tornadoes will happen. 5 Josh Wurman is a computer / weather scientist. 6 Seventy-five / Twenty-five percent of thunderstorms produce tornadoes. 7 Finding the right thunderstorm is easy / difficult.4 Q Watch again. Match the questions (!-5) to the correct answers (ae). 1. What does spring bring? a Tomadoes. 2 What killed people in Joplin, Missouri? b Warm, wet air. 3 What is Josh Wurman studying? © A dangerous tornado. 4 What does Josh use to find storms? _—_d.Tornadoes happen quickly. 5 Why did the team have to move fast? eA Doppler radar scanner. 5 Read the statements. What is the video mainly about? Circle the best answer, a Some thunderstorms produce tornadoes, but others do not b Tornadoes are one of the most dangerous kinds of weather in the world, ¢ The winds in a tornado can spin faster than the winds in a hurricane. 6 Work with a partner, Do Josh and his team enjoy their work? How do you know? DISCUSSION 7 Work with a partner. Discuss the questions 1 Is Josh Wurman's job important? Why / Why not? 2. What other jobs are related to weather? 3 Why do people choose to live in areas with extreme weather? 8 Work in small groups, Make a list of five things you would do to prepare for a tornado. UNDERSTANDING. MAIN IDEAS MAKING INFERENCESPREPARING TO READ }-———————__—~ 1. You are going to read a text about extreme weather. Before you read, ASU TARY look at the definitions. Complete the sentences with the words in bold almost (adv) not everything, but very close to it cover (v) to lie on the surface of something dangerous (ad) can harm or hurt someone or something huge ad) extremely lage in size or amount last (to continue for a period of time lightning (na flash of bright light in the sky during a storm thunder) the sudden loud noise that comes after a flash of lightning 1 I think the big snow storm will ____— the ground in snow ‘We wor't be able to see any grass at all 2 Although can be very scary itis also beautiful when it flashes in the sky. 3 ______every house on our street was damaged by the storm. Only two houses were OK. 4 Asli got sick when the weather changed, Luckily, it didn’t long, She felt better after a couple of days. 5 The scared our cats. They hate the loud noise. 6 There has been a_______ increase in rainfall this year. As a result, the lakes and rivers are at the highest levels in years. 7. Swimming in the rain can be —___— if there is lightning. You should get out of the water right away so you don't get hurt. USING YOUR 2 Work with a partner and discuss the questions. KNOWLEDGE 1 What kind of weather do you have where you live? Is it different ‘throughout the year? If so, how? 2. What does the word extreme mean? 3 What is an example of extreme weather?Extreme weather is when the weather is very different from normal. Extreme weather can, happen over an hour, @ day or a long period of time. It can be dangerous and, in some | cases, it can cause natural disasters! i | ‘ Dl, { aL US ons S ‘hurricane isa type of storm These storms ae also called cyclones or typhoons, In North America and Central America, they are called hurricanes: in the North Pacific, they | _are called typhoons; and in the Indian Ocean and South Pacific, they are called cyclones. ‘These storms are huge ~ they can be over 500 kilometres wide. They start over the ocean | and moye towards land, When they come to land, they bring thunder, lightning, strong winds and very heavy rain. They can be very dangerous and destroy buildings and even i kill people. : qy 3 ‘Aheat wave is when there are high temperatures and itis much hotter than normal. In ‘many areas, heat waves are not a problem. However, parts of Australia, temperatures ‘may reach 48 °C in a heat wave, and last for a few days or even months. And in some places, such as parts of eastern Australia, heat waves can cause droughts? Ina drought, ‘there isnot enough water for farmers to grow food. In some cases, people die because | they don't have enough water to drink. Droughts are common in many countries in Africa, but in the last ten years, droughts have also happened in Afghanistan, China and Iran, ‘Too much rain can cause floods’. Floods can destroy buildings and kill people. They can also destroy plants and food, which can mean that there is not enough food for people 10 eat. In 2015, there were very bad floods in South American Argentina, the Paraguay | River was almost 15 metres higher than normal and water covered the streets. In Paraguay, | hundreds of thousands of people had to leave their homes. Strong winds damaged the power lines, and several people died. It was the worst flood in 50 years. It, ‘A sandstorm isa large storm of dust and sand with strong winds. Sandstorms can be very dangerous tis dificult to travel by car because people can't see anything. Even walking. | canbe difficult Sandstorms are common in the Middle East and in China. One of the worst sandstorms was in raq in 201] when a storm lasted a whole week, causing many | people to have breathing problems | isasters(o) events that cause alot of harm or damage = |__roughts (ong periods when thee no rain and people do not have enough water *loods (fa place floods or is flooded, it becomes covered in water oe\ WHILE READING | 5 peag the text on page 85. Then circle the statement (a or b) that contains READING FOR | Nariiceas the most important idea in each paragraph (1-5). 1 Paragraph 1 a Extreme weather is unusual and can cause natural disasters. bb Extreme weather can happen over a short time or a long time. 2 Paragraph 2 a Hurricanes cover a very wide area. bb Hurricanes are huge, dangerous storms. 3. Paragraph 3 a Ina heat wave, temperatures are hotter than normal b Heat waves sometimes occur in Australia. 4 Paragraph 4 a In 2015, there were floods in South America. b Floods happen when there is too much rain. 5 Paragraph 5 a A sandstorm is a storm with a lot of wind and dust. b Certain countries have frequent sandstorms. Reading for detail When reading a text, it is important to understand the details as well asthe main ideas. Details give specific information about the main ideas, You can find details in a text by looking for key words, Read the sentences with the key ‘words carefully to understand important information. RREINCTORDEDI ¢ cree thecorest ‘ending (a or b) for each sentence {1-4} EAC 1 Hurricanes move from 3 Paraguay had a land to sea a avery big flood in 2015 b sea to land. b no food for people to eat in 2015. y 2 Heat waves ... 4 In 201, ... a may lead to droughts. a China had a bad sandstorm. b aren't usually a big problem. _b Iraq had a bad sandstorm. READING BETWEEN THE LINES | 5 Circle the correct answer. Identify the parts in the text that helped you RECOGNIZING er eyercach qcestions | TEXT TYPE inswer each question. 1. What type of text is this? a an excerpt from a newspaper 2 Who would be interested in reading this text? a someone studying Biology b someone studying climate 3 What kind of information is included in the text? a facts b opinions b an excerpt from a textbookDISCUSSION 6 Discuss the questions with a partner. 1 What is the worst weather you have ever experienced? 2 Has the weather in your country changed in recent years? PREPARING TO READ Using your knowledge to predict content You can understand something better if you connect it to what you already know. Before you read something, first think about what you already know about the topic. This gets you ready for reading and helps you understand, 1 You are going to read about the Sahara Desert. Before you read, try to answer the questions. 1. Where is the Sahara Desert? 2 What is the weather like there? a South Africa a hot and dry b North Africa b cold and wet ¢ Central Asia ¢ hot and wet USING YOUR KNOWLEDGE 2. Read the sentences (1-6). Write the words in bold next to the definitions (af) 1 It was hot and sunny all day, so it was a shock when it suddenly started to rain. 2 The temperature will rise over the summer months 3 Let's wait and see what the weather is like tomorrow. Then we'll decide iF we want to go to the beach or to a museum. 4 Be careful when you drive on icy roads, Go slowly and watch out for other cars, 5 Mawsynram, india has the most precipitation in the world. It gets about 11.9 metres of rain every year. 6 The temperature might drop, so welll build a fire to stay warm. UNDERSTANDING. KEY VOCABULARY @ ______ (ad) paying attention to what you do so that you don't have an accident, make a mistake or damage something (v) to decrease; to fall or go down {v) to choose between one possibility or another (0) big, unpleasant surprise (v) to increase; to go up (n) rain or snow that falls to the ground 3 Read the article on page 89 and check your answers to Exercise |READING FOR MAIN IDEAS READING FOR DETAIL RECOGNIZING TEXT TYPE | SYNTHESIZING WHILE READING 4. Write the paragraph number (1-8) next to the best title (a-e). You do not need to use all the paragraph numbers. a Stay out of the sun b Drink water. ¢ Stay cool during the day and warm at night —— d Don't eat too much e Stay with your car. Match the sentence halves, Use the graph on page 89 and information in paragraph 2 to help you. 1 The coldest time is a between 2 pm and 4 pm. 2. The average amount of rain ina year is-1°C. 3. The temperature is 33°C ¢ is70 mm. 4 The coldest temperature at night d at four otlock in the moming. READING BETWEEN THE LINES 6 Where might you find an article like this? a ina newspaper b ina travel magazine ¢ ina Maths textbook DISCUSSION 7 Look at the list. Which things would you need most if you were alone in the desert? Choose the three most important things. a a blanket bamirror ¢ 20lltres of water d aradio e amap f ahat ‘8 Work with a partner. Compare your answers and explain your choices. Work with a partner. Choose three extreme weather situations from Reading | and Reading 2. Discuss some survival tips for the extreme weather you chose.ing, Con you imagine @ sea of sand three times bigger than India® This isthe Schara Desert, the largest desert in the weald. I covers 11 countries in North Africa and is over 9 million square kilomatres. Thats more than 25% of Arica, 2 In he Sohara, temperatures ate very different during the day and ai nigh. tis much hotter during the day than at night. During the day, the hottes ime is between 2 pm and 4 pm, when temperatures rise fo 33 °C, Bul iis very cold ot right the coldest time is at 4 am, ‘when temperatures fall 10 ~1 °C, The Sahara is very diy, The average precipitation in © year is only 70 millimetres. 3 Because of the extreme temperatures in the desert, iis a very dificult place to survive. Marco Rivera, our survival expert, has some fips 4 Toke warm clothes and a blanket, You will need a hat, long trousers and a woollen jumper io keep you worn at night. During the doy, cover your body, head and face. Clothes protect you from the sun and keep water in your body. You will also need o warm blanket at night, It can get cold very quickly. When the temperature drops, itcan be a shock and make you fee! even colder 5 A car is easier lo see than a person walking in the desert. You can also use the mirrors from your car fo signal? fo planes and olher cars You can use your car tyres to make a fire, A fire is easy 1o see, Itwill help people find you and it will keep you warm at night 6 Tiy to drink some waler atleast once every out You need your water to lost as long as possible. Drink only wha! you need, When you talk, you lose water from your body, Keep your mouth closed ond do not tak 7 If you eat, you will gt thitsy and diink al of your water more quickly. You can eat a litle, bout only to stop you from feeling very hungry. al very small amounts of food ond eat very slowly. You can live for three weoks with no food, but you can only live for three days wihout water 8 Is very important to stay out of the sun during the day. Make a hole under your car and lie there, This will keep you cool and help you sleep. Find a warm place to sleep at nigh A small place near a ree or @ rock will be he warmes!, Bu be careful before you decide where fo sleep. Dangerous animals like snakes and scorpions alo like 10 sleep in hese places. Look carefully for animals before you lie down, ae van Gam 129m Opn an yerous situations "surviving [vl stoying olive in dar© LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT. COLLOCATIONS WITH TEMPERATURE A 40°C 30°C 20°C4 wc o°c 40°C 30°C 20°C4 toc ORG eee ee ere sept Oct Nov Dec 1 Look at the graphs (A and 8}. Circle the correct word to complete the sentences (I-4) about the graphs. 1 In July, there are high / low temperatures. 2 in December, there are high / low temperatures. 3. The maximum / minimum temperature is 32°C in July 4 The maximum / minimum temperature is 1°C in December, DESCRIBING A GRAPH You can use certain words and phrases to talk about graphs. Use the verbs rise, drop, fall and reach and the nouns increase and decrease to describe changes ona graph, Increase and decrease are also verbs, 2 Match the sentences (I-6) to the correct graph (A or 8). 1. The graph shows an increase in temperature. 2 The graph shows a decrease in temperature. 3. The temperature rises to 32 °C. 4 The temperature drops to 1°C, 5 The temperature falls to 1°C. 6 The temperature reaches 32°C. ___3 Complete the statements with the bold words in Exercise 2. 1 Use ____and__to talk about an increase | in temperature, | 2 Use ___and_____to talk about a decrease in temperature. 4 Look at the graphs (1-4. Circle the correct word to complete the sentences (ab) 1 we a The graph shows an Be increase / a decrease ee in temperature. oe b In April, the temperature fin bar Aor reaches / falls to 15 °C. a The graph shows an increase / a decrease in temperature. b At three o'clock, the temperature drops / rises to about -5 °C. a The graph shows an increase / a decrease in temperature. b On Monday, the temperature reaches / falls to 30°C. a The graph shows an increase / a decrease in temperature. b In December, the temperature rises / falls to7°C.SI CRITICAL THINKING 9 UNDERSTAND. @ ANALYZE 40m a.m 20mm 10mm onm ‘At the end of this unit, you will write a paragraph describing data from graphs. Look at this unit’s writing task below. VW Compare the weather in two places, using information from graphs, Analyzing graphs ‘You can use graphs to show numbers or data. When you look at a graph, you can see the most interesting information quickly and easily. When you write about graphs, look at the highest and lowest numbers and then choose the most interesting information to write about 1 Look back at the graph in Reading 2 on page 89 and answer the questions. 1. What do the numbers on the left side of the graph show? 2 What do the numbers at the bottom of the graph show? 3 What does the highest point in the graph show? 4 What does the lowest point in the graph show? 2. Look at the graphs (A-D), What kind of information does each one show? Check your answers with a partner. A Precipitation over a year in Svalbard, Norway B Temperature over a year in Svalbard, Norway TAvghigh temp Ml Avg low temp i Precipitation oc ot 10°C 2% Feb Mar Ape ps Jul Aug Dec Jan Feo Mar Apr May| Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Decw? © Precipitation over a year in D Temperature over a year in “Amman, Jordan ‘Amman, Jordan 7mm Mi Precipitation 60mm Avg high temp Ml Avg low temp som 40mm oho 20mm ae 0m eB we 10mm EL omm — a orc BERESIS EES §R2R FSS S555 ERPRFSRE EER SPRR SSR TES ER 3 Circle the correct words to complete the sentences. 1 Graph A shows temperature in Celsius / precipitation in millimetres / the number of hurricanes. 2 Graph B shows temperature in Celsius / average hours of daylight / precipitation in millimetres. 3. Graph C shows data for Amman / Svalbard, 4 Graph D shows average temperatures / precipitation. 5 Graphs A and C are line graphs / bar charts. 6 Graphs B and D are line graphs / bar charts. 4 Complete the tables, using the information from the graphs in Exercise 2 Svalbard, Norway Months | Jan | Feb Apr | May | sun (ger nett 5mm. Near ue fated 13°C ere 16 °c Fouad Amman, Jordan a) | Feb Mar Months wi A Pre Tae eee) mec ee Ras| @ eaves 5 Look at the graphs and the tables again and answer the questions. 1 Which months have the highest temperatures in each place? 2 Which months have the lowest temperatures in each place? 3 Which months have the most precipitation in each place? 4 Which months have the least precipitation in each place? 5 What extreme weather do you think these places might have? 6 What problems might this cause for the people who live there? 7 Research more information online about questions 6 and 7. Share your information with a partner. Discuss the most interesting information. GRAMMAR FOR WRITING COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES Comparative adjectives Use a comparative adjective + than to show how two people, things or ideas are different. ‘The Sahara. Desert is hotter than Paris | For one-syllable adjectives, add -er. | warm > warmer For one-syllable adjectives which end in one vowel and one consonant, double the consonant and add -er. Do not double the consonant w. | wet > wetter Low —> lower NOTE: dry + drier Vel} Use more before almost all adjectives with two or more syllables. Less is the opposite of more. beautiful > more beautiful / less beautiful For two-syllable adjectives ending in -y, remove the -y and add -ier. rainy + rairier early — earlier Some comparative adjectives are irregular. good. + better bad > worse. Use as + adjective + as to say that two ideas are similar or the same. Not as as means ‘less than’ Cairo is as hot as Dubai. London is not as hot as Miami. 1ar Superlative adjectives Use the + superlative adjective to compare one person, thing or idea to others. They mean ‘more / less than all of the others’ The Sahara. Desert is the hottest place in Equpb. For one-syllable adjectives, add -est. cool + the coolest cold. + the coldest For one-syllable adjectives which end in one vowel and one consonant, double the consonant and add -est. Do not double the consonant w. hot + the hottest Low + the lowest Use the most or the least before almost all adjectives with two or more syllables. dangerous — the most dangerous / the least dangerous X the most hungriest For two-syllable adjectives ending in -y, remove the -y and add ~iest. hungry > the hungriest early + the earliest, Some superlative adjectives are irregular. good + the best bad —» the worst 1 Complete the table with the correct form of the adjective, cold low extreme dry big easy 2. Choose the comparative or superlative form of the adjectives in Exercise | to complete the sentences. 1 This is drier / the driest year on record. There has been no rain for two months. 2 This winter is colder / the coldest than last winter, It was 10 °C again yesterday. 3 Our oceans can have some of more extreme / the most extreme weather on earth. 4 The rainfall was lower / the lowest this month than last month. 5 In my country, bigger / the biggest problem is the weather. Its cold and it rains all the time.11 3 Look at the fact files for Cuba and Iceland. Complete the sentences, using the word in brackets to make a comparative or superlative adjective. 8d Cuba Ei Iceland = Maximum temperature: 32 °C = Maximum temperature: 14 °C = Minimum temperature: 18 °C = Minimum temperature: -2 °C = Average rainfall: 173 mm. = Average rainfall: 94 mm ws Average sunshine: 7.5 hours a day || = Average sunshine: 3.4 hours a day 1 Cuba has a_____ maximum temperature than Iceland. (high) 2 Iceland is — _ than Cuba. (cold) 3 Iceland has the temperature of the two countries. (ow) 4 Cuba is than Iceland. (wet) 5 Iceland is than Cuba. (dry) 6 Cuba is the of the two countries. (rainy) 7 Iceland is not as — _ as Cuba. (sunny) ACADEMIC WRITING SKILLS 4 TOPIC SENTENCES FOR DESCRIPTIVE PARAGRAPHS ABOUT A GRAPH When writing about a graph, use the phrase the graph shows in the topic sentence to describe the information in the graph. “The graph shows the temperature in degrees Celsius over 24 hours in the Sahara. desert. Notice how the following order is used: The graph shows + what is measured + time period + place 1 Complete the topic sentences about graphs A and B on page 92 in the Critical thinking section, 1 Graph A shows the in millimetres over one —in 2. Graph B shows the in ___in degrees Celsius over oneing SUPPORTING SENTENCES. ‘The supporting sentences in a paragraph give more information about the topic sentence. When writing about graphs, numbers (or data) are used to support main ideas. Thunderstorms are common all over the world. Weather experts estimate that there are 16 million thunderstorms around. the world every year. 2. In the pairs of sentences, underline the main idea. Circle the data. 1 The hottest time is between 2 pm and 4 pm, Temperatures rise to 33°C. 2 The coldest time is at 4 am. Temperatures fall to -1°C 3 Match the sentence halves to complete the statements. 1 The main idea a describes a general feature or trend from the graph 2 The data b is anumber from the graph to illustrate the trend, 4 Match the main ideas (I-4) to the data (a-d) Main ideas Data 1 New York is as rainy as Houston. a There are 87 hours of sunshine 2 The hottest month is March, inJuly and 8 hours of sunshine 3 July is sunnier than August. in August. 4 The coldest month is December. b- Temperatures reach 37 °C. ¢ Both cities have an average rainfall of 1270 millimetres. d Temperatures fall to -7 °C. 5. Read the topic sentence. Then tick (¥) all the supporting sentences (af) which belong in the paragraph Topic sentence: The weather in Costa Rica changes in different regions. a The rainiest area in the country is the north-east mountain region, which receives 3,580 millimetres of rain each year. b The Central Valley, where the capital city of San José is located, has the mildest temperature year round ¢ In Costa Rica, the rainy season lasts from May to November. [_] d At the beach, the temperature can rise to as high as 33°C. |_| e In the rainforest, there are thousands of different types of animals tose. [_] £ On the highest mountain, called Cerro Chirrip6, temperatures can drop to below freezing at night.GIVING EXAMPLES mo like, such as and for example Ina supporting sentence, writers often give examples to support the main idea, Use like, such as and for example to give an example or a list of examples. Stay warm by wearing the right clothes, like 0. hat and a sweater. Hurricanes are usually given names, such as Hurricane Sandy. There are a lot of fun activities to do in the winter, for example skiing and, ice skating. Use a comma before lke, such as and for example 6 Rewrite the sentences. Put the words in brackets in the correct place and use like, such as or for example. More than one answer is possible. 1 Wildfires have many different causes. (lightning) Wildfires have many different causes, like Lightning 2 It is too hot to snow in some Central American cities. (Managua, Guadalajara) 3 There are a lot of tornadoes in certain US states, (Oklahoma, Texas) 4 When you go camping, bring important items. (water, sunscreen) 5 You can do a lot of outdoor activities in warm weather. (swimming, walking) 6 Some cities are very wet and rainy. (Hong Kong, MumbaVW” Compare the weather in two places, using information from graphs, PLAN ¥ Look back at the graphs and tables for the places in the Critical thinking section. Write a topic sentence to describe the data in each table. 2 Choose the two most interesting facts about temperature for each place. Write a sentence about each fact. Use data to support the statements, ——— Se eo SEE EEE ee Pee eee ee SSTSESESTIS eee a eaaaa nasa oana nn EESS EEE ESEE 3 Choose the two most interesting facts about precipitation for each place, Write a sentence about each fact. Use data to support the statements, ee encore SSS ee See ee ee ee 4 Refer to the Task checklist on page 100 as you prepare your paragraph, WRITE A FIRST DRAFT 5 Write a first draft of your paragraph,