Scribd
Upload
80 views10 pages

Differential Equations Module Overview

This document provides an overview of Module 1 of an Elementary Differential Equations course. It introduces key topics that will be covered, including identifying order of equations, eliminating arbitrary constants, and using differentiation in families of curves. Sample problems are presented to demonstrate identifying order, ordinary vs. partial equations, and linear vs. nonlinear equations. Methods for eliminating arbitrary constants from differential equations are discussed with examples. Finally, the document discusses deriving differential equations from families of curves defined by implicit equations.

Uploaded by

franciscoharry15
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
80 views10 pages

Differential Equations Module Overview

This document provides an overview of Module 1 of an Elementary Differential Equations course. It introduces key topics that will be covered, including identifying order of equations, eliminating arbitrary constants, and using differentiation in families of curves. Sample problems are presented to demonstrate identifying order, ordinary vs. partial equations, and linear vs. nonlinear equations. Methods for eliminating arbitrary constants from differential equations are discussed with examples. Finally, the document discusses deriving differential equations from families of curves defined by implicit equations.

Uploaded by

franciscoharry15
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

ELEMENTARY

DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION
1ST Sem, SY 2020-2021
University of Eastern Philippines
College of Engineering

DE- Module 1 By: RHCepeda College of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department


OVERVIEW
In mathematics, history of differential equations traces the development of
"differential equations" from calculus, itself independently invented by English
physicist Isaac Newton and German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz.

Welcome to the first module of DE-1 my future engineers. 😊


DE-1 will be composed of the following topics:

The mentioned topics will make the students identify and


comprehend differential equation, in addition it will give them a clearer view and
understanding as to what and how differential equation plays an important role in
the world around us. This will include discussing the equations in differential
equation, its definition, elimination of arbitrary constants and families of curve.
And lastly, solving equations in differential equation and justifying answers
LEARNING OUTCOMES
After working on this module, the reader will be able to:
1. Identify the order of equations & if the equation is ordinary, partial, linear or
linear
2. Eliminate Arbitrary constants
[Link] differentiation in members of the families of curve

DE- Module 1 By: RHCepeda College of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department


DISCUSSION WITH SAMPLE PROBLEM:
• When an equation involves one or more derivatives with respect to a particular variable, that
variable is called an independent variable. A variable is called dependent if a derivative of that
variable occurs.

In the equation below:

i -is the dependent variable


t -independent variable,
L, R, C, E, and w - called parameters.

• A differential equation is an equation involving derivatives. The order of the equation is the highest
derivative occurring in the equation.

Here are the following example of ORDER in differential equation:

The first four equation are identified as first order differential equations, the last is a second order equation.

DE- Module 1 By: RHCepeda College of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department


• Ordinary differential equation VS Partial differential Equation

Examples

d2y dy
+ = 3xsin y
2
dx dx

is an ordinary differential equation since it does not contain partial derivatives.

is a partial differential equation, since y is a function of the two variables x and t


and partial derivatives are present.

DE- Module 1 By: RHCepeda College of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department


• LINEAR equation VS NON-LINEAR Equation

Example

y'' + 2y' + ey = x

is nonlinear because of the ey term.

TEST YOURSELF I
For each of the following, state whether the equation is ordinary or partial, linear or nonlinear, and give
its order.

DE- Module 1 By: RHCepeda College of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department


DISCUSSION WITH SAMPLE PROBLEM:

THE ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANTS


Methods for the elimination of arbitrary constants vary with the way in which the constants
enter the given relation. We shall in each case determine the differential equation that is

(a) Of order equal to the number of arbitrary constants in the given relation.

(b) Consistent with that relation.

(c) Free from arbitrary constants.

EXAMPLE 1:

DE- Module 1 By: RHCepeda College of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department


EXAMPLE 2:

SOUTION:

EXAMPLE 3:

SOUTION:

DE- Module 1 By: RHCepeda College of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department


TEST YOURSELF II
In each of the following eliminate the arbitrary constants.

DISCUSSION WITH SAMPLE PROBLEM:

THE ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANTS


As it is known, the solution of a differential equation is displayed graphically
as a family of integral curves. It turns out that one can also solve the inverse
problem: construct a differential equation of the family of plane
curves defined by an algebraic equation.
Suppose that a family of plane curves is described by the implicit one-
parameter equation:

F(x,y,C)=0.

We assume that the function F has continuous partial derivatives


in x and y. To write the corresponding differential equation of first order, it’s
necessary to perform the following steps:
1. Differentiate F with respect to x considering y as a function of x:
∂F∂x+∂F∂y⋅y′=0;
2. Solve the system of equations:
{∂F∂x+∂F∂y⋅y′=0F(x,y,C)=0
by eliminating the parameter C from it.
If a family of plane curves is given by the two-parameter equation

F(x,y,C1,C2)=0,

DE- Module 1 By: RHCepeda College of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department


we should differentiate the last formula twice by considering y as a function
of x and then eliminating the parameters C1 and C2 from the system of three
equations.
The similar rule is applied to the case of n-parametric family of plane curves.

BUT this can be understood if an example is presented:


Example 1:

DE- Module 1 By: RHCepeda College of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department


Example 2:

TEST YOURSELF III


1. Write the corresponding differential equation for the family of plane curves
defined by the equation y=cot(x−C).

2. Derive the differential equation for the family of two-parameter plane


curves
y=C1x2+C2x

DE- Module 1 By: RHCepeda College of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department

Common questions

Powered by AI

The order of a differential equation is determined by the highest derivative present, while linearity is determined by whether the equation can be expressed as a linear combination of the derivatives of the unknown function. These classifications are crucial as they help determine the methods for solving the equations and predict their behavior under various conditions .

Differential equations serve to model the behavior of families of curves by mathematically expressing the relationships and constraints defined by parameterized curves. To transform these into differential equations, differentiate the defining equation with respect to the independent variable, then eliminate the parameter by solving the resulting system, effectively translating the geometric relationship into an analytic form .

An ordinary differential equation (ODE) involves derivatives with respect to only one independent variable, while a partial differential equation (PDE) involves partial derivatives with respect to multiple variables. An example of an ODE is d^2y/dx^2 + dy/dx = 3xsin(y), and an example of a PDE is one where y is a function of x and t with partial derivatives present .

To eliminate arbitrary constants, differentiate the given expression with respect to one of the variables, treating other variables as constants, and solve the resulting system of equations to eliminate the constants. This process is necessary to derive a differential equation free from arbitrary constants, reflecting the family of solutions defined by the algebraic equation without ambiguities .

The order of a differential equation is determined by the highest derivative present in the equation, and it must equate to the number of arbitrary constants eliminated from the original relation to ensure consistency. This ensures the differential equation accurately represents the family of solutions or curves described by the original equation .

In differential equations, the independent variable is the variable with respect to which derivatives are taken, representing the input or cause in the system. The dependent variable is functionally related to the independent variable, representing the output or effect, and it's the derivatives of this variable that are solved for in the equation, modeling the system dynamics .

Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz independently invented calculus, which forms the foundation for differential equations. Their work in calculus allowed for the formal development and analysis of differential equations, reshaping how mathematicians approached dynamic systems and rates of change in various scientific fields .

Differential equations are vital for engineering students as they provide tools to model and predict changes and processes in engineering systems, from mechanical vibrations to electrical circuits. Understanding them is crucial for analyzing real-world phenomena and designing systems that interact dynamically with variables in their environment .

First, differentiate the parameterized relation with respect to the independent variable, treating the dependent variable as a function. Then, solve the resulting equations to eliminate parameters, producing a differential equation consistent with the family of curves. This process abstracts the behavior of the system from the constraints imposed by specific parameters .

Linear differential equations can be expressed as linear combinations of derivatives and variables, whereas nonlinear equations involve nonlinear combinations or functions such as exponentials of the dependent variable or its derivatives. This distinction impacts solving methods, as linear equations generally have more systematic and straightforward methods of solution compared to the complex and often bespoke techniques required for nonlinear equations .

You might also like