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Module 3 Notes

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11 views30 pages

Module 3 Notes

Uploaded by

akshays0531
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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le ntate # Bowen i . 4 we : 7 ee SINE menmye 4a eaclinnge: gated amt Seentiny lehen, Many fader CAmiwatia Benge A benndnde ort Ree arch Delph. Hebgdhow carne Conch & phase mnny mo Raye 22 Two clement aay of pownt source. D- All the Consider an arts two point sowtces Cuobwpic oe “at t & Let the sours ane excited with equal amplitude smewnts af the spaang betwen any 2 adjacent ele Cinter elemunt spacing) be ‘A’, The Ahift beLween evusrts acot afterma elements of the auroy (propenive On a phase Bhat) be $- J The utd due to the array 7 ak a jar int P Bw proportional, to asuwt and w the superpesition of pilds duc. to individual elenunts Chaving equal amplitude but different + phases). The phase of sthe Field has a 2 components )) pha dus to phase A excitation avert (5 20 «6 «4 propagation Phate diffrence = am (path ditownce) +8 cosh = sq x v= dcosd melo -¢ cosh wavelengths Phase difwunie Y= = duos + & a Cate | ue |: Tuo isotropic pant sources witn Seperation A=, ted with uwent of same amplitude a phase Te elucluic fetd at a point Pw the supenpostior | EF dis to each soune E-e.4e,e% = Ee [ oh, é4] = 2E, OP cesty. = 2E_ costly, ea uy w aroplitude phase Normatti xing 4 taking the amplitude teu Jel- cos B| S=0-.4 ay PW _ Pdcosd +8 2 Ae Ge | = 27 Spa est nies 2 Eeosp lel= | cos W/ = |eos¢ %, sp) Birection of maxima Tosh -0 F cosh=0 FD b- 0, a70 ete Biveclion of null LEl= Leos (ipcosd)) i] tos¢ = y > cosh =} Ddh-0, 18d NPB Page 2 lel. Eg? | SC, cos4) |. 1 ? Twosd = % cosh = 1 a) be ed, . 870 @te 2+ Two poliopic paint sources with seperation d= 9, Ait smart of tone opie 4 phase "quadrats + Pdeosd +S oF dsb ar © Wcos} +77 E-Eo+ E,e! p= 96,216, Haw lee Jz ‘SM, cost) = Jz My cosh = y espe > $=60, 128 aw Case 5; Two tobropic point sourcer with seperation dea fed with auwumt of same amputud e bur out of phase by 9° sip E=Eo + Eof dp Bey W=Bdeosdas © FT Qcosp +¥, = Mosh rly Fay 24 Ee t,4 Bpal% + Measd) . a ‘ ff Yori ) 6 altat Mato) \par% + cosh) | Na+ Maresh) : JW = 2E_e cos(Hcosh+ ly, ) = 2E, cos(M,cosd +1, ) a W> u ~ por Arphtude Phase. Normati Ring , het e521 ‘The field pattern u aver by lel = }eos (M, cosh +11) Direction of maxima. Theos + 209 Twos © y 9 osd= F b= 120%, 240 SBivection of minima (oul) Teosh+ yy = 7 ted =%, Peosh= Pp= 60" he field fortow a candied - shaped , uunidisuctional pattern Cate4? General case of 2 wolLopc pount sources equal amplitude and any phate. Y=pdosh +5 E-Eo+ Ge? = eet [eit 7 ams wee NS cosy, E- ag Ecos, Novwaliad Field atten o [er en | Thay 26 Antenna Array anc groups of simular antennas aang a w Various configurations with proper amplitude and phase ‘ asied Jadraticr charac ous e cela an rd along & a velatios to giv youd tobe a Umean ania of the array elemunts hiywor aay Ceatled the ax of athe annay ) ike Unifoyro_linwart_ AARAUY. * 4 a bran way in which the amay elerruots ane equi spaced and anc exated with wubere cuuant with constant progienive phase Srutt (phase dnutt bebweo? guar omkenna. elements) Array tackor of a wnijorro linear ana conuder an artiay having MN elemuols and Jet he amtennas be wobropic- Al elerrumts wie exuited with equad The 5p bwseon ary 2 jawol- yw ‘da The uitude awuwots. clements of he {inter elernent spar’ : phase Aye [Link]? uments 90 antey 2 adyaeul antenna ements of the vray Cprogenive phase shift @ 5)- qe jatd due $2 antenna at a jor aay point 4 noportional {o the auwent 4 us superpositiar 4 pans clus TB Individual elements Chave equal arnplitude but duperent phase). The phase of the fuld has 2 compenamts tase due to prose 4 excitation uvuort o & 2) prove dus to propagatco = pdcosg Tetol phase diperwmre betwen yulds dus to adjacent elonunt f= paeosp +8 7 fo sosexval 4 va poor ne < a pe A 1: > Arr Ko we KR tw pita tae &” due te individual amtennas have writ arcplitide let wee at P The total electuc field ab Pw ore ery cite e rt) inp tee ® iN biyee e_, iN! cae 1-é © é > = e [at _2#] ap a = gine [= | =. AO PF siocm ys) sin( Yi? uN aroplitude teums un series odd im phase le peo a ie w by é Dh $0 | ae yoo a = Mp So the maximum value of E & N. The radiation pattern u gewially rormali xed with respect to the maximum value M Page 26 lel = 1 sin(ny,y we (W/o) ‘The & called the amay factor (AF) of N-elomart Fneay ony Ag, = 1 SIN(NY) si>(Us) Te factor uw a fumttion of geometry of the amtay and the exutation phoue- BY vartyung the separation ol andlor the [hee 8" between the elements , the Separation charocousti of the antoy factor and of the total yield of te amay con be controll: Fae, aodey has ut oum fackor. “ Tha factor, in general , uw a sumtin Of the number of elurunts, dw Rometical assamgumuct, thet relative roagnitudes, Hun yelative phaser + their spacings . A ypacat vaduation Patteun o given below : - (nF le gjaelebe i 4 1 —|_ T o y 4 Radiation patlow as cartesian plat wi wl wt The malt ef Aochahen pattern can be chtained by tquatiry Bivection of matimum radiatin Pirection 4 wnsvimum rndiotiay (alo called the dita A man been) i one 4 the onperiant feature of the aay Brectien a maximnur radiation u chtarud when j-0. 9 the dy he dunechen o| maximum vaduation ad dencted Co oe > ' cocd < a as * 8 pe fe (GH) = iff) Jee coil (54) | Two tings cam be noted trem the equation © %e Avection of the maximum vadiatien u indepen unk 9 the number of elements in the ® We diction of the main beam canbe changed from Oton by thangug dhe progteive phase shut § fon ~pd te + pd — When Se -pd dy y= (08 (1) > Genet o¢ 180. The moesimesy meuation Awuction uw aleng the axis of the onay. Suh an May O ealed end tow adtay fry lineart way ard 4 FS e- -'. -e— > =180 : . tied woia baw a6 — Suppone &=0, thn o= = cos'(0) =m (@- The mau beam dwiection & perpendicular to the ariay Axis. Sich an aay 4 called broadside onay 4 diver of masinuen ‘ged ee faye 9 Pivection ef Null The nulu of Aochation pattern can be obtained by equat "9 ¢ the away factor tv xoxo SOLID) . 0 3 NY 2+ mon m=1,2/3- pe +2001 mehr N de et PAsasd yt 5% bast cosh = +20 =t2nT _g Nad A > P cos stm. _s Sw fay (204 5) mets (wel End Fite antay C8~-pd) = = Ct i aiey) Pe Os. A) e = co5( 1 ~~) (7 cose & never gecdlet aw 1 Na Case 2: Broaduide aotray (8-0) mel,2- CC dy) = 2.08 = pari ten Soa a ( Na > where m=h2 Bivection of sidelobes Local maxinnw 1? the yadialico paltero is coiled sidslobe om 2 adyacet nulla except sure ws one sidelobe betw the main bear: Wherever the numer aror Of the au factor Us maximum, there @ sidelobe 09 the radsalion pattew in (NU) = sin (NL) e+!) NY e +(2m4NE z z ye + (2m+DT N a pcos ¢, 4S-+ (20tDT ’ en oe 4 (2mtom — & g, = «08 (4 CBT fi) whote 21,2 cose 1! Broadside ara. (8-0) b= cos HERIOT fan whate m=? (ose 2 + End pre orvay d= on (2 +) > = ces — (amt) SL s(t — SSN 0- SR) | whute m= 1,2 Fage a ¥ Aroplitudes of mth sidelobe We enow, Oa = 4 80nd) “any Fer sidelobes ve Sin(M) =| 2 pest (2m+DT N S$ amplitude of wh? sidelobe ¥ Stn = [-aoaansn) N Amplitude of maim beam = 4 Fora dange ortay N77! and the side lobe amplitude & appro mately wt 1 —— “A Tory, Gm Tu xdelobe amplitudes are ondupenident of amay sxe ¢ the dixection of maw beam Face of pats walPhtal The total std pattew of an oo ee af pmisolrepic bal similax point sources U the prcduuct i es Dpartern of individual souxc Ses faving 4) pasion % ” 4 a nase ai the same Jovalion, relalive amplitudes fi mon vo\nopic poi int SOUTCes Te total field Eu E+ feep FOP ZCipted FA UN ae fied pattem Th fa when Hee of individual unre ie trad) » held fred)» pram pattern 4 indipidual source Fr.) = Feld. pattern of a7eay volepre sunray Ip 8G) = proae pattern ariny 4 ’ ¢ Qn Resume 2 dential pant sowed seperated by a datance ‘a’ enth sunce baer try fold pattern ganky E+E, and ax mught te hy 2 stent depos "8 shown below : Let d= ¥, ond pha es total field pattern. AFae a ein r-4 =7(%) t rt - paws § Pairk g-0,4&% 9 pret Qosh +0 Ue Tosh Ne2 (AD = sin (28008) si0( cos) = ¢ re sing Hes) (0s H0sh? sinc, wsy) (Ay = C0501, 1086) Field pattoun of individual source 00,4) =ang Field pattewn of nay of isotropic sounte FO) = €05(hces » [lek sib cesttesb)| faye 25 _ \ fel- sin 05,0) le|- an (AP y= cos c05 ) el- sinp d 8» Consider 2 identical pant sources sepunalid by a dutorxe d, each soune having a field pattern giver by E= Epcos 8 mught be obbaund dy two shevt dipoles amanged a4 wo que below y A d- 4% and 8-0 Find the total field pattew > shoxt Aupoles AF) y= cos( Hosp) IE], = cos Total Held lel= cos coscty, cosh> $8 cosd cosc mg cos) E=E9tosh cosy, 054) sp COSC He NBN [2a Tout 30 Broadside anay Broadside antay Ya uniorm lineat antay in u hich the duvectio a maximum variation perpendacustan to the axis of av The progtemiive phase shitt <0 te the elements ane fed un phase Yepd cosh ' Bivection ef maximuno vadiation v obtounad wher Jeo Poa? (08'(0) = E or 3H Direction oh null for a broadiide axay = cos (tM ma\2- Pout 5 (+m) 2 Heow for broadiide omy He HPBW = 2, Birectwvity oh broadide way Des = 28" A End tine ano isan cota om oz Endfine omay ¥ % umujerr yi the ie of roagierauey rosiotion long “We ot tu ama. Te proguaive prose sagt S=—Pd be paces + & = pacost - PA when 9-0 Birecti on of, waximd yadsotiod Oo obtaxred Fanon = (GD) Dee ) eeol(ad= 6 ed cath Birection 4 oul & given by A Brau (1 a) HPBW of end dire cumtayy raw - J 24 aN Brrectuity of end fore array Powe 30 Di, = BAN 5 & Setemine and glot the field pattern of a broadside axay with A elements. spaced My apastt « Ne4 S-0 ay Bretton ef maximum radiation Brac = 90% broadside amtay > Pviection of Null Sra = coe (mA )=coi(z09) = cailtm,) Nd 4h, whore m= 12 m= 128 (EB) > dy = 60 ™=29 co5'(4+1) > dyyy2=8 ™=37 coi(ty%) > teyalid Birection of sidelobes by = ae s fi) mel)2 $0 7 by = ee ) = cos!( 4 (2m 01) SrA 4 4 + 19 cog ay (084%) = 44° 138-5°, IB 5° m=29 (08(25)) 9 invalid w +. wes s bee? aay.g® & Belermine and ariay ith 4 ledant, the 4ield Pater af an end fore sparid 9, MY apant Ne4 = -pd dee Birectioo of maximum vadsation bana = 0 185 (send fore way) « Bretton of Nu ie cos’ (1 —24) = (0S s\(1—md ) 44, = call(i-m) jmebe m=1 5 cos! (1-y%) @ oan 2 © m2 > C0811) dyyyae 1° m3 3 008 (1-34) 7 tows? 120" Sivection of sidelobes db. 20s (tLamer 4) eb?) pan ma A = ws" (2 (201K +) = co8 (1-H) met 2- ask ¢ at" in a M=1D dy, = cos'( 1-4) = 08 (m) = 18° foxy 2 37 dis: cos! (1 %)= 00 ( %) =106" mehd eg «eo =%) xv) op ved ° ° 4a ° “ ? yw \ - )—+r8 PAE Tehebyshey Array (Dead Poy 22- Rolph proposed Cun 1946) a method for deriqning am with amy desiod side -lobe level Jor a givers ii mie methed “Ww bated on the approximation a the pattern of the. enay ty a Tehebyshev pely nomial of ordex m, ugh enough to meet “tine sequremant ‘of the sidelobe levels» A DCA uit no sdelobe Cride lobe level of —o dB) Areditces to the. binomual doin » Tchebyshev Polynanual acegie _Polynomaal . dea mo defured by The Tchebyther polynorual dm 4 OUi T(x) = SCN oshCm cash (a) ” cos! (rocos'¢xD ERS) eA, cosh(meosh'(2) ) x7) . \p! A Tchebysbev poly nomual Tm 020 of, ony ardor ml cam he derived via a vecussion formula , ie Gorltd ond Wal 2 pee (2) —7@ Grpt 9) = 82422 — fut mzo vo equation D F(a) =! Puk m=) vo equation oO FlO= 2 “ir 22 F(4) = C2). = 20%) Gyiad = 497-3 -ga7t) 40a = Gatees ete ae F(A) = 16 BG A EA LAE # Jalci, then Tehebyshev palynermuiall ano d velated to cosne furxtiont through %= cos so that Tota) = cos( mY ) a cos(™P) +0) =/eo i sin( >” (cosh) +48 (Yo y ces (2) = Re (tos(Yy) +{sin m=0> Jota = cos(OP) =| ml Ud= cos(mb) = cos( Wa) m=2 > Gtx) = Cos (mip) = 2co8(Y) -1 m232 I3(a) = ewstaby) = Aco(Yp) ~308( VD Linear antay with px-urifenn dulibulle- : number ad elurrets, of the linet assay has even theo the total Field | | Bao zi Ae cos( HY) : Wurwnts, OF the linea assay has odd ruurober oh ¢ thon the teta Putd &,=2 Zo cos (249) Holpb ‘Tcheby schelh Array Bexigr> Te maim gal W to approximate he deste olay factor with a Thvbyhab polynerual such that ') the sidelobe level meets the Aaquuiemwot ithe maim beamurdth u as smal os potible oo f Stepl agp BA | Ap astay of N elements has an aun fartor approximated with a ‘Thetysche polynomal | aden m:N-t Gp = A¥n dep e ter HD ket the ade lobe level be R, theo solve Il Xo= R step > ince R71, X07, We know %=cos(l),) Sine -1 Scosy oa S. ——>) 2 at cach op & Tr new wull oie have ~~ no sidslobes. Cnkiouing the prom Jor or, N-alemnark aay (AF = (1424 oF asa, tho above AF doenot have sidelobes Aagord ess of tre number of elerrents N- The exitolen amplitude canbe obtained onsily by binomial expansion. Making wie oh Reaals Moog a write down tn exutotlas amp! efeoont An ostay vith a binomial dbibaticn f exutation orophtidat vallsA a binorual astay Advounkage. Ane patter hor no wunor leben Suodv ortage | vovreated beamwidth : 2 lasge vale a covert amplitudes required Lange omays « Grating lobes Tage ayy fackoy CAT) AN clement linea axtay u pver by ) Are d sir (ND) whore p= paeosd +6 a. —_ A> seperation bw elerents & 7 phouc bw elemect 5 Ms ot dga & on propety chosen, erly one main bear exit 19 the * wuible spacey (= 1069595) « Lange spacing (7%) ual pedua additional mam beam which are called guating chor ca) Phased arrays Phased atnays ane i pattern: Thored aracyt hor tnt gellowsing aclvantages ves individual elements foukd aroun iD improved spatial yesolutiod + view more de when localizing ond imaging @ banget - 2. Electronic steeung: The anten 3: gokertferente suppressed + na. bean coun be shed + A phased conists of an array of amkennt elemerts powwrud by a Lraunsitler (Aq). Tne feed ertuant for each Id by elemunt parser Fhiough a phase shiftar (4) vertre tompular (Cc) By changung the phase shifts, the compute cour uukontly Page 34 =—— change angle © of the beam Them axe 4 mast common phase asvcrys, whidd ares a retive O-electvonicalty scammed ostay (Pe SA> ad d active electronically siarnad artay CAESA> © : © tybtid beam forming phared artay ® dagutal bear forming (DBF) askay —A ganive phased assay or passive electrorucally scanned PU Cresad & a phated axtay vo which the anterm tlements axe connected to a Aungle tdramumitter | recive An adive phated asway oy active electronical scanrud —_— CAESA) 4% @ phaser wo which each antenm element has an amalog Wansmitter/ Aecoiver (1/R) module, which owates the phose shitting sagiivted to electronical steer te antenna beam: @Uplike PESAs thy can vacate several beams of radio waves at mulbiple Frequente in dipotort directions simultaneously - Eah beam former has & receivet [excite connected tock — A hybsid tzory lounigthasel ancy canbe theughk of as @ combination of am AESA a digital bean tor . te utes sub that axe. ia herent Jor vmitance, a subartay may be 64, 128 or 266 elerwots 4 the number of elements depends upon system vequixemunts) “Tha subaxctays are combined do form the fall one Each subauny hos it own digital veceiverlexciter » Mo approach. allows cluster of simultaneous beams to be wteated + —A digital bear forming (ven) phoued oarayy hos a digital veuiver| excite ak each aenent (9 the attay The signal at each element ix digitixed by the recive) Bowumilta. Ihe meer thot antenm bean can be ee Fag 91 format degtally to a eld promammabie gate asiny CFA) or the ama computer: Tho proach allouk yor malt ple. Smultaneour antenna beams 40 be formed .

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