chapter

o
Structural Theory Introduction

Structural Analysis is the prediction of the performance of a given structure under

prescribed loads and/or other external effects, such as support movements and
temperature changes
o A structure refers to a system of connected parts used to support a load.

Structural Analysis Planning phase

Classification of Structures

o Tension Structures
o Compression Structures
o Trusses
o Bending Structures
o Shear Structures

Loads on Structures

o Dead Loads
o Live Loads
o Impact
o Wind Loads
o Snow Loads
o Earthquake Loads
o Hydrostatic & Soil Loads
o Thermal & Other Effects
o Dead Loads consists of the weights of the various structural members and the
weights of any objects that are permanently attached to the structure.

o Live Loads are loads of varying magnitudes and/or positions caused by the use of
the structure.

(
L=LO 0.25+
15
√K¿ AT ) English

( )
Metric
4.57
L=LO 0.25+
√K¿ AT
Where in:
L = reduced design live load per square foot or square meter of area supported by
the member.
LO = Unreduced design live load per square foot or square meter of area supported
by the member.
K¿ = Live load element factor, for interior column (4)
AT = Tributary area

o Impact the dynamic effect of the load that causes this increase in stress in the
structure
 15
I= ≤ 0.3
L+ 38.1

o Wind Loads are produced by the flow of wind around the structure. The magnitudes
of wind load that may act on a structure depend on the geographical location of the
structure, obstructions in its surrounding terrain, such as nearby buildings, and the
geometry and the vibrational characteristics of the structure itself.

p=qGC p−qh (G C pi )
Where in:
ph = d e s i g n w i n d p r e s s u r e a t h e i g h t h
h = mean roof height above ground
qh = v e l o c i t y p r e s s u r e a t h e i g h t h
G = gust effect factor
Cp = external pressure coefficient
G C pi = i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e c o e f f i c i e n t
o for a rigid structure, whose fundamental frequency is greater than or equal to 1
Hz., G=0.85

P z=q z G C p
 For windward
wal
Ph=qh GC p For leeward wall,
sidewalls, and roof
Where in:
ph = d e s i g n w i n d p r e s s u r e a t h e i g h t h
h = mean roof height above ground.
qh = v e l o c i t y p r e s s u r e a t h e i g h t h
G = gust effect factor
Cp = external pressure coefficient
o for a rigid structure, whose fundamental frequency is greater than or equal to 1
Hz., G=0.85

q z =0.00256 K z K ZT K d V
2 lb/ft2

2
N/m2
q z =0.613 K z K zt K d V
Where in:
N
qZ = is the velocity pressure at height z in 2
m
m
V = is the basic wind speed in
s
I = is the importance factor
KZ = i s t h e v e l o c i t y p r e s s u r e e x p o s u r e c o e f f i c i e n t .
K zt = i s t h e t o p o g r a p h i c f a c t o r ( f o r f l a t s u r f a c e K zt = 1 )
Kd = i s t h e w i n d d i r e c t i o n a l i t y f a c t o r ( f o r w i n d l o a d o n l y u s e Kd = 1 )

Zg = gradient height in meters.

∝ = power law coefficient

o Earthquake Loads An earthquake is a sudden undulation of a portion of the earth’s
surface.
 It is the horizontal component of ground motion that causes structural damage
and that must be considered in designs of structures located in earthquake-prone
areas

o Hydrostatic and Soil Pressure structures used to retain water, such as dams and
tanks, as well as coastal structures partially or fully submerged in water must be
designed to resist hydrostatic pressure

Sample Problems

Problem No. 1

The floor system of a building consists of a 15-cm-thick reinforced concrete

slab resting on four steel floor beams, which in turn are supported by two steel
girders, as shown in Fig. 2.1(a). The cross-sectional areas of the floor beams and the
girders are 94.8 cm2 and 337.4 cm2, respectively. Determine the dead loads acting on
the beams CG and DH and the girder AD.
Problem No. 2

A two-story office building shown in the photo has interior columns that are
spaced 22 ft apart in two perpendicular directions. If the (flat) roof loading, determine
the reduced live load supported by a typical interior column located at ground level
Problem No. 3

Determine the external wind pressure on the roof of the rigid gabled frame of a
nonessential industrial building shown in Fig. 2.6(a). The structure is located in a
suburb of Boston, Massachusetts, where the terrain is representative of exposure B.
The wind direction is normal to the ridge of the frame as shown.
Problem No. 4

The enclosed building shown in the photo and in Fig. 1–13a is used for storage
purposes and is located outside of Chicago, Illinois on open flat terrain. When the
wind is directed as shown, determine the design wind pressure acting on the roof and
sides of the building using the ASCE 7-10 Specifications. V=105mi/hr
chapter
Types of Support
Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

Tributary Loadings

o One-Way System – A slab or deck that is supported such that it delivers its load
to the supporting members by one-way action.

o Two-Way System - the load is assumed to be delivered to the supporting beams

and girders in two directions
Sample Problem

Problem No. 1

The concrete girders shown in the photo of the passenger car parking garage
span 30 ft and are 15 ft on center. If the floor slab is 5 in. thick and made of
reinforced stone concrete, and the specified live load is 50 lb/ft2, determine the
distributed load the floor system transmits to each interior girder

Beams and Frames

o Equations and Equilibrium

o Determinacy and Stability
 o Partial Constraint
o Concurrent Reactions
o Parallel Reactions

Problem No. 2

Classify each of the structures shown in the figures as externally unstable,

statically determinate, or statically indeterminate. If the structure is statically
indeterminate externally, then determine the degree of external indeterminacy.
Problem No. 3

Determine the horizontal and vertical reactions at the connections A and C of

the gable frame. Assume that A, B, and C are pin connections. The purlin loads such as
D and E are applied perpendicular to the center line of each girder.
Truss

o Roof Truss

o Bridge Truss

Determinacy and Stability

Problem No. 4
Problem No. 5

Indicate all the members of the truss shown in Fig. 3–24a that have zero force.

Problem No. 6

Determine the force in members BG, HG, and BC of the truss and state if the
members are in tension or compression.
Complex Truss

o Method of Superposition

Si=S ' i+ x s i

Si = F o r c e in member i

S 'i= F o r c e in member i in reducted stable simple truss with external load

x= F a c t o r
si = Force in member i in reducted stable simple truss with unit load w/o external load

Problem No. 7

Determine the force in each member of the complex truss shown in Fig. 3–33a.
Assume joints B, F, and D are on the same horizontal line. State whether the members
are in tension or compression.
Space Truss

o Determinacy and Stability

o Types of Support

Problem No. 8

Determine the force in each member of the space truss shown in Figure. The
truss is supported by a ball-and-socket joint at A, a slotted roller joint at B, and a
cable at C.
Internal Loadings

o Shear
o Axial
o Moment

Problem No. 9

Determine the shear and moment in the beam shown in Figure as a function of x.
Problem No. 10

Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.