XI/XII -

INORGANIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

SALT ANALYSIS

A] PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

State (a) Crystalline Radicals like K", NH", Cl,

(Sandy powder) Br,I, NO, SO" may be present

(b) Amorphous Radicals like CO, S,

(Soft powder) PO may be present.

Color (a) White Generally compounds of Al, Zn,Ca, sr, Ba,

Mg", K', NH*" may be present.

(b) Black or Brown Sulphideslike Sb253, FeS etc may be present.

(c) Green Cr,Felous), Ni, CuCl, FeSO, may be present.

(d) Blue Cu,Cu ( PO )amay be present

(e) Yellow CrO may be present

(f) Orange Cr,O,Sb,S, maybe present

(e) Light Pink MnCl, orMnS0. be present

(h) Reddish Brown Fe(CO), Cds, FePO, FeCl; may be present

Odour (Smell) (a) Ammonical Salts of NH may be present

(b) Smell of Rotten Eggs Sulphides may be present

(like HS)

Solubility in (a) Soluble K', NH:, CI, Br, I, NO3, SO.', may be present
Water
(b) Insoluble CO3,S, PO.", may be present

Action on (a) Acidic Salts of strong acid and weak base may be formed
litmus paper
(only for (b) Basic Salts of weak acid and strong base may be formed.
water soluble
compounds) (c) Nuetral Salts of strong acid and strong base may be formed
 RADICAL
CATION OR
B) DRY TEST FOR POSITIVE

1) Heating substance in a dry test tube

salts containing
Salts of K', some
(a) Substance melts be
water of Crystallization may

present

(b)Substance produces cracking sound

Nitrates like Pb{NOs)2 crystalline
salts like KBr, Kl may be present

(c)Water condensing on t.2 cooler part of the test tube Crystalline salts may be present

(d) Sublimation takes place on the cooler part of the test tube NH4, Sb°" may be present
(PERFORM MIRROR TEST)

(e) CHANGE OF COLOUR

Blackening at high temperature Cu, Mn, NI, Co may be
present
Yellow when hot and wihte when cold Salt of Zn" may be present

Yellow Pb may be present

Brown Fe and salt of Cd" may be present

Green Cr,Cr:0, and Cro. may be

present

No change i.e. remains white Al Ca, Ba. sr, Mg maybe

present

(f) EVOLUTION OF GAS

Reddish brown gas turns starch paper yellow Br may be present

Reddish brown gas has no effect on starch paper NO may be present

Greenish yellowgas, having pungent odour, bleaches Cl may be present

litmus paper (blue to white)

Ammonia gas recognised by smell, alkaline to litmus, NHA may be present

white fumes with a drop of conc. HCl and turns

turmeric paper brown

Violet gas turns starch paper blue may be present

 SO gas (acidic pungent gas turns dichromate paper S may be present
green)

White fumes of SO, acidic to litmus having pungent SO, may be present
smell

Substance is yellow orange and gives pink sparks

or CrO,Cr,0, may be present
on heating and becomes dark green on cooling

2) FLAME TEST
Prepare a paste of the substance in conc. HCl or conc. Solution of substance in conc. HCI
and perform flame test.
a) Brick red Ca may be present

b) Crimson Sr may be present

Ba may be present
cLightgreen
d) Violet (pink) K may be present

e) Green Cu may be present

f) Bluish white Pb, Sb, Bi may be present

flame.
flame is not present still mention this rest in written. Show the observation
as no
NOTE: f

3] TEST FOR NH
Evolution of NH3 gas recognized NHa may be present
Substance +NaOH

bysmell; alkaline to litmus

gives white fumes with drops of
concentrated HCI

C] DRY TEST FOR NEGATIVE RADICAL (ANION)

TESTFOR CO,s*:
Effervescence of CO CO may be present
Substance + dilute HCI
gas turning lime water

milky.
Evolution of bad smell
S may be present
Substance + dilute HCI (heat) gas turning lead acetate
 paper black
TEST FOR CI, Br, Greenish yellow gas Cl may be present
Substance + conc. H,SO + with pungent nell and
MnO bleaches litmus paper.
Reddish brown gas Br may be present
turning starch paper to
yellow
Violet gas turning starch Imay be present
paper to blue.
TEST FOR NO:
(perform when halides are Reddish brown gas (no NO may be present
absent) effect on starch paper)
Substance +conc. H,SO. + Cu
foil (heat)
TEST FOR PO.
Dissolve substance in few drops Canary yellow ppts. PO may be present
of conc. HNO3 , add excess

(NH)MoO. (ammonium
molybdate) solution (heat)
TEST FOR Cro, & Cr,O,:
If the given substance is yellow, Solution turns orange CrO may be present
add dilute HCI to its aqueous
solution
If the given substance is Cr0, may be present
orange, add dilute NaOH
Solution turns yellow
solution to its aqueous solution
TEST FOR sO:
Crystalline substance + H,0 soluble SO may be present

NOTE: Sulphates of lead, Cadmium, Barium, and Strontium are sparingly soluble in water.

D] cONCLUSON FROM DRY TEST

Probable Cation:

Probable Anion:
 [E] WET TEST FOR POSITIVE RADICAL
(CATION)
This classification is based on the solubility of different salts in water. The least soluble Metal salt is
first precipitated out and the highly soluble Metal salts are precipitated out at the end.
1. 0.S+ dilute HCI White precipitate Group 1 present
2. 0.S+dilute HCl+ Colored ppts. Or white turbidity Group 2 present
HS(excess)
Black or brown ppt. Cu'"HgBi",Sn"Pb" may be
present

Orange ppt. Sb may be present

Yellow ppt. AsSic),Cd" may be present
NOTE: If PO is present and substance is insoluble in H,0 and 1" and 2 groups are absent then
follow the insoluble phosphate scheme.

3.0.S+[Link] (excess or in White or colored ppt Group 3 A present

solid form) +NH,OH (till the .Whitegelatinous ppt. AlP may be present
solution becomes alkaline) Reddish brown ppt. Fe may be present
Fe" may be present
Green ppt.
4.0.S+NHCl+NHOH+H2S White, Buff or Black ppt. Group 3 B present
[Link],Zn"[Link]" present

White ppts. ,insoluble in Zn may be present

CH COOH
Buff ppt. soluble in Mn may be present

CH,COOH
Black ppts.
If O.S is red in color Co may be present
If O.S is green in color Ni may be present

White ppts. Soluble in HCl with Group 4 present

5. 0.S + [Link] +NHOH
effervescence [Link],Ba",Sr" present
+(NH)CO3
White ppts. Group 5 present
6. 0.S+[Link] +[Link]
[Link] present
+NaHPO
If all above groups (i.e. from 1-5) are absent then K', NH4" may be present.

F] SEPARATION OF GROUP RADICALS, GENERAL SCHEME

Gr.I present i.e. Ag', Hg', Pb"

0.S+ [Link] White ppt.
may be present.

Pb may be present.
Above white ppt. + NH,OH Ppt. unaffected.
C.T FOR Pb

soluble in hot Pb' is confirmed.

Yellow ppt. (PbCrO,)
1)0.S+kCrO.
NaOH. P b is confirmed.
Tallow ppt. (Pbl») soluble in hot
2) 0.S+KI
 in to golden
water, recrystallises

yellow needle on cooling. Pb is confirmed.

soluble in
3) 0.S + NaOH White ppt. of Pb{OH),
excess NaOH.
GROUP-II

Cu is present.
0.S+ NaOH a) Bluish ppt. turns black on

heating Bi is present.
b) White ppt. insoluble in excess

NaOH

Identification of Cd2-sb(Yellow ppt. divided into two parts)

1) Yellow ppt. + Conc. HCl Ppt. soluble. Cd is present.

2) Yellow ppt. +(NH)S [Link]. Cd is present.
Sb is present.
(ammonium poly sulphide) Orange ppt.
C.T FOR Cu

1) 0.S+ NaOH Blue ppt. turns black on heating. cu is confirmed.

2)0.5 NH,OH Bluish ppt. soluble in excess Cu is confirmed.
NHOHgiving deep blue solution.
3) 0.S+ KI Dirty green ppt. (Cual2) appering bro Cus" is confirmed.
due to liberation of.
Reddish brown ppt. Ka[Fe(CN)6 Cu is confirmed.
4)0.5+K[Fe(CN).] C.T FOR Bi*

1) 0.S +KI Brown ppt. of (Bil3) becomes Bi is confirmed.

orange sol" of KBil in excess of Kl.
C.T FOR Cd

1) 0.S+ Na,COg White ppt. of CdCO3. Cd is confirmed.

2)0.S+ NaOH White ppt. insoluble in excess NaOH Cd is confirmed.

3) 0.S+HS Yellow ppt. insoluble in yellow Cd is confirmed.

ammonium poly sulphide.
C.T FOR Sb

1) 0.S+AgNO3 + NaOH excess Black ppt. insoluble in ammonia. Sb is confirmed.

White ppt. of Sb,O3 Soluble in exces Sb" is confirmed.
2)0.S+NaOH
NaOH.
GROUP-IIA

0.S+NHCl (excess) +NHOH a)Gelatinous white ppt. (0.S Al is present.

till alkaline Colourless).

b)Dirty green ppt. turns brown on Fe (ous) is present.

Surface due to exposure in air.

c)Reddish brown ppt. (0.S yellow Fe (ic) is present.

Colour)
d)Bluish green ppt. (0.S green/bluisl Cr" is present.
Green)
 Distinguish Fe from Cr
O.S+conc. HNO, + NHOH
drops) boil
(fe Reddish brown ppt. Fe is present.
Bluish green ppt. Cr is present.
C.T for A*
1)0.S+NaOH White gelatinous ppt. soluble in A is confirmed.
excess and reprecipitated by [Link]
2)O.S+NHOH
3) 0.S+K.[Fe(CN)]
White
ppt. of Al(OH) Al is confirmed.
No ppt. Al is confirmed
C.T for Fe
1) 0.S K3[Fe(CN).] Dark blue ppt. Fe is confirmed.
2)O.S+Ka[Fe(CN)%] Bluishwhite ppt. of FeK,[Fe(CN)%] Fe"is confirmed.
3) 0.S+NaOH Dirty green ppt. of Fe(OH), turning Fe is confirmed.
reddish brown on exposure in air.
4) 0.S+dil. H,SO + KMnO (fe Colour of KMnO, discharged. Fe is confirmed.
drops)
C.T for Fe*
1) 0.S+K3[Fe(CN)6 Brown colour solution. Fe is confirmed.
2)O.S+Ka[Fe{CN)] Deep blue ppt. of Fea[Fe(CN)6]3 Fe is confirmed.
3) O.S+KCNS Blood red colour. Fes is confirmed.
4)0.S+NazHPO4 Yellowish white ppt. of FePO4 Fe is confirmed.
5) 0.S+ NaOH or NHOH Reddish brown ppt. of Fe is confirmed.
Fe(OH)3.
C.T FOR Cr*

1) 0.S+NaOH Bluish green ppt. of Cr(OH); Soluble Cr" is confirmed.

excess NaOH.
2) 0.S+Na,HPO No ppt. Cr is confirmed.
3)0.S+[Link] Bluish green ppt. of Cr(OH)3
Cr is confirmed.
GROUP-I B

O.S.+[Link]+[Link]+H,5 1) White ppts. Insoluble in Zn is present

Colour of 0.S. acetic acid
Colour of O.s. 2) Pink or white or buff ppts. Mn" is present
3) Soluble in acetic acid
4) Black ppts. Ni", Cos present
Red colour Co" s present
Green colour Ni" s present
[Link] Zn
1)0.S. +Ka[Fe(CN).] White ppts. of Zn,[Fe(CN)] Zn is confirmed
insoluble in [Link]
2)0.S. +NHOH or NaOH White ppts. of Zn(OH), soluble in Zn is confirmed
excess

3)0.S. +K3[Fe(CN)] Orange ppts. soluble in [Link] | Zn" is confirmed

 NO
PplS. OT U.s. IS acidic Mn is confirmed
2)0.S. +KCN Pink white ppts. Mn is confirmed
3)0.S. +PbO2 +[Link], boil Pink colour of KMnO
Mn is confirmed
and dilute with water and
allow it to settle

[Link] Co2
1)0.S. +NaNO +Kl +CH,COOH Yellow ppts. Co is confirmed
2)0.5. +Na,HPO Violet ppts.
3)0.S. +NaOH
Cois confirmed
Blue ppts. insoluble in excess Co is confirmed
[Link] N
1)0.S. +Br2 water +NaOH in Black ppts. Ni is confirmed
excess

2)0.S. +Dimethylglyoxime Brick red ppts. Ni is confirmed

(CH,O,N)+NH,OH
30.S. +NaoH or HN,OH Light green ppts. soluble in excess Ni is confirmed
GROUP-IVv

0.S. +NHCI +NH2OH White ppts. soluble with ca, Ba Sris present
+(NH),CO effervescence
SEPERATION OF Ca, Ba and Sr
O.S. +CaSOa White ppts. immediately Ba is present
White ppts. in warning Sris present
No ppts. Ca is present
[Link] Ca
1)0.S. +(NH),CO3 White ppts. soluble in acid with Ca is confirmed
effervescence of COp
2)0.S. +(NH);CO White ppts. soluble in acid Ca is confirmed
C.T. For Sr

1)0.S. +K,CrOa Yellow ppts. soluble in acetic acid Sris conirmed

2)0.S. +(NH),C;0. White ppts. soluble in dil. acetic Sris confirmed
acid
C.T. For Ba":

White ppts. soluble in dil. Acetic Ba is confirmed

1)0S. (NH:))C;0:
acid
Ba is confirmed
2)0.S. +dil. K,CrO. Yellow ppts. turns orange by
addition of acid
 GROUP-V
O.S. +[Link] +[Link]
+Na,POa White ppts Mg is confirmed
C.T. For Mg"
1) HYPO-IODINE TEST: Reddish brown ppts. Mg is confirmed
To NaOH add equal amount
of Kl andfew dropsof
solution till yellow colour is
obtained. Few drops of above
solution +0.S.
2)0.S. +NaOH White ppts. soluble in NH,CL and Mg'is confirmed
HCL
3)0.S. +NHOH White ppts. soluble in NHCL and
Mg" is confirmed
HCL
SEPERATION OF NH' and K"

O.S. +NaOH(heat) NH3 gas is evolved turns litmus NH is present

paper blue
O.S. +Sodium cobalt No evolution of gas K' may be present
nitrate(freshly prepared) Yellow ppts. K is present
Note:Phosphates and carbonates of K" or NH are solublein water and all other phosphates nd
carbonates are insoluble in water.

[Link]
1) 0.S. +Nessler's reagent Brown ppts. NHA is confirmed
(HgCl 2KI till ppt. Dissolves
NaOH in equal amount)
2) 0.S.+Sodium cobalt Yellow ppts. NH is confirmed
nitrite)(freshly prepared)

TOPREPARE SODIUM COBALT NITRATE: Take solid NaNO2 1-2grams. Add to it a few drops of
CO(NO) solution and then add acetic acid till reddish brown colour is obtained. Test with KI
solution gives yellow ppts.

[Link] K

1)0.S. + sodium cobalt nitrate Yellow ppts. K is confirmed

2)0.S. + piric acid Yellow ppts. K is confirmed
3)0.S.+tartaric acid Yellow ppts. K' is confirmed
 [H] WET TEST FOR NEGATIVE RADICLE(ANION)
water and detect tne
When the substance is soluble in water,prepare the original solution in distilled
negative radical.

O.S. + AgNO (a)White or yellowish white CI, Br,

ppts Insoluble in dil. present.
HNO3
White ppts dissolved C is present
SEPARATION OF CI,Br Yellowish ppts soluble in Br is present
Ppts obtained+ excess of NHOH
[Link] Yellowish ppts Insoluble in i s present
excess of NH,OH
(b)Yellowish ppts soluble in POA is present
SEPARATION OF P0., co3, dil. HNO3.
S2 (c)Whitish grey ppts soluble in CO3 is present
dil. HNO3.
(d)Black or brown ppts S2 is present
soluble in dil. HNO3.
(eScarlet red ppts CrO4 or Cr207° is present
SEPARATION OF CrO & soluble in dil. HNO3.
Cr,0, 0.S. is yellow colour turns CrO is present
orange on adding acid
0.S. is orange colour turns Cr07 is present
yellow on adding NaOH
(f)No ppts SO or NO3 is present

SEPARATION OF SO"& NO3 White ppts insoluble in SO is present

O.S. +BaCl acid.
No ppts NO3 is present
Note:
(a) Use Ba(NOs) instead of BaCl, if 1 group is present.
(b) Wet-test for negative radical cannot be performed when the
 Confirmatory tests for Negative Radicals
C.T. For Cl
1) O.S. +Lead acetate White ppts soluble on C is confirmed.
(PbAC;) heating and reprecipitated
on cooling
2) O.S. + MnO, + Greenish yellow gas having Ci is confirmed.
conc. HSO,(Heat) irritating smell bleaches the
litmus paper.
3) 0.S.+ CHCl3 +Cl Colourless layer. CI is confirmed.
water(shake well)

[Link] Br
1) 0.S. +Lead acetate White ppts soluble on Br is confirmed.

(PbAC2) heating.
2) 0.S. + MnO2 + conc. Reddish brown gas turns Br is confirmed.

H,SO(Heat) starch paper yellow.

3) O.S. + CHCl3 +Cl Yellow globules at the Br is confirmed.

water(shake well) bottom of the test tube.

C.T. For
1) O.S. + Lead acetate Yellow ppts soluble on is confirmed.
(PbAc) heating and recrystallised into
golden yellow needles on

cooling T is confirmed.
O.S. MnO2 Conc. Violet gas turns
2) + t

HSO(Heat) starch paper blue.

3) O.S.+ CHCl +Cla2 Violet globules at the is confirmed.
water(shake well) bottom of the test tube.
4) 0.S. +HgCl2 Deep red ppts soluble in is confirmed.
excessHgCl
C.T.ForP0
1) 0.S. + conc. HNO,+ Canary yellow ppts POisconfirmed.
(NH)2Mo04 in excess
(ammonium
molybdate)heat
2) 0.S. + Lead acetate White ppts PO is confirmed

3) 0.S. + Magnesia White ppts POisconfirmed

Mixture (MgClh +

NHOH + NHCI)

[Link],
1) 0.S. + BaCl2 White ppts solublein CO3 is confirmed
Acids with effervescence
of CO
Lead acetate White ppts CO3 is confirmed
2) 0.S. +
 C.T. for s

1.0S+PbAC;(lead acetate)
2.0S+HgCl White ppts soluble in dil. HNO, Sisconfirmed
3.0S+Sodiumnitro Black ppts
pruside Violet colouration Sisconfirmed
s is confirmed

C.T. for N0
1.0S Cu-Eoil+ conc H,S0 &
Heat Reddish brown gas,no effect on NO, is confirmed
starch paper
[Link] TEST:
Os Conc H;SO, cool and Brown ring at the junction of two NO is ccn...med
slowlyfreshly prepared FesO liquids
solution from the side of the
test tube
C.T. for SO,2
1.0S+Lead acetate White ppts soluble in ammonium- SO is confirmed
acetate(NHAC2)

2.0S+ BaCl2 White ppts insoluble in dil. Acid SO is confirmed

B.0S Pb (NOs) White ppts insoluble in acid and SO is confirmed

soluble in ammoniumacetate
C.T. for Cro2

[Link] of the solution Yellow CrO. is confirmed

2.0S BaCl Yellow ppts soluble in HNO CrOisconfirmed
3.0S+ dil HCL Orange colour CrO is confirmed
[Link]+Lead acetate Yellow ppts CrOis confirmed
C.T. for Cr,0,

[Link] of solution Orange Cr,0,is confirmed

2.0S+ PbAC2 Yellow ppts Cr0, is confirmed
3.0S+ BaCl Yellow ppts Cr,0, is confirmed