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Mathematics
Quarter 2 – Module 13
Using Inductive or Deductive
Reasoning in an Argument

CO_Q2_Mathematics 8_ Module 13
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written for you to answer the activity you’ve missed while you
are away from school. It is here to help you familiarize with the types of reasoning in an
argument. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations.
The language used recognizes your diversity and diverse vocabulary level. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them
can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

This module contains:

Lesson 1- Using Inductive or Deductive Reasoning in an Argument

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. differentiate the inductive and deductive reasoning; and
2. apply inductive and deductive reasoning in an argument.

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CO_Q2_Mathematics 8_ Module 13
 What I Know

Pre – Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Look carefully at the figures, what is next?

A. B. C. D.

2. It is a form of reasoning that uses specific examples to arrive at a general rule,

generalizations or conclusion.
A. Analogy C. Deductive
B. Arguments D. Inductive

3. What is the next term in the sequence 6, 12, 18, 24, …?

A. 28 C. 32
B. 30 D. 34

4. What is the next term in the sequence 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, …?

A. 9 C. 17
B. 15 D. 19

5. Which of the following best describes deductive reasoning?

A. making a conclusion based on logical reasons.
B. making a conclusion based on specific examples.
C. making a conclusion based on accepted statements
D. making a conclusion based on personal feelings and emotion.
6. What is the next term in the sequence 1, 4, 9, 16, …?
A. 20 C. 30
B. 25 D. 36

7. All rectangles have congruent diagonals.

Square is a rectangle.
Therefore, square has congruent diagonals.

The statements above use:

A. Analogy C. Deductive
B. Arguments D. Inductive

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CO_Q2_Mathematics 8_ Module 13
8. What comes next in the given sequence of figures below?

_________

A. C.

B. D.

9. What type of reasoning draws a conclusion based on collective experiences?

A. Analogy C. Deductive
B. Arguments D. Inductive

10. Which of the following is a valid conclusion to the statements below?

In a parallelogram, any two consecutive angles are supplementary.

In parallelogram ABCD, ∠𝐴 and ∠𝐵 are consecutive angles.
Therefore, _________________
A. m∠𝐴 + m∠𝐵 < 90 C. m∠𝐴 + m∠𝐵 = 180
B. m∠𝐴 + m∠𝐵 = 90 D. m∠𝐴 + m∠𝐵 > 180
11. What number should come next in the sequence: 2, 6, 18, 54, …?
A. 108 C. 162
B. 148 D. 216

12. Which of the following best describes inductive reasoning?

A. making a conclusion based on logical reasons.
B. making a conclusion based on specific examples.
C. making a conclusion based on accepted statements
D. making a conclusion based on personal feelings and emotion.
13. What conclusion can be logically deduced based on the following statements?
“If a student passes an entrance exam, then the student will be accepted into college.
Magdalena passed the entrance exam.”
A. Magdalena can choose any course.
B. Magdalena shall take another exam.
C. Magdalena will be accepted into college.
D. Magdalena will not be accepted into college.

14. If 2𝑥 + 5 = 17, then _____________________.

A. 𝑥 = 3 C. 𝑥 = 11
B. 𝑥 = 6 D. 𝑥 = 22

15. All right angles are congruent angles.

∠1 and∠2 are right angles.
Therefore, ________________.

A. ∠1 ≇ ∠2
B. ∠1 ≅ ∠2
C. 𝑚∠1 ≠ 𝑚∠2
D. 𝑚∠2 ≠ 90

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CO_Q2_Mathematics 8_ Module 13
 Lesson Using Inductive or
1 Deductive Reasoning in an
Argument
Reasoning is part and partial of daily life. There is an involved reasoning in choosing
which music to play because we consider the genre, singer or lyrics. There is also reasoning
involved in the way we choose which route to take in going to school, may be because it is the
shortest and the fastest route, the most convenient, the safest, or because a friend’s house is
along the way. In deciding to do certain things, our decision is grounded in reasons.

Drawing a conclusion from events, experiences and logical reasons are also part of
scientific methods among scientist and mathematicians in order to formulate general view and
greater knowledge. In this module, you will be taught how to make a sound and logical
conclusion from specific or general reasons.

What’s In

Activating Prior Knowledge

Directions: Rewrite each statement into if – then form, then identify the hypothesis by
underlining it once and the conclusion twice.

1. Adjacent sides of a rectangle are perpendicular.

2. A pentagon is a polygon with five sides.
3. Two points determine a line.
4. Filipinos are from the Philippines.
5. A quadrilateral has four sides.

Guide Questions:

1. How did you arrive at your answers?

2. Were you able to rewrite each statement correctly into its if-then form?
3. Were you able to correctly identify the hypothesis and conclusion?

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CO_Q2_Mathematics 8_ Module 13
 What’s New

In the previous modules, you have learned about identifying the hypothesis and conclusion of
conditional statements, the inverse, converse and contrapositive of an if-then statements, the
validity of conditional statements based on truth value. Learning these concepts are important
for you to understand how to deduce at conclusion based on logical reason.

Activity 1: Why Oh Why?

Directions: Fill in the blanks with what is asked. Write your answer on separate sheet of
paper.

1. What comes next in the sequence of figures below?

_________

2. You wake up in the morning and realize that the sun rises in the east.
You also notice that at school the sun rises in the east.
You remembered that when you had your vacation, the sun did rise in the east.
Based on these observations, you conclude that the sun ______________.

3. 2 x 10= 20
4 x 10= 40
6 x 10= 60
8 x 10= 80
10x 10= 100
12 x 10= ___________

Activity 2: Fill-Me-In
Directions: Complete the table by filling in the conclusion. Item 1 is done for you. Write your
answer on separate sheet of paper.

Statement Conclusion
1. Supplementary angles are two angles whose sum is The sum of ∠𝐴 and ∠𝐵is 180°.
180°.∠𝐴 and ∠𝐵 are supplementary angles.
2. Even numbers are divisible by 2.
12 is an even number.
3. A quadrilateral is a polygon of four sides.
A trapezoid is a quadrilateral.
4. An angle is acute if its measure is between 0° and
90°. Angle 𝐵 is acute
5. Collinear points are points that lie on the same line.
Points X, Y, and Z are collinear.

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CO_Q2_Mathematics 8_ Module 13
Guide Questions:
1. Were you able to draw the correct conclusion in each activity?
2. How did you come up with your answers in Activity 1?
3. How did you come up with your conclusion in Activity 2?

What is It

In activity 1, you were able to draw an answer or a conclusion based on specific

examples or events. This kind of logical reasoning is called inductive reasoning. While in
activity 2, you were given general truth or facts which you utilized in making conclusion on
specific situations or examples. This kind of logical reasoning is called deductive reasoning.
This section will provide you an in-depth discussion about inductive and deductive reasoning.

Definition:

Inductive reasoning gathers specific information, usually through observation and

measurement, formulate conjecture/s, then draw generalization or conclusion based
on the carefully gathered information.

Example:

1. In the sequence, 10, 20, 30, …, the next term is 40.

2. John, a math challenger is good in mathematics. Joan, Josh, and Bea who
are also math challengers are good in mathematics. Therefore, all math
challengers are good in mathematics.
3. The chair in the living room is red. The chair in the dining room is red.
Therefore, the color of the chairs in the house is red.

Inductive reasoning allows you to make a general rule from specific examples. Like in
example 1, you are given a sequence with first three terms are 10, 20 and 30. From these
specific examples, you may then generalize that the sequence is a sequence of numbers that
are divisible by or multiple of 10. Hence, you conclude that the next term is 40.

In example 2, you are given specific names math challengers, Jim, Jane, Josh and
Bea who are good in mathematics. From these specific examples, you can then generalize
that all math challengers are good in mathematics. Similarly, in example number 3, you
generalize that all chairs in the house are red as you observed that the chairs in living and
dining room are red.

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CO_Q2_Mathematics 8_ Module 13
 Note however that necessary precaution should be done before making a
generalization or conclusion. For example, you may observe that a carabao is black and
another carabao is black then you immediately conclude that all carabaos are black. This
conclusion is wrong, because not all carabaos are black. Although most of the carabaos are
black, there are some that are not. Hence, we have to be careful in making conclusion specially
in using the word “All”. In inductive reasoning, a single case that is not true will invalidate the
general conclusion. Thus, analysis and investigation of different cases are important.

Another type of logical reasoning is deductive reasoning which allows you to make a
specific conclusion based on a general truth or fact.

Definition:

Deductive reasoning uses acceptable facts, proven theorem as proof to draw a

specific case or situation.

Examples:
1. Sally does not drink soft drinks. Then, it follows that she does not drink Cola.
2. All numbers ending in 0 or 5 are divisible by 5. Number 35 ends with 5.
Therefore, it must be divisible by 5.
3. Right angles measure 90°. ∠𝐴 is a right angle. Therefore, ∠𝐴 measures 90°.
4. All mathematics challenge contestants are good in mathematics. Jim, Jane and
Jelian are math challenge contestants. Therefore, Jim, Jane and Jelian are
good in mathematics.

Deductive reasoning starts from a general statement or fact to conclude into specific
example or claim. For instance, in example 1, you are given that Sally does not drink soft
drinks. Since a cola is a specific example of a soft drink, then it follows that Sally does not
drink cola.

Similarly, in example 2, it is a fact that all numbers ending with 0 or 5 are divisible by
5. Since 35 is a number ending with 5, you then conclude that number 35 must be divisible by
5. In number 3, you are given with a general statement that right angles measure 90 degrees.
Knowing that ∠𝐴 is a right angle. Then the conclusion is ∠𝐴 measures 90 degrees.

Example 4 provides a general statement that all mathematics challengers are good in
math since Jim Jane and Jelian are mathematics challenge contestants. Then you can
specifically conclude that, Jim, Jane and Jelian are good in mathematics.

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CO_Q2_Mathematics 8_ Module 13
 What’s More

Activity 1: Complete Me!

Directions: Draw a conclusion from each given situation and identify the kind of reasoning
used. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Complementary angles are two angles whose sum is 90°. ∠𝐴 and ∠𝐵 are
complementary. Therefore, ______________.
2. In the sequence 3, 6, 9, 12, … . The next number is __________.
3. All rectangles have congruent diagonals. Square is a rectangle. Therefore,
_______________.
4. 2, 4, 6, 8,... The sum of the first 5 even numbers is ___________.
5. A pentagon is a polygon with five sides. Polygon ABCDE is a regular pentagon.
Therefore ________________.

Activity 2: Let’s Do this!

Directions: Identify the type of reasoning used in each of the following situations. Write IR if
the statement is inductive reasoning and DR if it is deductive reasoning. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Today, Sam notices that the city alarm sounds at 9:00 P.M. The next day of the same
time, she notices that the city alarm sound again. She remembers that the city alarm
did sound at the same time the other day. She then concludes that the city alarm
sounds every 9:00 P.M.

2. No foreigner can be elected senator in our country. Peter is a foreigner. Therefore,

Peter cannot be elected senator in our country.

3. Grade 11 students at Javier NHS conducted an experiment on tomatoes by applying

Ferrous Sulfate. After three weeks, they observed the number of tomatoes produced
increased. They concluded that the used of Ferrous Sulfate as organic fertilizer can
increase the production of tomatoes.

4. A student who gets a perfect score in mathematics 10 will be given extra credits. Ann
got a perfect score in mathematics 10. Thus, Ann will be given extra credit.

5. All the residents of Barangay Guinhalinan are exempted from taxes. The parents of
Melanie reside in Barangay Guinhalinan. Therefore, Melanie’s parents are exempted
from taxes.

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CO_Q2_Mathematics 8_ Module 13
Activity 3: Let’s Conclude

A. Directions: Supply the conclusion for the given hypothesis. Item 1 is done for you. Write
your answer on separate sheet of paper.

1. If ∠𝐴 ≅ ∠𝐵, then 𝑚∠𝐴 = 𝑚∠𝐵.

2. If 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐶𝐷, then ____________.

3. If 𝑚∠𝐴 + 𝑚∠𝐵 = 90°, then ____________.

4. If ∠𝐴 and ∠𝐵 form a linear pair, then ___________.

5. If ∠𝐵 and ∠𝐶 are complementary angles, then ____________.

B. Directions: Fill in the blanks with a valid conclusions and corresponding reason in each
given. Item 1 is done as an example. Write your answer in a separate sheet of
paper.

Given Conclusion Reason

If an angle is right angle, then its

1. If ∠𝐵 is a right angle then 𝑚∠𝐵 = 90 .
measure is 90°.

2. If 𝑌 is the midpoint of 𝑋𝑍, then ______________. _____________________________

3. If 𝐵𝐷⃗ bisects ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶, then ______________. _____________________________

4. If q ⊥ r and s ⊥ r, then ______________. _____________________________

5. If∠1 and ∠3 are

supplementary and, ∠2 and then ______________. _____________________________
∠3 are also supplementary,

What I Have Learned

Activity: Answer Me!

Directions: Fill in the blank with the correct word to complete the statement.

________(1)__________gathers specific information, usually through observation and

measurement, regarding a conjecture and then proceeds to make a _______(2)_______
conclusion based on the gathered information.

(3) uses general facts (statements) and applies them to _______(4)_______ situations.

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CO_Q2_Mathematics 8_ Module 13
 What I Can Do

Activity: Let’s Write!

Direction: Complete the table below by listing some situation of how each type of reasoning
is used in different subject.

Subject Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning

Cacti are plants. All plants perform All organisms are made of
Science photosynthesis. Therefore, Cacti cells. Human is an organism,
perform photosynthesis. then human is made of cells.

Mathematics

English

Filipino

T.L.E.

Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write it on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What is the next term in sequence 25, 50, 75, 100?

A. 115 B. 125 C. 135 D. 145
2. Which reasoning refers to the gathering of information through observation and
measurement, formulating conjecture/s, then drawing generalization or conclusion based
on the carefully gathered information?
A. Argument B. Assumption C. Deductive D. Inductive
3. The following are deductive reasoning, EXCEPT:
A. If 5𝑥 = 25, then 𝑥 = 5.
B. Since today is Friday, tomorrow will be Saturday.
C. If an isosceles triangle has at least two sides congruent, then an equilateral triangle
is also isosceles.
D. Maria earned A's on her first six geometry tests so she concludes that she will always
earn A's on geometry tests.

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4. Which reasoning uses proof, acceptable facts to draw specific case or situation?
A. Analogy B. Argument C. Deductive D. Inductive

5. If a number is divisible by 4, then the number is divisible by 2. 12 is divisible by four.

Therefore,
A. 4 is divisible by 2. C. 12 is divisible by 2.
B. 4 is not divisible by 2. D. 12 is divisible by 4.

6. Which reasoning is used in the statements “Acute angles measure less than 90°. ∠A
measures 650. Therefore, ∠A is an acute angle.”?
A. Analogy B. Argument C. Deductive D. Inductive

7. All vegetarians do not eat meat. Dario is a vegetarian. What can you conclude about
Dario?
A. Dario is a meat lover.
B. Dario is non-vegetarian.
C. Dario does not eat meat.
D. Dario is neither a vegetarian nor a meat lover.

8. What should replace the question mark?

A. B. C. D.
9. What are the next two terms of the sequence?
8 , 3 , −2, ___, ___.
A. -7, -12 B. -4, -6 C. 4, 6 D. 7, 12

10. Which of the following is an example of inductive reasoning?

A. All deer are mammals; all mammals have kidneys; therefore, all deer have kidneys.
B. Mich, Krisna and Karen are all graceful. They are dancers. Therefore, all dancers
are graceful.
C. Obtuse angles are greater than 90 degrees but less than 180 degrees. An angle is
110 degrees, so it is obtuse.
D. Snakes are reptiles and reptiles are cold blooded. Therefore, snakes are cold
blooded.

11. Which process of drawing conclusion is based on sets of observation?

A. Analogy C. Deduction
B. Argument D. Induction

12. Philippine Eagles have wings. Pag-asa is a Philippine Eagle. Using deductive reasoning,
what can you conclude about Pag-asa?

A. Pag-asa can fly. C. Pag-asa has wings.

B. Pag-asa is a bird. D. Pag-asa is a Philippine Eagle.

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CO_Q2_Mathematics 8_ Module 13
13. 1 x 100 = 100
2 x 100 = 200
3 x 100 = 300
5 x 100 = 500
2400 x 100 = _____

A. 2400 C. 24 000
B. 2400 D. 240 000
14. If ∠𝐴 is an acute angle, then _______.

A. the 𝑚∠𝐴 is between 0° and 90°.

B. the𝑚∠𝐴 is between 90° and 180°.
C. the 𝑚∠𝐴 is between 180°and 270°.
D. the 𝑚∠𝐴 is between 270° and 360°
15. If 𝑚∠1 + 𝑚∠2=90, then______.
A. ∠1 and ∠2 are right angles.
B. ∠1 and ∠2 are obtuse angles.
C. ∠1 and ∠2 are complementary angles.
D. ∠1 and ∠2 are supplementary angles

Additional Activities

Directions: Write an entry in your activity notebook describing how much you have learned
about inductive and deductive reasoning, and how these can be applied to real life
situation.

Rubric for the Written Journal

Score Descriptions

5 The written journal is completely accurate and logically presented. It

includes facts, concepts, and examples involving inductive and deductive
reasoning. The chosen real life situation is very timely and interesting.
4 The written journal is generally accurate and the presentation reflects
understanding of inductive and deductive reasoning. Minor inaccuracies do
not affect the overall results. The chosen real-life situation is timely and
interesting.
3 The written journal is generally accurate but the presentation lacks
application of inductive and deductive reasoning. The chosen real-life
situation is somehow timely and interesting.
2 The written journal contains major inaccuracies and significant errors in
some parts. The chosen real-life situation is not timely and interesting.
1 There is an option for no submission.

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CO_Q2_Mathematics 8_ Module 13