Solutions
ASSIGMENT 1
Proplem 1
Assume that, at a point on the wing of the Concorde supersonic transport, the air
temperature is −10°C and the pressure is 1.7 × 104 N/m2. Calculate the density at this point.
T=-10℃= -10 + 273 = 263°K
4
P 1.7 × 10 3
ρ= = = 0.225 kg/ m
R ×T 287 × 263
Proplem 2
Calculate the weight of air (in pounds) contained within a room 20 ft long, 15 ft wide, and 8
ft high. Assume standard atmospheric pressure and temperature of 2116 lb/ft2 and 59°F,
respectively.
T=59℉=59+460=519°R
State equation: p= ρRT
P 2116 -3 slug
ρ= = =2.3759 × 10 ( 3 )
R ×T 1716 ×519 ft
3
V=20 ×15 ×8=2400 ft
-3
m= ρ×V= 2.3759 × 10 × 2400 = 5.70216 (slug)
Weight = 83.2167 × 32.18 =183.495 lb
Proplem 3
At 12 km in the standard atmosphere, the pressure, density, and temperature are N/m2,
kg/m3, and K, respectively. Using these values, calculate the standard atmospheric values of
pressure, density, and temperature at an altitude of 18 km, and check with the standard
altitude tables.
At 12 km:
2
P=1.93399 × 10 N/m
4
3
ρ=3.1194× 10 kg/m
-1
T =216.66 K
Isothermal region:
T= T 1 =216.66 K
P −g (h−h )/(RT 1) −9.81 (18000−12000 )/(287 x 216.66)
=e o 1
=e = 0.3884
p1
ρ −g (h−h )/( RT 1)
=e o 1
= 0.3884
ρ1
4 4
p1 =0.3884×1.93399× 10 =0.7535× 10 N/m2
-1
ρ1 =0.3884×3.1194× 10 =0.1212 kg/m3
Proplem 4
Assume that you are ascending in an elevator at sea level. Your eardrums are very sensitive
to minute changes in pressure. In this case, you are feeling a 1 percent decrease in pressure
per minute. Calculate the upward speed of the elevator in meters per minute.
5 N
sea level: P=1.01325 × 10 ( )
2 , ρ=1.2250 kg/m
3
m
1 percent decrease in pressure per minute:
2
dP N /m
=0.01 P1=0.01 × ( 1.01325 ×10 )=1013.25
5
dt min
P= ρ× g × h
2
dP N /m
1013.25
dt min dh
=ρ × g → =1.2250 ×9.81 → =84.4 m/min
dh dh dt
dt dt
ASSIGMENT 2
Proplem 1
Consider an airplane flying with a velocity of 60 m/s at a standard altitude of 3 km. At a
point on the wing, the airflow velocity is 70 m/s. Calculate the pressure at this point. Assume
incompressible flow.
h = 3 km = 3000m: P = 7.0121× 10 4 N/ m 2 , ρ=9.0926 ×10−1 kg/m3
12 12
Bernoulli’s equation: P1 + × ρ ×V 1 =P 2+ × ρ× V 2
2 2
4 1 −1 2 1 −1 2
7.0121 × 10 + ×9.0926 × 10 ×60 =P 2+ × 9.0926 ×10 ×70
2 2
2
→ P2 = 69529.981 N/ m
Proplem 2
The altimeter on a low-speed airplane reads 2 km. The airspeed indicator reads 50 m/s. If
the outside air temperature is 280 K, what is the true velocity of the airplane?
h = 2 km = 2000 m : P = 7.9501× 104 N/ m 2
4
P 7.9501× 10 3
ρ = = =0.9893 kg/ m
R ×T 287 × 280
50
V=
the true velocity of the airplane:
√ 0.9893 = 55.64 m/s
1.2250
ASSIGMENT 3
Proplem 1
Consider an infinite wing with a NACA 1412 airfoil section and a chord length of 3 ft. The
wing is at an angle of attack of 5° in an airflow velocity of 100 ft/s at standard sea-level
conditions. Calculate the lift, drag, and moment about the quarter-chord per unit span
.Sea level: ρ=0.002377 slug /ft 3
NACA 1412, α=5° : Cl =0.67, Cd =0.007, Cm = -0.025
c
4
S = 3 ft2
1 2 1 2 2
q ∞= × ρ × V = ×0.002377 × 100 =11.9 lb/ ft
2 2
Lift: L=q∞ × S ×C l=11.9 × 3 ×0.67=23.89 lb
Drag: D=q∞ × S ×C d =11.9×3 × 0.007=0.25lb
Moment about the quarter-chord per unit span:
M =q ∞ × S × c ×C m =11.9×3 ×3 ×−0.025=−2.68 lb. ft
c
4
Problem 2.
During the 1920s and early 1930s, the NACA obtained wind tunnel data on different airfoils
by testing finite wings with an aspect ratio of 6. These data were then “corrected” to obtain
infinite wing airfoil characteristics. Consider such a finite wing with an area and aspect ratio
of 1.5 ft2 and 6, respectively, mounted in a wind tunnel where the test-section flow velocity is
100 ft/s at standard sea-level conditions. When the wing is pitched to α = −2°, no lift is
measured. When the wing is pitched to α = 10°, a lift of 17.9 lb is measured. Calculate the lift
slope for the airfoil (the infinite wing) if the span effectiveness factor is 0.95.
Given data:
S = 1.5 ft2
AR = 6
V = 100 ft/s
Sea level: ρ=0.002377 slug /ft 3
∝L=0=−2 °
∝=10 ° : L=17.9 lb
e = 0.95
L
C l= =1.004
Calculate the coefficients lift: 1
× ρ ×V 2 × S
2
Calculate the lift slope for the infinite wing:
dC l 1.004−0 −1
∝= = =0.084 deg
d ∝ 10−(−2 )
∝0 −1
∝= →∝0=0.11 deg
57.3 ×∝0
1+
( π ×e × AR )
Proplem 3
Consider a finite wing with an aspect of ratio of 7; the airfoil section of the wing is a
symmetric airfoil with an infinite-wing lift slope of 0.11 per degree. The lift-to-drag ratio for
this wing is 29 when the lift coefficient is equal to 0.35. If the angle of attack remains the
same and the aspect ratio is simply increased to 10 by adding extensions to the span of the
wing, what is the new value of the lift-to-drag ratio? Assume that the span efficiency factors
for both cases. e = e1 = 0.9
Given data:
AR = 7
−1
∝0=0.11 deg
L/D = 29
C l=¿0.35 ¿
AR1=10
e = e1= 0.9
Calculate:
L/D = C l/C D =29→C D =0.012
2
Cl −3
C D =C d + → Cd =5.81 ×10
π × e × AR
dC l
∝= →C =a× ( ∝−∝ L=0 )
d∝ l
AR = 7:
∝0 -1
Cl = ∝ × → ∝ =4.2 deg
57.3× ∝0
1+
( π×e×AR )
AR1=10:
∝0 0.11
Cl = ∝ × =4.2 × =0.3778
57.3× ∝0 57.3× 0.11
1+ 1+
( π×e×AR ) ( π×0.9×10 )
2 2
Cl −3 0.3778
C D =C d + =5.81× 10 + =0.010 9
π × e × AR π × 0.9 ×10
L C l( AR=10) 0.3778
new value of the lift-to-drag ratio: = = =33.7
D C d ( AR=7) 0.0112