(MATHEMATICS) STATISTICS

1. MEAN
(i) Individual observation or unclassified data:
If x1 , x2 , … . . xn be n observations, then their arithmetic mean is given by
x1 + x2 + ⋯ … + xn ∑ni=1 xi
x‾ = or x‾ =
n n

(ii) Mean of discrete frequency distribution:

Let x1 , x2 , … … , xn be n observation and let f1 , f2 , … . . , fn be their corresponding frequencies,
then their mean
f1 x1 + f2 x2 + ⋯ … + fn xn ∑ni=1 fi xi
x‾ = or x‾ = n
f1 + f2 + ⋯ … + fn ∑i=1 fi

(iii) Short cut method:

If the values of x or (and) f are large the calculation of arithmetic mean by the previous formula
used, is quite tedious and time consuming. In such case we take the deviation from an arbitrary
point A.
∑ fi di
x‾ = A +
∑ fi
where A = Assumed mean
di = xi − A = deviation for each term

2. MEDIAN
Median is the middle most or the central value of the variate in a set of observations, when the
observations are arranged either in ascending or in descending order of their magnitudes. It
divides the arranged series in two equal parts.
(i) Median of an individual series:
Let n be the number of observations-
arrange the data in ascending or descending order.
(1) If 𝐧 is odd then-
n+1 th
Median (M) = Value of ( ) observation
2

(2) If 𝐧 is even then-

n th n th
Median (M) = mean of (2) and (2 + 1) observation
n th n th
( ) observation +( +1) observation
i.e. M = 2 2
2

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(ii) Median of the discrete frequency distribution:
Algorithm to find the median:
Step - I: Find the cumulative frequency (C.F.)
N
Step- II: Find 2 , where N = ∑ni=1 fi
N
Step -III: See the cumulative frequency (C.F.) just greater than 2 and determine the

corresponding value of the variable.

Step-IV: The value obtained in step III is the median.

(iii) Median of grouped data or continuous series:

Let the no. of observations be n
(i) Prepare the cumulative frequency table
N th
(ii) Find the median class i.e. the class in which the ( 2 ) observation lies

(iii) The median value is given by the formulae

N
( )−F
Median (M) = ℓ + [ 2 ]×h
f

N = total frequency = ∑fi

I = lower limit of median class
f = frequency of the median class
F = cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class
h = class interval (width) of the median class

3. MODE : Mode is that value in a series which occurs most frequently. In a frequency distribution,
mode is that variate which has the maximum frequency.
Computation of Mode:
(i) Mode for individual series: In the case of individual series, the value which is repeated
maximum number of times is the mode of the series.
(ii) Mode for grouped data (discrete frequency distribution series)
In the case of discrete frequency distribution, mode is the value of the variate corresponding to
the maximum frequency.
(iii) Mode for continuous frequency distribution:
(i) First find the model class i.e. the class which has maximum frequency. The model class can

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be determined either by inspecting or with the help of grouping data.
(ii) The mode is given by the formula
fm − fm−1
Mode = ℓ + ×h
2fm − fm−1 − fm+1
where ℓ → lower limit of the model class
h → width of the model class
fm → frequency of the model class
fm−1 → frequency of the class preceding model class
fm+1 → frequency of the class succeeding model class
(iii) In case the model value lies in a class other than the one containing maximum frequency
(model class) then we use the following formula: -
fm+1
Mode: ℓ + f ×h
m−1 +fm+1

MEASURES OF DISPERSION
Dispersion is the measure of the variations. The degree to which numerical data tend to spread
about an average value is called the dispersion of the data.
The measures of dispersion commonly used are:
(i) Range
(ii) Quartile deviation or the semi- interquartile range
(iii) Mean Deviation
(iv) Standard Deviation
4. MEAN DEVIATION : Mean deviation is defined as the arithmetic mean of the absolute deviations of
all the values taken about any central value.
(i) Mean deviation of individual observations:
If x1 , x2 , … … , xn are n values of a variable x, then the mean deviation from an average A
1 1
(median or AM) is given by M.D. = n ∑ni=1 |xi − A| = n ∑|di |, where di = xi − A

(ii) Mean deviation of a discrete frequency distribution:

If x1 , x2 , … . , xn are n observation with frequencies f1 , f2 , … … , fn , then mean deviation from an
average A is given by -
1
Mean Deviation = ∑fi |xi − A|
N

where N = ∑ni=1 fi

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5. VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION
The variance of a variate x is the arithmetic mean of the squares of all deviations of x from the
arithmetic mean of the observations and is denoted by var (x) or σ2
The positive square root of the variance of a variate x is known as standard deviation i.e.
standard deviation = +√var (x)
(i) Variance of Individual observations:
If x1 , x2 , … . , xn are n values of a variable x, then by definition
n
1
var (x) = [∑ (xi − x‾)2 ] = σ2 … … (i)
n
i=1
1
or var (x) = n ∑ni=1 xi2 − x‾ 2 … … (ii)

If the values of variable x are large, the calculation of variance from the above formulae is quite
tedious and time consuming. In that case, we take deviation from an arbitrary point A (say)
1 1 2
then var (x) = n ∑ni=1 d2i − (n ∑ni=1 di ) … … (iii)

(ii) Variance of a discrete frequency distribution:

If x1 , x2 , … … , xn are n observations with frequencies f1 , f2 , … . , fn then
n
1
var(x) = {∑ fi (xi − x‾)2 } … (i)
N
i=1
n
1
or var(x) = ∑ fi xi2 − x‾ 2 … (ii)
N
i=1

If the values of x or f are large, we take the deviations of the values of variable x from an
arbitrary point A. (say)
∴ di = xi − A ; i = 1,2, … . n
n n 2
1 1
∴ Var(x) = (∑ fi d2i ) − ( ∑ fi di ) … … (iii)
N N
i=1 i=1

where N = ∑ni=1 fi
Sometime di = xi − A are divisible by a common number h (say)
then
xi − A di
ui = = , i = 1,2, … … , n
h h
then
n n 2
1 1
var (x) = h2 [ ∑ fi ui 2 − ( ∑ fi ui ) ] … … (iv)
N N
i=1 i=1

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