Introduction £0 Sustainable Engineering og oo MODULE - 2 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES a be the part of pollution, be a tomorrows future, do not be the part of pollution, bea “Today's nature, part of solution ” INTRODUCTION: The word “Pollution is derived from the Latin word “ Polluere” which means to defile or make dirty, Pollution can be defined as the undesirable changes in the environment / surroundings which not only adversely affects humans and other living things, but also our developmental activities and socio- cultural life. Materials in any form that causes pollution are called pollutants. Today the air we breathe, the water we drink , the place or soil we stand all are polluted. tion can 4 AIR POLLUTI ON, pr is the elementary source of life. Air pollut be traced to prehistoric times, when humans constructed shelters and used fire for cooking, warmth and light. Air pollution means different to different people. To the house holder it may be an eye irritation, to the farmer damaged vegetation, to the pilot dangerously reduced visibility and to industries problems of cor ion. Indian Standards (IS) defines air pollution as matter in the ambient atmosphere, Earth's atmosphere is a thin Gaseous envelope encircling our 1——sos160—~*d: Planet and is distinct from other en ee Planetary atmospheres: which [9 breathe possible for living things to jn | of dry i ie estimated composition 20 is show in the earth's atmosphere ne m here, The concentration [ee __—_ +f Various consti 0.50 bresent in. stituents (naturally | Srone 0.10 background en air is known as its Cppm= parts per millon) A Cons) concentration which is considered harmless. But air may be tration of any of the above idk arn 28 polluted only when the concent 'S exceeds its corresponding background concentration. The earth's Eo Scanned with CamScannercontributors ‘~~~ ‘wo pollution. It is estimated that around 6 5 million people die annually from causes attributed to , [as per World Health WHO)]. The most eases caused asopbene"s the main © mermosphAr® oq air pollution Organization. ( vulnerable to dis by air pollution are mostly rural ‘ women, children and the elderly — nopospners * population. meen soaterell Too 8920-0 #20 #40 Tormperature( r season (the reason being adverse conditions during winter helps trapping air pollutants leading to an elevated level of pollutants). But in the summer season due to increased buoyancy and efficient ventilation, pollution plume rises effortlessly to the free atmosphere which leads to a reduced air pollutant level in the lower atmosphere. 2.1.1 Sources of Air Pollution; The sources of air pollution may be broadly as natural air pollution and anthropogenic (man-made) air pollution. ‘ 7 a -__. © The various types of air pollution are explained below: liga aiglationand Anthoonoganic. alt palltlan.507e ee natural sources of air pollution emissions include: afaicanaas Fr oduces smoke, ash, CO,, sulfur dioxide etc. . Dust: Wind blown dust from desert areas. ™ Forest fires: Rel leases smoke, ash, dust, CO, nitrogen oxides etc. Polution emissions ttine: : Some of the anthropogenic sources of aif Source is a single, id a ™ Stationary point sources: A stationary po! the emissions from ee anie source of air pollutant emissions. For example: Mobile sources seh industrial flue gas chimney / stack. @ Mobile sources: fe the exhaust emissions from vehicles. ad The problem of air pollution gets aggravated during the winte Scanned with CamScanneryy I ures Iverse rater ' Evaporative sources: Evaporative sources are volatile liquids that, when not completely enclosed in containers, evaporate and release vapors over time For eg. liquids such as paints, solvents, perfumes, hair sprays etc. i : Outdoor air pollution is due to automobile exhaust and industrial emissions whereas Indoor ait nts are released by indoor activities such as smoking, cooking, painting ic. As per United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), the major outdoor air pollutants are known as Big Six Criteria air pollutants. . ) BIG SIX CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANTS 2 Out Of the six known gaseous compounds (NO, NO, NO, NO, | No, (Oxides of Nitrogen) | Ground Level Ozone N,0,), Nitrogen dioxide {NO,) is the most common air | SOs Oxides ct Spx) | Garces omer (em) spolstant (which is reddish- brown in colour). Major sources ‘of | CO (Carbon Monoxide) Pb (Lead Vapour) NO, are automobile exhaust and nitric acid (HNO,) manufacturing industries. NO, along with other impurities in the air can often be seen as 2 reddish- brown layer (called brown photo chemical smog) over many urban areas. When water molecules in the ‘atmosphere combines with NO,, acid rain is formed. This corrodes metals, damages buildings and monuments. At higher concentration, NO, may irritate ‘the respiratory system leading to cough and nasal congestions. pres Once ntSulomre Out of the six known gaseous compounds . SO, SO,, $,0,, $,0,) sulphur dioxide (SO,) is the most common air pollutant, (colourless and easily dissolves in water). Major sources of ‘80, are combustion of coal and other fossil fuels automobile exhaust and Sulphuric acid (H,SO,) manufacturing industries. SO, along with other Jimpurites in the air can often be seen as gray industrial smog near industial teas When water molecules in the atmosphere combine with SO, and SO,. ee fainis formed. This corrodes metals, damages buildings and monuments. Sulphate particles are capable of penetrating deep into the lungs: po peste! Sas 1.0 itis not usually emitted directly into 7 lena ae Created at the ground level by a chemical reaction between Ns $ (Volatile Organic Compounds) in the presence of Suni - irtate the respiratory system leading to nose and twos! infections and Penetrate much deep into the lungs. In plants, it causes premaltte: Scanned with CamScanner@ i Introduction to Sustainable Engineering VOCs+ NO, +heat* sunlight GLO, other pottants a sucion te - : PM is a general term used for a Mig Examples of solid particles and iquid. droplets found suspended in ait. They incugest PAN (perOXY ® smoke, flyash, fumes, mist , fog, aerosol [Link] these particles they Iv. Air poll! which are tess than 10 micrometres in size remain suspended in « pollutants (Cal atmosphere for a long period of time and are of a major concern, Fause serious Why we are more concerned about PM, ,? PM, (coarser paris) a. 5¥05 27°F to deposit in the upper respiratory tract from where it's removal is more a, Smalen™ But in the case of PM finer particles), they penetrate deep into the un, _Y* ee from where its removal is very difficult. These particulate air pollutants reduc, “°° aaa the visibility, causes lung irritations, soils the building surfaces, reduce Mme v oY. photosynthesis in plants (due to particle deposition on leaf surface) ete. prricios set PM, - denotes Particulate Matter ( x denotes the maximum size of the particle: mm in diam micrometres) PM,,-These are particles whose size is larger than 2.5 micromatm (ypich iv ‘and smaller than OF equal to 10 micrometres in diameter (mostly found near rox py, hast ‘and dusty industries) PM, , - These are particles whose size is smallr than 2:\ ne inayat ‘micrometres in diameter (mostly found in smoke and vehicular exhaust) aot 5. CO is a colourless, odourless and high) (go), cart toxic Re iS produced by incomplete combustion of fuel. 2C+0, 92C0 jevei ozon The main source of carbon monoxide is motor vehicle exhaust and cigarett Vi Airy ‘smoking. Haemoglobin in blood has a strong affinity for CO ( around 200 tim are defin more affinity) than for oxygen, which reduces the ability of blood to carry oxyg®"— temperatt to body celis and tissues. This causes headaches, drowsiness and at hig’ include ac Jevels even coma or death. 2.4.3) 6 is a toxic material which is emitted into "environ aN en coded sant eed eames ot Lead iss end prop: ‘Cumulative poison and is more dangerous to children under the age of 3% 1.6mm Lead accumulation in the body affects the brain, causes mental retardatio’ 2 Eth wer and Kidney damage as well 5. Eff W. Pimary. air Pollution. and. Secondary air pollution ; Primary 1A Pollutants are substances (which causes primary ais potuton) that are emi! on hums directly iNto the atmosphere and they exist in the same form, (such as CO of expe G0, 80, H,8 etc.) in which they are emitted. Secondary air pollutan® — the corr (which Causes secondary aw pollunen) are formed in the atmosphere pyt® in mort: si ah e@ Oh moHe pivnaKy a polutants o¢ by the reacton ot primal | [gener mets mth er slements ie atmosphere [Link] without pra? -® Care ~BaAlvanO (1.6.4 the sence ¢ es Scanned with CamScannerantroduction 10 Sustainable Engineering “Examples of ‘secondary air pollutants are groundlevel ozone, formaldehyde, PAN (peroy acetyl nitrate). photochemical smog etc. WW. Air pollution jutants.: Hazardous air zyses hazardous air pollution) are toxic air pollutants that can inte, (Ci cause 271005 health effects such as cancer, birth defects, neurological health issues 270 reproductive problems. Some of them are heavy metals, asbestos, formaldehyde (in paints and solvents), vinyl chloride (in plastics) ete. y \v, Particulate Matter pollution and Gaseous air Hution : The size is ig very imporAi to the be! ai Jhavior of particulate matter in the atmosphere and in © human body. Particles larger than 10 mm are trapped in the nose itself. Particles ° — petween 5mm and 10 mm are removed by physical processes in the throat. Particles smaller than 5 mm reach the bronchial tubes, while particles 25 > amm in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs (which is very dangerous), Particulate Matter (PM) has been already explained. PV hav been declared as class -1 cancer causing agent (carcinogen) in 2013 by | the international Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) which is part of the WHO. Gaseous pollutants : The major gaseous pollutants include sulphur dioxide (80,), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen ‘oxides (NO,) as well as ground evel ozone (O,). The effects of these pollutants has been already explained. [Link] pollution caused by Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): VOCs ‘ate defined as organic compounds which easily evaporate (at room Yemperature) and enter the atmosphere. Some of the common examples include acetone, benzene, formaldehyde, toluene, xylene etc. a3 - Air pollution is a major ‘environmental problem that affects not only living things but also our materials 00 property in general, the effects of air pollution can be classified as follows: 1 Efects on human health 2. Effects on plants 4. Effects on materials and property Fees 3 5 Effects on animals & birds é © Efieots on environment e sont eee to the contaminant and the vulnerability fe increas? in men health effects are @ Eye, Nose & throat innitavon © — rortalty rate w Chronic pulmonary diseases lke ce (coPo)) ylmonary é "Paka known as Chronic Obstructive P * Scanned with CamScannerIntroduction to Sustainable Engineering Carbon monoxide readily combines with haemoglobin in blog replacing oxygen from blood oe 2, Effects of Air Pollution on Plants : Ze | Suppressed growth and premature ageing in plants Causes leaf bleaching which results in Chlorosis ( Photosynthesig, i affected due to loss of Chlorophyll) = | Premature falling of leaves (known as abscission) % @ Causes necrosis (dead spots on the leaf structure) 3. Effects of Air nimals & birds : . Affects the mucous lining of the respiratory tract Causes bronchitis and asthma Lack of appetite in pet animals Acid deposition cause aquatic life damage ‘Migration of seasonal birds are hampered due to severe air pollution Effects of Air Pollution on Material and Property: Acid deposition can corrode metals, eat away stone on statues ant __ Monuments ® Discolour buildings, cloth fabrics fion on environment : Severe air pollution reduce: eee ISTE, light, smoke from vehicles and industries react with fog to form smog ). Not only this, air pollutants ca’ travel long distances (i.e. air pollutants are carried away to distant places bj wind) which results in global (transboundary’*) pollution. (‘Pollutants tha enter the environment at one place having its effects hundreds of thousand kilometres away from a> eoeee 2.1.4 Control Measures to Reduce Air Pollution: ®@ Build tall stacks or chimneys( Flue gases discharged through these — stacks, gets diluted and dispersed at a higher altitude itself. This resuls in reduced concentration of Pollutants at the groundlevel). ion of public transport, cycling & walking for local travel 1 Involve the public (by consulting) in air quality management activities a of the strategy development process festation programmes @ Periodi ir quality monitoring ion of stringent pollution control measures Scanned with CamScannerintroduction to Sustainable Engineering romotion of use of renewable energy sources. se of Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) in vehicular exhaust system will notallow emission of PM, into the environment. > The most effective method to control air pollution is to reduce Te emissi ce itself. For this, the following strategies can be adopted : wAataiytic convertors are to be provided to the automobil e exhaust to eee it Adoption of low sulphur fuels in vehicles Z se of Electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters and scrubbers (to remove particulate matter from waste gas streams) 1 Use of sorption technique _ (either adsorption of impurity onto a solid surface or absorption of the ina liquid)4o remove gaseous pollutants. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is executing a nationwide progfamme\of ambient air quality monitoring known as National Air quality Monitoring Program (NAMP) [The main objective is to determine status and trends of amblent air quality in cities across the country]. In our counthy Air Quality Index (AQI) is computed based on eight air aA AAR ML and Scanned with CamScannerIntroduction to Sustainable Engineering 22 “ Anyone who solves the problem of drinking water deserves not one Nobel prize but two - one ‘for science and the other for peace” John F Kennedy Water is very important for purifying and detoxifying our body. Although water, covers more than 70% of earth's surface, it is just less than 1% which is useful for direct human consumption. Water pollution has been there since time immemorial, though the severity of the problem has only recently struck. Ithas been reported globally that water pollution accounts for deaths more than 14,000 people daily. It is also estimated that about one-sixth of the world’s people still don’t have easy access to safe drinking water and proper sanitation. Generally, Water Pollution can be defined as the presence of substan ti h ; , he like lakes, rivers and oceans are called surface water. Water stored in aquifers (underground rock structures) is called underground water (subsurface. water). Both these sources are prone to pollution. 2.2. hese are sources which can be readily identified at a single location (direct discharges from a single point). Some of the -cismoles aressasiowalgs ciel eae a Te & domestic sector. This type of discharges can be controlled easily, ese at Non-point sources are diffused across a broad area and their sour origin cannot be traced to a single discharge Point (whose location cannot be easily identified). Examp les include “run off from agriculture lands, mining area etc. It is very difficult to control pollution from non- point cou Na en a Somer Atmosphere, Undergrc " is and volcanoes. Anthropogenic Sources of Water Pollution: These sources include oil spills, industrial wastewater discharges, runoff from solidwaste disposal site & agricultural flds, wastewater fr fl rom automobile garages etc. Generally, v | Human Water Use Cycle Water Source > Water Water Distribution System Treatment Plant Discharged tor _ Wastewater ¢ After Scanned with CamScarIntroduction to Sustainable Engineering Ot Domenie Wastewater. Pomosic sewage is the wastewater gener, I from the household activities (residential community). Generally domest, Sewage consists of 99.9% water & 0.1% solids. These solids are mos ty organic (which is extremely putrescible) with a small fraction of inorganic mate, Domestic wastewater can be divided into two categories: black Wate, (wastewater containing human excreta and urine) and grey water (wastewat. generated from bathroom, sink and kitchen), Agricultural Waste :This is the run-off from the agricultural fields od a a oe is considerably rich in Nitrogen Phosphate, Organic matter and Pesticides. Water bodies enriched with nutrients (Nitrogen and Phosphate) induce rapid growth of microscopic plant life (algae) in surface waters which lead to algal bloom thus reducing the oxygen Content in the aquatic environment popularly known as Eutrophication. Industrial W. + Industrial wastewater (effluents) are the one which Sauls Roane tee Every year, the world generates around 400 billion tons of industrial waste, much of which is discharged into waterbodies. Industrial waste water may have pollutants of almost all kinds ranging from simple nutrients and organic matter to complex toxic substances. Groundwater pollution : Water Pollution is not confined to surface water alone. Various kinds of harmful materials like pesticides, metals ete presentin solidwaste get dissolved or leached into water. During rain these pollutants Percolates down into the soil and contaminates the groundwater beneath. 2.2.2 Water Pollutants and its Effects: Water Pollutants are substances which esses wale pallion. Some ofthe commdAly found pollutants nner are 1d below: 1) Inorganic salts 2) Acids/Alkalis, ~ 4) Suspended solids 5) Floating matter 7) Colouring materials 8 Toxic chemicals _ me ener 9) Micro-organisms 10) Radioactive materials 11) Foam Producing mater ete. 1) Inorganic substances : These include nitrates, phosp! , carbonates: chlorides, Sulphates of Ca, Mg, Fe etc. These salts Makes water “hard”, Hard 3) Organic matter 6) Thermal discharges Scanned with CamScannerIntroduction to Sustainable Engineering of a causes eye irritation to swimmers, rapi corrosion of ship’s hull, and deterioration of fishermen’s nets. High pH is also detrimental to aquatic life. 3) Organic matter : Organic pollution occurs when large quantities of organic compounds are released into water sources. Decomposition of organic matter,by micro-organisms depletes the Dissolved Oxygen (DO)content in water. The minimum amount of DO in water for aquatic life is 3 to 4 mg/L. 4) Suspended Solids (SS) : SS either settle to the bottom or remains suspended in the water body. These solids increases the turbidity of the water body. 5) Floating matter : These include oils, greases and other materials which float on the surface, and not only make the river unsightly, but also obstruct passage of light through the water. 6) Thermal discharges : Increase in the normal temperatures of natural waters is caused by discharges from lear power plant & boilers. Since warm water is lighter than cold, stratification .d this causes most of the aquatic life to retreat to in water is an indicator of nucl occurs in the water body, an stream bottom. 7) Colouring materials : Colour ii pollution which is commonly contributed by the effuents discharged from textile eries, slaughter houses etc. Colour also interferes industries, paper mills, tann with the transmission of sunlight into the stream, thus ret disinfection action. 8) Toxic chemicals : Highly complex both organic inorganic toxic compounds produced by various chemical industries have proved extremely toxic to aquatic life. These include cyanides, sulphides, acelylene, alcohol, etc. 9) Micro-organisms : Domestic sector, food processing industries and slaughter houses, usually discharge wastes containing micro-organisms. Diarrhoea and Pneumonia are the biggest killer diseases in children aged under five years in India. 10) Radioactive materials: Radioactive waste typically comprises of a number of radio isotopes (which are unstable) emitting ionizing radiation which can be harmful to humans and the environment, Exposure to high levels of radioactive waste May cause mutation and cancer. 11) Foam producing matter : Presence of foam Producing matter leads to an undesirable appearance of Wi jodies which is usually discharged by textile mills, pulp and paper mills eC, : ITION inal ducing its natural and leads to a num a \oid, jaundice, etc). 2. lead, copper etc) can of of internal organs, cancer and even death fe Scanned with CamScannerIntroduction to Sustainable En, ering 4. Nutrient rich (nitrogen and phosphate) wastewater leads to abundant growth, of algae which results in eutrophication 5. Toxic pollutant in water, easil the food chain which results in bio-magnification [It is the increase in the concentration of a pollutant from one link to another in a food chain J. GONTROL-OF-WATER-POLLUTION:= 1. Appropriate wastewater treatment is to be provided before discharging wastewater from industries afd domestic sectors 2, Using Phosphate free detergents and reducifig the use of fertilizers (in agriculture), the phenomenon of eutrophication can be controlled 3. The public should 6 made aware of the ill-ffects of disposing ‘Wastewater onto waterbodies 4. Legislative measures have to be made more ringent and the prit .€. polluter should bear the cost of cleanup operat PERIYAR RIVER - A TOXIC HOT SPOT : River Periyar is the longest iver in Kerala & during its journey to the Arabian sea, it helps in power generation, domestic water supply, irrigation, tourism, industrial production and fisheries. Today this river (especially the Angamali to Kochi stretch) is home to more than 50 large and medium industries and over 2500 small scale industries. The industrial belt of Eloor has become one of the top toxic hot spot in [Link] industries (Hindustan Insecticides Limited (HIL) being. the most Prominent industry) located in Edayar-Eloor area consumes about 1,90,000 m® water per day and discharges about 75% of the water consumed along with toxic pollutants. The soil, other waterbodies and the wetlands in and around Eloor have become contaminated with a cocktail of of the area are suffering from all kinds of maladie: NAMAMI GANGE - NATIONAL MISSION FORCLEAI * Rivers in India have been re Se ners jarded from time i i bodies. Ganga, the largest en in et tn) aleren th mest posted river in the world) Provides we Ind ie eee States. Ganga Action Plan ( ta ee Union Government of India eae 1988 paces wastewater {ten —— n load on this river. Domestic industrial Wastewater digg} aaa Paleo, trial cities on the river bank Poisons and the inhabitants S. ater to about 40% of I GAP) was launched i to reduce the Pollutioy cities and towns) with harge from the indus: 1ed with CamScannerpear uw 2 these, there are successful models of implementation of MSW Manage wee systems also in our state. Attingal municipality, Alappuzha municipality (Nn 3R - Rev i ” i is . | Recycle 5R Nagaram Nirmala Bhavanam”), Adat panchayath in Thrissur and Sreektishnap, a - in Palakkad have succeeded effectively in managing solid waste gener the goal of their localities. According to Swachh Sarvekshan 2018 report (carrieg, The wai in 4200 towns and cities ranked on cleanliness) Indore and Bhopal (, = = from Madhapradesh). asin The Ministry of Urban Affairs, Govt. of India under Swachh Bharath Mig, ofthat (May 2018) has come up with STAR RATING PROTOCOL OF GARBag “product FREE CITIES (7 star rating system) to make Indian cities more cleaner —waste-sh ne “compone! - pay 2. : Zero waste should not be misinterpre—staps me as if no waste is generat e concept of Zero waste focuses; important minimising waste and_m: sing recycling, thus resulting’ in red and ther 4 e CC amption. Hence, Zero Waste focuses on : ri a ~ Recycling @ Minimising Waste ™@ Reduci o Ensuring products can be re-used, repaired or recycled back to natu Lod Principle of Zero Waste Concept : Taking the natural world as a modi living organisms consume resources and produce waste. However whati waste for one species is food for another, so that within an ecosyste! virtually all wastes are continually [Link] means nature know what works, what is appropriate and what lasts here on Earth. Similar zero waste is a concept for a range of measures aimed at mimicking (copyint nature's successful strategies to make our industrial systems work, but movit towards zero [Link].a big challenge. Leas Benefits of Zero Waste Concept : Saves money raves Walser OWS PET ese slones c Improves Material flows - Zero waste strategies consumes ont smaller quantities of raw materials and produces less waste materials. Thes! “Waste materials will be reused or recycled) | mae NASTE MANAGEMENT HIER/ increase in the volume of was* generate fed had led us today to adopt a sustainable approach to manage was” and re Waste mana . igement consist of all those activities required to reduce we’ a Scanned with CamScannerIntroduction to Sustainable Engineering adverse effects of waste on our health, environment and aesthetics. The waste hierarchy generally refers to the “3Rs”, Reduce, Reuse and Recycle and the [Link] has been expanded to the even 4R and 5R concepts. 3R — Reduce, Reuse and Recycle Recycle 5R — achieve the goal of zero waste, all these five steps are to be practiced. The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of any waste minimization strategies and the same_is.represented as a 2 pyramid. [Link]-below—The— hierarchy followed i t refusing the products if “possible by the consumer. Ifthis is not possible, then reduce the consumption selble,. the consumer has to choose a Mission 'BAGE- ea “components has to be recovered from the product. However, out the five “steps mentioned above, Reduce, Reuse and Recycle are given much rpreted es on important: The 3Rs are in a hierarchical order i.e., first reduce, then reuse” sduced and thereafter recycle. / . DIAGRAM OF THE WASTE HIERARCHY TRIANGLE imising Most favoured option Prevention (Refuse) a Minimisation (Reduce waste as much as possible) Reuse products as many times as possibile Recycle resources to the greatest possible extend nergy Recovery Léast favoured Disposal option 2.6“THREE R CONCEPT OF WASTE MANAGEMENT : 1. Reduce ; This means reducing the waste generation at source. Purchase the minimum numberof products:that Is Just necessary. This means one has to cut back on unnecessary-purchases. This [Link] only money and resources but also reduces. the waste generated. But all this depend upon the attittide and lifectvla of the consumer. roc y Scanned with CamScanner& Introduction to Sustainable Engineering PI S er. Eg. By, In 2. Reuse : Long lasting goo Cans, Cartons etc. Anumber of electronic [Link] reused agin, again after minor repairs. 3. Recycle : In recycling the discarded materia, _cannot be used again in its [Link] sent back [Link] indy “there this waste material is broken. down, so that th istry can Useths | t 1 a resource for the [Link] the pr ithin recycling there ~distinction between the two types given below: Upcycle - Converting “value materials into high-value products (more desirable) Downcye ~— Converting valuable products into low-value raw materials (less desirabk| INDUSTRY WHOLE SALE PRODUCTS: JUNK DEALERS CONSUMER | Recycling of Waste oe RETAIL Ae JUNK DEALERS WASTE RAG PICKERS Colt 2 ; Can our own for shopping ™ Say" allplastic bags as far as possible a Se; asi . two garbage ind-see-tovit that the biodegradable and the biodegradable is put into separate bins and disposed off separately ™ Oi compost pit in your garden and put all the biodegradables into it MAS far’ — try to sell all the recyclable items to the Ragpickers,) Concent ri cur "i oc Close to achieve the goal of Zero Wat . a ust Scanned with CamScanner