Theme 4
Fluids
Module T4M1:
Fluid Statics
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Remember last class: Quiz
Rank the pressures from lowest to highest
A. e<c<d<a=b
B. a=b<d<c<e
C. b<a<d<c<e b●
D. e<c<d<a<b a●
h
d●
c●
e●
P = ⇢gh
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Remember last class: Quiz
Which dam must be built stronger? A, B, or C: both are the same
A ΔP=ρgh
Hoover dam, h = 221 m: P = ⇢gh
P = (1000)(9.8)(221) ⇡ 2 ⇥ 106 Pa ⇡ 20 atm
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Archimedes Principle
• When placed in a fluid, an object experiences an upward
(buoyant) force equal in magnitude to the weight of the fluid that
the object displaced
Fbuoy = ⇢w V g
• Concept: to push a beach ball into the water, you have to displace
the water – you must raise the equivalent volume of water.
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Archimedes Principle
• When placed in a fluid, an object experiences an upward
(buoyant) force equal in magnitude to the weight of the fluid that
the object displaced
Fbuoy = ⇢w V g
• Concept: to push a beach ball into the water, you have to displace
the water – you must raise the equivalent volume of water.
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Quiz 9.7
Two spheres of equal size are thrown into the water; they both sink.
One is lead, the other is glass. Lead is much denser than glass.
Which buoyant force is greater?
lead glass
A. Lead
B. Glass
C. Same buoyant force
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Free body diagram
mg = V ⇢2 g
FB = V ⇢ 1 g
P
⇢1 FB F = FB mg = V ⇢1 g V ⇢2 g
P
F = V g(⇢1 ⇢2 )
⇢2
P
if ⇢1 > ⇢2 then F > 0 ) float!
P
if ⇢1 < ⇢2 then F < 0 ) sink!
mg
float sink
FB > mg FB < mg
⇢1 > ⇢2 ⇢1 < ⇢2
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Surface Tension
• A surface of a liquid is different from the interior of a liquid
• Attraction between molecules leads to a tension in the surface
• Surface tension: γ = F/L [N/m]
gas
(γwater= 7.28 x 10-2 N/m)
• Surface tension is the cause for many
natural phenomena:
• round bubbles
• transpiration in plants
• bugs walking on water
liquid
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Water Strider
[Link]
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Water Strider
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“This elastic membrane” = surface tension, γ
Water Strider
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Water Strider, John Bush, MIT
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Robot Water Strider, Seoul National University
Can jump about 15 cm!
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Capillarity & Surface Tension
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Capillarity & Surface Tension
✓ ✓
Contact angles:
Does not wet
• θ < 90o are said to “wet” the surface
• θ > 90o are said “not to wet” the surface
• balance of interfacial/surface tensions
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Capillary Rise & Fall
P
At equilibrium: F =0 cos(✓)
Downward force:
mg = ⇢V g = ⇢(y⇡r2 )g y mg ✓
Upward force: r
cos ✓ · circumference
= cos ✓ · 2⇡r
Balance the forces:
2 cos ✓
cos ✓ · 2⇡r = ⇢y⇡r2 g y=
⇢rg
Liquid wets the surface of the tube, ✓ < 90
Surface tension pulls the liquid up.
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Quiz 9.8
A liquid does not wet a thin capillary tube that is placed into the
liquid. Which of the following scenarios is likely to occur?
A. B.
C. Neither
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End of Lecture 9B
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