STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY

• AISC 01 – GENERAL INFORMATION ................................................................... 1 - 5

• AISC 02 – COLUMN DEAD LOAD............................................................................ 6
• AISC 03 – VERTICAL LOADS .................................................................................. 7
• AISC 04 – DECK SELECTION ................................................................................... 8
• AISC 05 – RAIN LOAD ............................................................................................ 9
• AISC 06 – WIND LOAD ......................................................................................... 10
• AISC 07 – SNOW LOAD.................................................................................. 11 - 12
• AISC 08 – SEISMIC LOAD .............................................................................. 13 - 15
• AISC 09 – JOIST S ELECTION : BAY STUDY .................................................... 16 - 18
• AISC 10 – GIRDER S ELECTION : BAY STUDY – 30X36 BAYS ........................ 19 - 21
• AISC 11 – GIRDER S ELECTION : BAY STUDY – 36X30 BAYS .......................22 & 23
• AISC 12 – FILL BEAM SELECTION : BAY STUDY ..........................................24 & 25
• AISC 13 – ECONOMICAL BAY S ELECTION ............................................................ 26
• AISC 14 – EXTERIOR GIRDER S ELECTION : FLOOR.......................................27 & 28
• AISC 15 – GIRDER S ELECTION : ROOF .......................................................... 29 - 33
• AISC 16 – EXTERIOR FILL BEAM SELECTION : FLOOR ......................................... 34
• AISC17 – FILL BEAM SELECTION : ROOF ...................................................... 35 - 37
• AISC 18 – GIRDER, FILL BEAM AND JOIST SUMMARY CHART .............................. 38
• AISC 19 – LATERALLY UNSUPPORTED BEAM....................................................... 39
• AISC 20 – INTERIOR COLUMN DESIGN : UNDERNEATH PENTHOUSE ............. 40 - 50
• AISC 21 – EDGE COLUMN DESIGN : UNDERNEATH PENTHOUSE ................... 51 - 61
• AISC 22 – CORNER COLUMN DESIGN ............................................................ 62 - 70
• AISC 23 – INTERIOR COLUMN DESIGN .......................................................... 71 - 79
• AISC 24 – EDGE COLUMN DESIGN ................................................................ 80 - 88
• AISC 25 – LATERAL LOAD FLOW : GOVERNING FORCES .............................89 & 90
• AISC 26 – LATERAL LOAD FLOW : CALCULATIONS ...................................... 91 - 94
• AISC 27 – BRACE M EMBER DESIGN : COMPRESSION DESIGN ..................... 95 - 100
• AISC 28 – TENSION M EMBER DESIGN : BOLTED CONNECTION ................. 101 - 103
• AISC 29 – TENSION M EMBER DESIGN : WELDED CONNECTION ...............104 & 105
• AISC 30 – BASE P LATE DESIGN ................................................................106 & 107
• AISC 31 – STAIRWELL F RAMING AND BRACING BEAM ............................. 108 - 114
• AISC 32 – TENSION DESIGN : ELEVATOR STRUCTURAL S YSTEM .............. 115 - 117
• AISC 33 – GIRDER TO COLUMN FLANGE CONNECTION ............................. 118 - 121
• AISC 34 – BRACING CONNECTION: GUSSET PLATE DESIGN ..................... 122 - 124
• AISC 35 – BEAM TO GUSSET AND COLUMN TO GUSSET CONNECTIONS ..... 125 - 131
PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: PROJECT PLAN SHEET 1 of 131
PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: CALCULATIONS - CONTENTS SHEET 2 of 131

DESIGN CALCULATIONS FOR 3-STORY OFFICE BUILDING

CONTENTS

SHEETS SUBJECT
2 CONTENTS
3 GENERAL INFORMATION
4 ARRANGEMENT
5 BASIC FRAME
6 THRU 7 FLOOR & ROOF LOADS
8 DECK SELECTION
9 THRU 15 RAIN, SNOW & LATERAL LOADS
16 THRU 88 MEMBER SELECTION - VERTICAL LOADS
89 THRU 94 ANALYSIS, ADAPTATION FOR LATERAL LOADS
95 THRU 103 BRACING, COMPRESSION MEMBER DESIGN
104 THRU 105 BRACING, TENSION MEMBER DESIGN
106 THRU 107 BASE PLATE
108 THRU 111 STAIRWELL ANALYSIS
112 THRU 114 ELEVATOR STRUCTURAL SYSTEM, TENSION DESIGN
115 THRU 133 CONNECTIONS
PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: GENERAL INFORMATION SHEET 3 of 131

CALCULATIONS FOR PRIMARY STRUCTURAL FRAME

3 STORY OFFICE BUILDING
3100 SOUTH WEST STREET
LAWRENCE, KANSAS
DESIGN TEAM:
ARCHITECT: ARCHITECTS R' US a
STRUC. ENGR.: AISC DESIGN ENGINEERS a
MECH/ELEC/LIGHTING & ARCHITECTURAL SYSTEMS: B. SELF, INC. a
a
GEOTECHNICAL: SOILS GUYS
INFO INDICATES SPREAD FOOTINGS WILL BE REASONABLE

GOVERNING CODES: ASCE 7-02

STRUCT. STEEL PER AISC & LRFD

FIRE REQUIREMENTS:

INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE - TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION IS I (NON-COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS)

TABLE 503 - ALLOWABLE HEIGHT AND BUILDING AREAS - P.5.7
BUILDING UP TO 160 AND 11 STORIES - TYPE IB CONSTRUCTION
TABLE 601 FIRE RESISTANCE RATING REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING ELEMENTS (HRS)
USING TYPE IB - 2 HOUR FIRE RATING FOR STRUCTURAL FRAME INCLUDING GIRDERS IN FLOOR
REDUCED TO ONE HOUR FOR THE FLOOR

(PER ARCHITECT - BASED ON ZONE USE & OCCUPIED AREA)

STRUCT. FRAME - 2 HRS
FLOORS - 2 HRS
ROOF - 1 HR

ARCHITECTS' SCHEMATIC DRAWINGS SET DESIRED COLUMN ARRANGEMENT,

STORY HEIGHTS, NEED CHECKS (STRUCTURAL) ON:
FRAMING MATERIAL
TYPE OF VERTICAL & LATERAL RESISTING SYSTEM
SIZE OF COLUMNS & COLUMN BASE PLATES
DEPTH REQUIREMENTS FOR BEAMS, GIRDERS, & STRUCTURAL FLRS
PRELIMINARY BUDGET - STRUCTURAL FRAME

FLOOR VIBRATION:

A 3 ½” thick slab of lightweight concrete on spans in the range of 30-36 feet is not expected
to exhibit floor vibrations severe enough to be considered objectionable. Furthermore, partitions
eliminate vibration problems since they introduce damping to the structural system.

a - NAMES SHOWN ARE FICTITIOUS ENTITIES

PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: ARRANGEMENT SHEET 4 of 131

ARRANGEMENT - BY ARCHITECT COORDINATING WITH DESIGN TEAM

FUNCTION: SPECULATIVE (RENTAL) OFFICE BUILDING

LEASABLE SPACE - 21,000 SQ FT.
ENTRANCE LOBBY: FRONT CENTER, ALLOWS LEASING FLEXIBILITY
EACH FLOOR TO 1, 2, OR 3 CLIENTS
PENTHOUSE: SINGLE BAY OVER ELEVATORS
(Hydraulic elevator, piston at ground and sheave beams at penthouse level)
FIRE EGRESS: SEPARATE SMOKE ENCLOSURE EXITS FRONT & REAR
LAYOUT: BUILDING FOOT PRINT:
BAY SIZES: 36' X 30' (RECOMMENDED BY STRUCT. ENGR. SHEET 5)
STORIES: 3
CEILING HEIGHT: 10'-9"
MECH PLENUM DEPTH: ~16"

FACADE: BRICK
WINDOWS: PUNCHED

ROOF: BUILT UP ASPHALT & GRAVEL

HEIGHT OF SECONDARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM - 2"

INTERIOR FINISHES: CEILING: SUSPENDED ACOUSTIC TILE

WALLS: GYPSUM BOARD, PARTITION ALLOWANCE IN LEASABLE SPACE
FLOORS: VINYL TILE / CARPET

ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS LIST:

A-1 - 1ST FLOOR PLAN
A-2 - 2ND AND 3RD FLOOR PLAN
A-3 - PENTHOUSE, ROOF PLAN
A-4 - WALL SECTIONS
PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: BASIC FRAME SHEET 5 of 131
CHOICE OF FRAMING SYSTEM
SHORT DELIVERY SCHEDULE MEANS CONSTRUCTION TIME MUST BE
MINIMIZED, AVOID SHEAR WALLS

LOBBY LAYOUT ALLOWS BRACED FRAMES

BUILDING CLASSIFIED AS LOW-RISE (1-4 STORIES)

BRICK FACADE TO USE STEEL STUD BACKUP FOR LATERAL SUPPORT

PUNCHED WINDOWS ALLOW LOOSE LINTELS

LOW TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT ALLOWS BRICK TO BEAR VERTICALLY ON BRICK

SHELF AT FOUNDATION WITHOUT RELIEVING ANGLES
THE BUILDING HEIGHT OF 39' IS ON THE UPPER END FOR THIS METHOD
OF BRICK SUPPORT. AT THE PENTHOUSE WHERE THE BRICK HEIGHT IS 52'
A SHELF ANGLE SHOULD BE ADDED TO LIMIT THE BRICK HEIGHT TO 39'.
THIS DETAIL HAS BEEN OMITTED HERE FOR SIMPLICITY. SEE THE AISC
PUBLICATION "DESIGNING WITH STRUCTURAL STEEL. A GUIDE FOR
ARCHITECTS" FOR INFORMATION ABOUT WALL DETAILS.

FRAME TO BE STRUCTURAL STEEL, CONCENTRICALLY BRACED,

SIMPLE CONNECTIONS
FRAMING PLAN:
BAY SIZES: 30 X 36, FOR INFORMATION ON PRELIMINARY FRAMING LAYOUT,
SEE ESSENTIALS OF STEEL DESIGN ECONOMY, LECTURE 2,
DECISION MAKING IN SYSTEM SELECTION LAYOUT, AISC, CHICAGO 1999
FRAMING DIRECTION: JOISTS SPANNING LONGER BAY DIRECTION
A BAY STUDY IS DONE ON SHEET 34 TO VERIFY JOISTS SPANNING
LONGER BAY DIRECTION IS MOST ECONOMICAL
FOR MANY POINTERS CONCERNING STEEL DESIGN ECONOMY, SEE MODERN
STEEL CONSTRUCTION, VOLUME 40, NO. 4, AISC, APRIL 2000
FILL BEAMS ARE USED INSTEAD OF JOISTS ON COLUMN LINES
(EASIER TO PLUMB FRAME)
COMPOSITE SECTIONS ARE NOT USED FOR PEDAGOGICAL PURPOSES

MATERIALS:
STRUCTURAL STEEL - A992
JOISTS- STEEL JOIST INSTITUTE: MAX ALLOWABLE TENSILE STRESS 30,000 PSI
CONNECTION MATERIAL - A36
BOLTS - 3/4" φ A325 N
SITE:
SUBURBAN
RELATIVELY SMOOTH TYPOGRAPHY

DEFLECTION CRITERIA:
PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: COLUMN DEAD LOAD TAKE OFF SHEET 6 of 131
2
LOAD TABLE - COLUMN DEAD LOAD (LB/FT )

COLUMN DEAD LOAD UNDERNEATH TYPICAL FLOOR (LB/FT2) LOADS FROM

SLAB (4-3/4" Light WT. Concrete) 38 Slab
(Lightweight Concrete Density = 96 PCF) Mech./Elec./Piping
MECH./ELEC./PIPING 10 Ceiling System
(common practice = 10 psf) GO TO
CEILING SYSTEM (Table C3-1, ASCE 7-02) 5
(Acoustical fiber board & Mechnical Duct allowance)
JOISTS 3.5 Joists
(Assume 11 LB/L.F. @ 3' O.C.)
GIRDERS 2.5
(Assume 85 LB/L.F. @ 36' O.C.) Girders
COLUMNS (36'*30' = 1080 FT.2) 2
(Assume 150LB./L.F.* 13')/1080FT.2
2
COLUMN TOTAL DEAD LOAD - TYPICAL FLOOR (LB/FT ) = 61
Columns

COLUMN DEAD LOAD UNDERNEATH ROOF (LB/FT2) LOADS FROM

ROOF DECK (Table C3-1, ASCE 7-02) 3 Rigid Insulation
(Metal, 18 gage) Roof Deck
RIGID INSULATION (Table C3-1, ASCE 7-02) 3 Mech./Elec./Piping
(2" thick) Roofing (felt & gravel)
MECH./ELEC./PIPING & CEILING SYSTEM 10 GO TO
(Assume 10 psf)
ROOFING (Table C3-1, ASCE 7-02) 6
(Five-ply felt & gravel) Joists
JOISTS 3.5
(Assume 11 LB/L.F. @ 3' O.C.)
GIRDERS 2.5
(Assume 85 LB/L.F. @ 36' O.C.) Girders
COLUMNS (36'*30' = 1080 FT.2) 2
(Assume 150LB./L.F.* 13')/1080FT.2
COLUMN TOTAL DEAD LOAD - ROOF (LB/FT2) = 30 Columns

NOTES:
ENGINEERING JUDGMENT IS REQUIRED FOR LOAD DETERMINATION. FOR MINIMUM DESIGN DEAD LOADS AND
WEIGHTS OF BUILDING MATERIALS SEE ASCE 7-02 TABLE C3-1 & 2.

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: GRAVITY LOADS (LOAD TABLES) SHEET 7 of 131
2
TYPICAL FLOOR DEAD LOAD (LB/FT ) TO SLAB TO JOISTS TO GIRDERS TO COLUMNS
SLAB (4-3/4" Light WT. Concrete) 38 38 38 38
(Lightweight Concrete Density = 96 PCF)
MECH./ELEC./PIPING 10 10 10 10
(common practice = 10 psf)
CEILING SYSTEM (Table C3-1, ASCE 7-02) 5 5 5 5
(Acoustical fiber board & Mechnical Duct allowance)
JOISTS - 3.5 3.5 3.5
(Assume 11 LB/L.F. @ 3' O.C.)
GIRDERS - - 2.5 2.5
(Assume 85 LB/L.F. @ 36' O.C.)
COLUMNS (36'*30' = 1080 FT.2) - - - 2
(Assume 150LB./L.F.* 13')/1080FT.2
TOTAL FLOOR DEAD LOAD (LB/FT2) = 53 56.5 59 61
2
ROOF DEAD LOAD (LB/FT ) TO SLAB TO JOISTS TO GIRDERS TO COLUMNS
ROOF DECK (Table C3-1, ASCE 7-02) 3 3 3 3
(Metal, 18 gage)
RIGID INSULATION (Table C3-1, ASCE 7-02) 3 3 3 3
(2" thick)
MECH./ELEC./PIPING & CEILING SYSTEM 10 10 10 10
(Assume 10 psf)
ROOFING (Table C3-1, ASCE 7-02) 6 6 6 6
(Five-ply felt & gravel)
JOISTS - 3.5 3.5 3.5
(Assume 11 LB/L.F. @ 3' O.C.)
GIRDERS - - 2.5 2.5
(Assume 85 LB/L.F. @ 36' O.C.)
COLUMNS (36'*30' = 1080 FT.2) - - - 2
(Assume 150LB./L.F.* 13')/1080FT.2
TOTAL ROOF DEAD LOAD (LB/FT2) = 22 25.5 28 30
PENTHOUSE DEAD LOADS (EQUIPMENT) - 100 100 100
TYPICAL FLOOR LIVE LOAD 80 80 80 80
ROOF LIVE LOAD 20 20 20 20
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NOTES:
* ENGINEERING JUDGMENT IS REQUIRED FOR LOAD DETERMINATION. FOR MINIMUM DESIGN DEAD LOADS AND
WEIGHTS OF BUILDING MATERIALS SEE ASCE 7-02 TABLE C3-1 & 2.
ASCE 7-02CALLS FOR A 100 PSF LIVE LOAD ALLOWANCE ON FIRST FLOOR OFFICE BUILDING CORRIDORS.
HOWEVER, THIS WAS IGNORED SINCE THE FIRST FLOOR SLAB IS CONSTRUCTED ON GRADE.
ASCE 7-02 CALLS FOR A 100 PSF LIVE LOAD ALLOWANCE FOR STAIRS AND EXITWAYS.

* USE OF FLOOR SPACE IS ONE OF THE FOLLOWING:

OFFICE LOADING + PARTITION ALLOWANCE = 50 + 20 = 70 PSF
CORRIDOR LOADING = 80 PSF
USE THE MAXIMUM, 80 PSF, THROUGHOUT FOR LAYOUT FLEXIBILITY.

* ASCE 7-02 calls for a 20 psf roof live load

* EXTERIOR WALL SYSTEM LOAD = 15 PSF

(GRAVITY LOADS TO FOUNDATION, LATERAL LOAD TO EACH FLOOR LEVEL)

* CMU WALL SYSTEM AROUND STAIRWELL : 8" X 8" X 16" WITH 24" O.C. GROUT SPACING = 51 PSF
PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: DECK SELECTION SHEET 8 of 131
DECK SELECTION PER VULCRAFT STEEL ROOF AND FLOOR DECK MANUAL

ROOF DECK SELECTION

Fire rating: 1 HR (see sheet 3) Vulcraft page 18 "Roof Deck Fire Resistance Ratings"

Exposed grid acoustical tile ceilings, rigid roof insulation

Deck type B (wide rib), F (intermediate rib), and A (narrow rib)
All can satisfy 1 hr fire rating requirement.

Deck Type: B works well with thicker insulation required for project location.
Depth of 1 1/2", again most common, no special needs for wide spacing of roof
joists on this job.
Sheet metal thickness, use 20 gauge for nice constructability and working platform
and nice weldability.
Roof Decks According to Load Demand
Live Load = 20
Dead Load = 22
Total = 42
6'-0" spans (Assumption to be varified during roof joist selection, see sheet 16)
Use 3 Span

Vulcraft Page 4
-Max SDI construction span = length of span (unshored) for construction
-Run over 3 or more sets of joists - 3 span
Choose - B20, Max SDI Const. 3 Span = 7'-9", Allowable Total Load = 114 psf for 6'-0" spans

FLOOR DECK SELECTION

Fire Rating:
Since fire rating often controls minimum deck, select deck for fire rating then check for strength to meet load
demand. 2 Hr (see sheet 3) Vulcraft page 60-61 "Floor-Ceiling Assemblies with Composite Deck"
Unprotected deck (conservative assumption)
Light Weight concrete (LTWT CONC)
Need 3-1/4" LTWT Conc on 1-1/2" deck
Total slab depth = 4-3/4"

Deck Type
Use composite deck as common choice
Depth 1-1/2", again common
Sheet metal thickness, use 20 gauge for nice construction working platform and nice weldability

Floor Decks According to Load Demand

(psf)
Live Load = 80
Dead Load = 53
Total = 133

Use allowable stress design for deck

Slab dead weight = 37 psf Vulcraft page 43
SDI Max. Unshored Clear Span, 1 span = 5'-11", 3 span = 8'-0"
Choose 1.5 VL 20 with 6x6-W1.4 x 1.4 welded wire fabric
Allowable superimposed load = 400 psf for 5'-0" spans
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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: LOAD TAKEOFF SHEET 9 of 131

RAIN LOADS (per ASCE 7-02)

Notation:
R - rain on the undeflected roof, in pounds per square inch
ds - depth of water on the undeflected roof up to the inlet of the secondary drainage system
dh - additional depth of water on the undeflected roof above the inlet of the secondary
drainage system at its design flow

ANALYSIS:

R = 5.2 * ( ds + dh )

ds = 2
dh = 0

R= 10.4 psf

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: LOAD TAKEOFF SHEET 10 of 131

WIND LOAD ANALYSIS (per ASCE 7-02), Method for Buildings of All Heights
Wind Loads acting on main structural lateral system
Notation:
qz = velocity pressure evaluated at height z above ground, in pounds per square foot
qh = velocity pressure evaluated at height z = h, in pounds per square foot
pz = pressure that varies with height in accordance with the velocity pressure qz evaluated
at height z
ph = pressure that is uniform with respect to height as determined by the velocity pressure qh
evaluated at mean roof height h
I = importance factor (see ASCE 7-02 table 6-1)
V = basic wind speed obtained from ASCE 7-02 Fig. 6-1, in miles per hour
Gf = gust effect factor for main wind force resisting systems of flexible buildings and other
structures
Cp = external pressure coefficient to be used in the determination of wind loads for buildings
(see ASCE 7-02 Figure 6-6)
Kz = velocity pressure exposure coefficient evaluated at height z (see ASCE 7-02 Table 6-3)
Kzt = topographic factor (in our case we will use 1.0 see ASCE 7-02 sec. 6.5.3 for further explanation)

Analysis:
pz = qz * Gf *Cp
qz = 0.00256*Kz * Kzt *V2*I (ASCE 7-98 Eq. 6-1)

story height (ft) Kz Kzt V (mph) I qz Gf Cp pz (psf)

windward
13 0.57 1 90 1 11.8 0.85 0.8 8.0
26 0.66 1 90 1 13.7 0.85 0.8 9.3
39 0.76 1 90 1 15.8 0.85 0.8 10.7
52 0.82 1 90 1 17.0 0.85 0.8 11.6
leeward
52 0.82 1 90 1 17.0 0.85 0.5 7.2
39 0.76 1 90 1 15.8 0.85 0.5 6.7

Note: For the leeward force calculations the penthouse was analyzed separately producing
two separate pressure values. For all wind forces, Pz is assumed constant from mid-story below
to mid-story above each floor (or roof) level. Wind load for first half story above grade assumed
to be transferred from the exterior wall cladding system directly to foundation.

windward forces leeward forces

52'
11.6 7.2
39'
10.7
26'
9.3 6.7
13'
8.0

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: LOAD TAKEOFF SHEET 11 of 131

SNOW LOADS (per ANSI/ASCE 7-02)

Notation:
Ce = exposure factor as determined from ASCE 7-02 Table 7-2
Cs = slope factor as determined from ASCE 7-02 Fig. 7-2
Ct = thermal factor as determined from ASCE 7-02 Table 7-3
hb = height of balanced snow load determined by dividing ps by γ
hc = clear height from top of balanced snow load to (1) closest point on adjacent upper roof;
(2) top of parapet; or (3) top of a projection on the roof, in feet
hd = height of snow drift, in feet
I = importance factor as determined from ASCE 7-02 Table 7-4;
lu = length of the roof upwind of the drift, in feet
pd = maximum intensity of drift surcharge load, in pounds per square foot
pf = snow load on flat roofs ("flat" = roof slope less than or equal to 5 degrees), in pounds per
square foot
pg = ground snow loads determined from ASCE 7-02 Fig 7-1 and/or ASCE 7-02 Table 7-1; or a
site specific analysis, in pounds per square foot
ps = sloped roof snow load in pounds per square foot
w = width of snow drift, in feet
γ = snow density in pounds per cubic foot as determined from ASCE 7-02 Eq. 7-4

ANALYSIS:

We have a class ΙΙ, exposure B situation (see ASCE 7-02 Tables 1-1 and ASCE 7-02 Section 6.5.3 for clarification)

ps = Cs *Pf (in our case Cs = 1.0 because our roof can be considered "flat")
pf = 0.7*Ce *Ct * I*Pg
Cs = 1
Ce = 0.9
Ct = 1
I= 1
pg = 20
pf = 12.6 But since this cannot be less than I * pg our pf value becomes
I * pg = 20 (see ASCE 7-02 7.3.4 for clarification)
ps = 20 psf

In our case a 5 psf rain on snow surcharge load must be applied (see ASCE 7-02 Section 7.10)
therefore,

pS = 20 + 5 = 25 psf

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: LOAD TAKEOFF SHEET 12 of 131

SNOW LOADS (cont.)

Snow drift calculations

hb = height of balanced snow load determined by dividing ps by γ

hc = clear height from top of balanced snow load to (1) closest point on adjacent upper roof;
(2) top of parapet; or (3) top of a projection on the roof, in feet
hd = height of snow drift, in feet
w = width of snow drift, in feet
γ = snow density in pounds per cubic foot as determined from ASCE 7-02 Eq. 7-4
lu = length of the roof upwind of the drift, in feet

γ = 0.13 * pg + 14 (but can not be more than 30 lb/cu ft)

pg = 20
γ= 16.6 lb/cu ft

hb = ps / γ
ps = 25 psf
hb = 1.51 ft
hc = 13 ft
hc / h b = 8.6
***since h c / h b > 0.2 we must consider snow drift see ASCE 7-02 Section 7.7 for further explanation

for leeward snow drifts:

hd = 1.5 ft (this value is found from ASCE 7-02 Fig. 7-9 based on p 8' and lu )
maximum intensity of snow drift for leeward = h d * γ = 24.9 psf

for windward snow drifts:

hd = 1.875 ft
maximum intensity of snow drift for windward = h d * γ = 31.1 psf

Windward Controls maximum intensity of snow drift = 31.125 psf

since hd < hc drift width, w, = 4*hd
w (ft) = 7.5
upper roof 36 ft

w = 7.5 ft

hc = 13ft
hd = 1.875 ft pg = 20 psf
hb = 1.51 ft

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: LOAD TAKEOFF SHEET 13 of 131

SEISMIC LOAD ANALYSIS PER ASCE 7-02 - EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE METHOD
Notation:
V - total design lateral force or shear at the base of the buildin
Cs - seismic response coefficient
W - total gravity load of the building located or assigned to Leve
SDS - design spectra response acceleration in the short period range (see ASCE 7-02 Section [Link].5-
R - response modification factor (see ASCE 7-02 Table [Link]
I - occupancy importance factor (see ASCE 7-02 Section 9.1.4
SMS - maximum considered earthquake spectral response acceleration for short periods (see ASCE 7-02 Section [Link].4
SS - mapped maximum considered earthquake spectral response acceleration at short periods (see ASCE 7-02 Figure 9.4.1.
Fa - acceleration-based site coefficient at .3 s-period (see ASCE 7-02 Table [Link].4
SD1 - design spectral response acceleration at a period of 1s (see ASCE 7-02 Section [Link].5-
SM1 - maximum considered earthquake spectral acceleration for 1s period (see ASCE 7-02 Section [Link]
Fv - velocity-based site coefficient at 1s period (see ASCE 7-02 Table [Link].4
S1 - mapped maximum considered earthquake spectral response acceleration at a period of 1s (see ASCE 7-02 Section 9.4.1.
T - fundamental period of the building (see ASCE 7-02 Section [Link]
Ta - approximate fundamental period (see ASCE 7-02 Section [Link].2-
CT = building period coefficient (see ASCE 7-02 Table [Link].2
Cu - coefficient for upper limit on calculated period (see ASCE 7-02 Table [Link].
hn - height in feet (meters) above the base to the highest level of the buildi
Cvx - vertical distribution facto
Wx, Wi - the portion of the total gravity load of the building (W) located or assigned to level I o
hx - the height (feet or m) from the base level I or
Fx - the portion of the seismic base shear, V, induced at level

Analysis:
Assume Soil Profile D ---> Stiff Soil - ASCE 7-02 Table [Link]
Occupancy Category II (ASCE 7-02 Table 1-1)

V = Cs * W
ASCE 7-02 Eq. [Link]

Cs = SDS For S DS : SDS = 2 / 3 * SMS

R/I ASCE 7-02 Eq. [Link].5-1
ASCE 7-02 Eq. [Link].1-1 SMS = Fa * Ss Ss a = 0.12 SMS = 0.192
ASCE 7-02 Eq. [Link].4-1 Fa a = 1.6

SDS = 0.128

a
R= 3

For I: Seismic Use Group I (ASCE 7-02 Table 9.1.3)

a
I= 1
Cs = 0.0427

a -- refer to Notation list above to find location of table for value Red font indicates user input
PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: LOAD TAKEOFF SHEET 14 of 131

SEISMIC LOAD ANALYSIS - CONT.

Check Constraints
Cs min = 0.044 * I * SDS
Cs max = SD1 / T (R / I)
Cs min = 0.006

For S D1 : SD1 = 2/3 * SM1

ASCE 7-02 Eq. [Link].5-2
SM1 = Fv * S1 S1 a = 0.055 SM1 = 0.132
a
ASCE 7-02 Eq. [Link].4-2 Fv = 2.4

SD1 = 0.088

a
For T: T = Cu * Ta Cu = 1.7
Ta = CT * hn3/4 CT = 0.02 a

hn = 52
Ta = 0.387
T= 0.658
Cs max = 0.0446
Cs FINAL = 0.0427
V = Cs * W
For W:
D. load Partitions Mech. Load Exterior walls Total (Kips)
W penthouse = 30*(36*30) 0 0 15*(36+30)*2*13/2 45.3
W roof = 30*(108*90) 0 100*(36*30) 15*[(108+90)*2*13/2+(36+30)*2*13/2] 451.1
W3 = 61*(108*90) 20*(108*90) 0 15*(108+90)*2*13 864.5
W2 = 61*(108*90) 20*(108*90) 0 15*(108+90)*2*13 864.5

W= 2225.4 k
V= 95 k

Cvx = Wx * hxK
ΣWi * hiK
For K: Look at T
if T < 0.5 ---> K = 1.0
if 0.5 < T < 2.5 ---> K = 2.0
if T > 2.5 ---> K = 2.0

K= 2.0

Fx = Cvx * V

a -- refer to Notation list on sheet 12 to find location of table for value Red font indicates user input
PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: LOAD TAKEOFF SHEET 15 of 131

SEISMIC LOAD ANALYSIS - CONT.

Level Wx hx hxK Wx*hxK Cvx Fx

Roof 45.3 52 2704.0 122491.2 0.080 7.6 k
4 451.1 39 1521.0 686123.1 0.446 42.3 k
3 864.5 26 676.0 584402 0.380 36.1 k
2 864.5 13 169.0 146100.5 0.095 9.0 k
Σ= 1539117 1.00 95.0 k

7.6

42.3

36.1

9.0

Red font indicates user input

PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: JOIST SELECTION (ECONOMICAL BAY STUDY) SHEET 16 of 131
Investigate two framing options: Option I - joists span 30', Option II - joists span 36'
This bay framing study is done for joists (sheets 16-17), interior floor girders (sheets 18-22), and
interior fill beams (sheet 23-24). Comparison bays are priced out (sheet 25) to select economical bay framing

a
JOIST SELECTION PER VULCRAFT STEEL JOISTS AND JOIST GIRDERS MANUAL

ROOF JOIST SELECTION

TYPICAL BAY Center to Center Joist Spacing = 6.0 (ft) (trial assumption)
2
30 x 36 ft Bays DL = 25.5 (lb/ft )
2
Length - (ft) LL = 20.0 (lb/ft )
30 W DL = 153.0 (lb/ft)
Number of Joists W LL = 120.0 (lb/ft)
5 Applied Load - Wu = 273.0 (lb/ft)
Total Bay Width
6 6 6 6 6 6 36

From Vulcraft Manual p. 109 JOIST 20K 4

ALLOWABLE LOAD (total) 274 (lb/ft)
Live Load Deflection Check - ALLOWABLE LOAD (live) 179 (lb/ft)
Wt. < 11 lb/ft Assumed on sheet 6, OK WEIGHT 7.3 (lb/ft)
Total Weight Per Bay 1095 lb
b
Cost Per Ton $1,500.0
Total Cost $821.25
FLOOR JOIST SELECTION

TYPICAL BAY Center to Center Joist Spacing = 3.0 (ft) (trial assumption)
2
30 x 36 ft Bays DL = 56.5 (lb/ft )
2
Length - (ft) LL = 80.0 (lb/ft )
30 W DL = 169.5 (lb/ft)
Number of Joists W LL = 240.0 (lb/ft)
11 Applied Load - Wu = 409.5 (lb/ft)
Total Bay Width
3 ft C-to-C spacing 36

From Vulcraft Manual p. 109 JOIST 26K 6

ALLOWABLE LOAD (total) 441 (lb/ft)
Live Load Deflection Check - ALLOWABLE LOAD (live) 377 (lb/ft)
Wt. < 11 lb/ft Assumed on sheet 6, OK WEIGHT 8.8 (lb/ft)
Total Weight Per Bay 2904 lb
b
Cost Per Ton $1,500.0
Total Cost $2,178.00

Lab Note: Joists should also be checked for vibration, due to human activity. If gone unchecked vibrations can be uncomfortable for the
building occupants. Partitions act as dampers to reduce the amount of vibration in a floor system, it is negligible.

a -- use allowable stress design for joists

b -- costs per ton in place obtained from local fabricator Red font indicates user input
PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: JOIST SELECTION SHEET 17 of 131

a
JOIST SELECTION PER VULCRAFT STEEL JOISTS AND JOIST GIRDERS MANUAL

ROOF JOIST SELECTION

TYPICAL BAY Center to Center Joist Spacing = 6.0 (ft) (trial assumption)
2
36 x 30 ft Bays DL = 25.5 (lb/ft )
2
Length - (ft) LL = 20.0 (lb/ft )
36 W DL = 153.0 (lb/ft)
Number of Joists W LL = 120.0 (lb/ft)
4 Applied Load - Wu = 273.0 (lb/ft)
Total Bay Width
6 6 6 6 6 30

From Vulcraft Manual p. 109 JOIST 24K6

ALLOWABLE LOAD (total) 281 (lb/ft)
Live Load Deflection Check - ALLOWABLE LOAD (live) 183 (lb/ft)
Wt. < 11 lb/ft Assumed on sheet 7, OK WEIGHT 8.3 (lb/ft)
Total Weight Per Bay 1195.2 lb
b
Cost Per Ton $1,500.0
Total Cost $896.40
FLOOR JOIST SELECTION

TYPICAL BAY Center to Center Joist Spacing = 3.00 (ft) (trial assumption)
2
36 x 30 ft Bays DL = 56.5 (lb/ft )
2
Length - (ft) LL = 80.0 (lb/ft )
36 W DL = 169.5 (lb/ft)
Number of Joists W LL = 240.0 (lb/ft)
9 Applied Load - Wu = 409.5 (lb/ft)
Total Bay Width
3 ft C-to-C spacing 30.0

From Vulcraft Manual p. 109 JOIST 28K 9

ALLOWABLE LOAD (total) 442 (lb/ft)
Live Load Deflection Check - ALLOWABLE LOAD (live) 332 (lb/ft)
Wt. = 11 lb/ft Assumed on sheet 7, OK WEIGHT 11 (lb/ft)
Total Weight Per Bay 3564 lb
b
Cost Per Ton $1,500.0
Total Cost $2,673.00

Lab Note: A big differential deflection between floor members can be a serviceability concern for building occupants. The deflection could
lead to cracked architectural finishes or jammed doors. The difference in deflection between the joists and fill beams should be checked.
a -- use allowable stress design for joists
b -- costs per ton in place obtained from local fabricator Red font indicates user input
PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: JOIST SELECTION (ECONOMICAL BAY STUDY) SHEET 18 of 131

FLOOR UNDERNEATH PENTHOUSE SELECTION

a
JOIST SELECTION PER VULCRAFT STEEL JOISTS AND JOIST GIRDERS MANUAL

TYPICAL BAY Center to Center Joist Spacing = 3.0 (ft) (trial assumption)
2
30 x 36 ft Bays DL = 100.0 (lb/ft )
2
Length - (ft) LL = 80.0 (lb/ft )
30 W DL = 300.0 (lb/ft)
Number of Joists W LL = 240.0 (lb/ft)
11 Applied Load - Wu = 540.0 (lb/ft)
Total Bay Width
3 ft C-toC spacing 36

From Vulcraft Manual p. 109 JOIST 26K 8

ALLOWABLE LOAD (total) 544 (lb/ft)
Live Load Deflection Check - ALLOWABLE LOAD (live) 457 (lb/ft)
Wt. < 11 lb/ft Assumed on sheet 7, OK WEIGHT 10 (lb/ft)
Total Weight Per Bay 3300 lb
b
Cost Per Ton $1,500.0
Total Cost $2,475.00

TYPICAL BAY Center to Center Joist Spacing = 2.5 (ft) (trial assumption)
2
30 x 36 ft Bays DL = 100.0 (lb/ft )
2
Length - (ft) LL = 80.0 (lb/ft )
36 W DL = 250.0 (lb/ft)
Number of Joists W LL = 200.0 (lb/ft)
11 Applied Load - Wu = 450.0 (lb/ft)
Total Bay Width
2.5 ft C-to-C spacing 30

From Vulcraft Manual p. 109 JOIST 28k10

ALLOWABLE LOAD (total) 487 (lb/ft)
Live Load Deflection Check - ALLOWABLE LOAD (live) 366 (lb/ft)
wt.= 12 lb/ft is close to 11 lb/ft assumed on sheet 7 WEIGHT 12 (lb/ft)
say ok! Total Weight Per Bay 4752 lb
b
Cost Per Ton $1,500.0
Total Cost $3,564.00

a -- use allowable stress design for joists

b -- costs per ton in place obtained from local fabricator Red font indicates user input
PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: GIRDER SELECTION (30x36 BAYS - BAY STUDY) SHEET 19 of 131

(OPTION I)
INTERIOR FLOOR GIRDER SELECTION LIVE LOAD REDUCTION CHECK - Bay Width = 30 ft.

INTERIOR FLOOR GIRDER

Tributary Width Total Bay length = 36 (ft)
Beam Fy = 50 (ksi)
2
Typical Bay DL = 59.0 (lb/ft )
2
Assumptions LL = 80.0 (lb/ft )
#1 - Laterally Supported Tributary Width = 30 (ft)
2
#2 - Compact Sections Tributary Area (AT) = 1080.0 (ft )
36 x 30 ft Bays KLL (ASCE-7 02 Table 4-2)= 2.0
36 AT * KLL = 2160.0
30 30 AT * KLL > 400 ft2 ? YES

Note: Live load reduction can be applied in accordance with ASCE 7-02 section 4.8.1
(see ASCE 7-02 Eq. 4-1)

L = Lo*(0.25+15/(KLLAT)^0.5) ASCE 7-02 Eq. 4-1 L= 46

L = reduced design live load value in psf
Lo = unreduced live load in psf
AI = Tributary area

WDL = 1770 Lb/ft

WLL = 1375 Lb/ft

Now, calculate a new value for W u using the reduced live load as shown above
W u = [1.2*dead load + 1.6* reduced live load]
Wu = 4.32 klf

Red font indicates user input

PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: GIRDER SELECTION (30x36 BAYS - BAY STUDY) SHEET 20 of 131

(OPTION 1)
INTERIOR FLOOR GIRDER SELECTION (METHOD 1: Explicit Calculations)- Bay Width = 30 ft.

INTERIOR FLOOR GIRDER

Tributary width Total Bay Length = 36 (ft)
Beam Fy = 50 (ksi)
2
Typical Bay DL = 59.0 (lb/ft )
Assumptions LL (LL Reduction is applied) = 45.8 (lb/ft 2)
#1 - Laterally Supported Tributary Width = 30 (ft)
#2 - Compact Sections W DL = 1770.0 (lb/ft)
36 x 30 ft Bays W LL = 1374.6 (lb/ft)
36 Factored Load - Wu = 4.3 (k/ft)
30 30 Factored Max. Moment (Mu) = 700.4 (k-ft)

SELECT SECTION
Use Zx Tables 5-3
φ Mn = φ Mp = Zx * φ Fy
3
Zx required= Mu / φ Fy = 186.77 (in )

LRFD p.5-46 - Choose W24x76

Beam Weight (k/ft) 0.076 < 85 plf assumed,don't add Wt.
Mu = 700.4 (k-ft)
φMp = 750 (k-ft)
OK φMp > Mu ?
CHECK LOCAL CONDITIONS
bf / 2 tf (LRFD p.1-16) = 6.61
λp = 65 / Fy = .5
9.2
OK λp > b f/2tf ?
CHECK WEB
h / tw (LRFD p.1-16) = 49
λp = 640 / Fy.5 = 90.5
OK λp > h/tw ?
CHECK SHEAR CAPACITY
Vu = Wu L / 2 = 77.8
φVn = φv (0.6 Fyw) Aw = 283.9 (φv = .9)
Aw = d * tw (LRFD p.1-16) = 10.5
d= 24 tw = 0.4
OK φVn > Vu ?
LIVE LOAD DEFLECTION CHECK
∆ = L / 360 = 1.200 (in) - LIMIT
∆ = (5*wLL*L4)/(384*E*I) = 0.853 (in) - ∆LL
4
I (moment of inertia about x-x axis, LRFD p.5-46)= 2100 (in )
OK ∆ limit > ∆ LL?
SECTION OK
Cost Per Ton a 1950 ($)
Total Weight 1.368 (tons)
Total Cost $2,667.60
a - costs per ton in place obtained from local fabricator Red font indicates user input
PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: GIRDER SELECTION (30x36 BAYS - BAY STUDY) SHEET 21 of 131

(OPTION 1)
INTERIOR FLOOR GIRDER SELECTION (METHOD 2: Beam Design Tables)- Bay Width = 30 ft.

Beam Design Tables in LRFD

Mu = 700.4 k-ft

Fy = 50 ksi
LRFD Table 5-3 p.5-46
Member φMp (k-ft)=
W24x84 840
W24x76 750

Lightest member for most economical design

Choose W24x76

BEAM CAPACITY CHECK

Member W24x76

Fy = 50 ksi
3
LRFD Table 5-3 p.5-46 Zx = 200 in
φ Mn = Zx * φ Fy
φ= 0.9

φ Mn = 750 k-ft

Red font indicates user input

PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: GIRDER SELECTION (36x30 BAYS - BAY STUDY) SHEET 22 of 131

(OPTION II)
INTERIOR FLOOR GIRDER SELECTION LIVE LOAD REDUCTION CHECK - Bay Width = 36 ft.

INTERIOR FLOOR GIRDER

Tributary width Total Bay length = 30 (ft)
Beam Fy = 50 (ksi)
Typical Bay DL = 59.0 (lb/ft2)
Assumptions LL = 80.0 (lb/ft2)
#1 - Laterally Supported Tributary Width = 36 (ft)
#2 - Compact Sections Tributary Area (AT) = 1080.0 (ft2)
36 x 30 ft Bays KLL (ASCE-7 02 Table 4-2)= 2.0
30 AT * KLL = 2160.0
36 36 AT * KLL > 400 ft2 ? YES

Note: Live load reduction can be applied in accordance with ASCE 7-02 section 4.8.1
(see ASCE 7-02 Eq. 4-1)

L = Lo*(0.25+15/(KLLAT)^0.5) ASCE 7-02 Eq. 4-1 L= 46

L = reduced design live load value in psf
Lo = unreduced live load in psf
AI = Tributary area

WDL = 2124 Lb/ft

WLL = 1650 Lb/ft

Now, calculate a new value for Wu using the reduced live load as shown above
W u = [1.2*dead load + 1.6* reduced live load]
Wu = 5.19 klf

Red font indicates user input

PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: GIRDER SELECTION (36x30 BAYS - BAY STUDY) SHEET 23 of 131
(OPTION II)
INTERIOR FLOOR GIRDER SELECTION - Bay Width = 36 ft.
INTERIOR FLOOR GIRDER
Tributary width Total Bay length = 30 (ft)
Beam Fy = 50 (ksi)
Typical Bay DL = 59.0 (lb/ft2)
Assumptions LL (LL Reduction is applied) = 45.8 (lb/ft2)
#1 - Laterally Supported Tributary Width = 36 (ft)
#2 - Compact Sections W DL = 2124.0 (lb/ft)
36 x 30 ft Bays W LL = 1649.5 (lb/ft)
30 Factored Load - Wu = 5.2 (k/ft)
36 36 Factored Max. Moment (Mu) = 583.7 (k-ft)

SELECT SECTION
Use Zx Tables 5-3
φ Mn = φ Mp = Zx * φ Fy
Zx required = Mu / φ Fy = 155.64 (in3)

LRFD p.5-46 - Choose W24x68

Beam Weight (k/ft) 0.068 < 85 plf assumed,don't add Wt.
Mu = 583.7 (k-ft)
φMp = 664 (k-ft)
OK φMp > Mu ?
CHECK LOCAL CONDITIONS
bf / 2 tf (LRFD p.1-16) = 7.66
λp = 65 / Fy.5 = 9.2
OK λp > bf/2tf ?
CHECK WEB
h / tw (LRFD p.1-16) = 52
λp = 640 / Fy.5 = 90.5
OK λp > h/tw ?
CHECK SHEAR CAPACITY
Vu = Wu L / 2 = 77.8
φVn = φv (0.6 Fyw) Aw = 265.6 (φv = .9)
Aw = d * tw (LRFD p.1-16) = 9.8
d= 24 , tw = 0.4
OK φVn > Vu ?
LIVE LOAD DEFLECTION CHECK
∆ = L / 360 = 1.000 (in) - LIMIT
∆ = (5*wLL*L4)/(384*E*I) = 0.566 (in) - ∆LL
I (moment of inertia about x-x axis, LRFD p.5-46)= 1830 (in4)
OK ∆limit > ∆LL?
SECTION OK
Cost Per Ton a 1950 ($)
Total Weight 1.02 (tons)
Total Cost $1,989.00
a -- costs per ton in place obtained from local fabricator Red font indicates user input
PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: FILL BEAM SELECTION (BAY STUDY) SHEET 24 of 131

INTERIOR FLOOR FILL BEAM SELECTION - Bay length = 30 ft.

INTERIOR FLOOR FILL BEAM Joist spacing = 3.0 ft

Dark Line is Fill Beam
Typical Bay
Assumptions
#1 - Laterally Supported Total Bay Length = 30 (ft)
30 x 36 ft Bays 3.0 Total Bay Width = 36 (ft)
Influence Distance Fill Beam Fy = 50 (ksi)
2
Is Shaded DL = 56.5 (lb/ft )
2
30 LL = 80.0 (lb/ft )
Influence Distance / 2 = 1.5 (ft)
36 W DL = 169.5 (lb/ft)
Distance to next Fill Beam W LL = 240.0 (lb/ft)
Factored Load = Wu = 0.587 (k/ft)
Factored Max. Moment (Mu) = 66.1 (k-ft)
SELECT SECTION
LRFD p.5-48 - Choose W16X26
Beam Weight (k/ft) 0.026 > 11 plf assumed, add Wt.
Mu = 68.1 (k-ft)
φMp = 166 (k-ft)
OK φMp > Mu ?
CHECK LOCAL CONDITIONS
bf / 2 tf (LRFD p.1-18) = 7.97
λp = 65 / Fy = .5
9.2
OK λp > b f/2tf ?
CHECK WEB
h / tw (LRFD p.1-18) = 56.8
λp = 640 / Fy.5 = 90.5
OK λp > h/tw ?
CHECK SHEAR CAPACITY
Vu = Wu * L / 2 = 8.8
φVn = φv (0.6 Fyw) Aw (Fyw = yield strength of web)= 106.0 (φv = .9)
Aw = d * tw (LRFD p.1-18) = 3.9
d= 16 , tw = 0.3
OK φVn > Vu ?
LIVE LOAD DEFLECTION CHECK
∆ = L / 360 = 1.000 (in) - LIMIT
∆ = (5*wLL*L4)/(384*E*I) = 0.501 (in) - ∆LL
I (moment of inertia about x-x axis, LRFD p.5-48)= 301 (in4)
OK ∆ limit > ∆ LL?

In this case, deflection controls SECTION OK

a
Cost Per Ton 1950 ($)

a -- costs per ton in place obtained from local fabricator Red font indicates user input
PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: FILL BEAM SELECTION (BAY STUDY) SHEET 25 of 131
INTERIOR FLOOR FILL BEAM SELECTION - Bay length = 36 ft.
INTERIOR FLOOR FILL BEAM Joist spacing = 3.0 ft
Dark Line is Fill Beam
Typical Bay
Assumptions
#1 - Laterally Supported Total Bay Length = 36 (ft)
36 x 30 ft Bays 3.0 Total Bay Width = 30 (ft)
Influence Distance Fill Beam Fy = 50 (ksi)
Is Shaded DL = 55.0 (lb/ft 2)
2
36 LL = 80.0 (lb/ft )
Influence Distance / 2 = 1.5 (ft)
30 W DL = 165.0 (lb/ft)
Distance to next Fill Beam W LL = 240.0 (lb/ft)
Factored Load = Wu = 0.582 (k/ft)
Factored Max. Moment (Mu) = 94.3 (k-ft)
SELECT SECTION
LRFD p.5-48 - Choose W16x26
Beam Weight (k/ft) 0.026 > 11 plf assumed, add Wt.
Mu = 97.2 (k-ft)
φMp = 166 (k-ft)
OK φMp > Mu ?
CHECK LOCAL CONDITIONS
bf / 2 tf (LRFD p.1-18) = 7.97
λp = 65 / Fy = .5
9.2
OK λp > b f/2tf ?
CHECK WEB
h / tw (LRFD p.1-18) = 56.8
λp = 640 / Fy.5 = 90.5
OK λp > h/tw ?
CHECK SHEAR CAPACITY
Vu = Wu * L / 2 = 10.5
φVn = φv (0.6 Fyw) Aw (Fyw = yield strength of web)= 106.0 (φv = .9)
Aw = d * tw (LRFD p.1-18) = 3.9
d= 16 , tw = 0.3
OK φVn > Vu ?
LIVE LOAD DEFLECTION CHECK
∆ = L / 360 = 1.200 (in) - LIMIT
∆ = (5*wLL*L4)/(384*E*I) = 1.039 (in) - ∆LL
I (moment of inertia about x-x axis, LRFD p.5-48)= 301 (in4)
OK ∆ limit > ∆ LL?
In this case, deflection controls
SECTION OK
a
Cost Per Ton 1950 ($) Total Cost $912.60
Lab Note: A big differential deflection between floor members can be a serviceability concern for building occupants. The deflection could
lead to cracked architectural finishes or jammed doors. The difference in deflection between the joists and fill beams should be checked.

a -- costs per ton in place obtained from local fabricator Red font indicates user input
PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: ECONOMICAL BAY SELECTION SHEET 26 of 131

Interior Floor Bay Study

36
Bay
30 x 36 Joists
Type = 26K 6
Number = 11
30 Weight = 8.8 (lb/ft)
Total Weight = 2904 (lb)
Cost = 1500 ($/ton)
Total Cost = $2,178.00

Beams Fill Beams

Type = W24x76 Type = W16x26
Number = 1 Number = 1
Weight = 76 (lb/ft) Weight = 26 (lb/ft)
Total Weight = 2736 (lb) Total Weight = 780 (lb)
Cost = 1950 ($/ton) Cost = 1950 ($/ton)
Total Cost = $2,667.60 Total Cost = $760.50

TOTAL WEIGHT = 6,420 (lb) or 3.21 (tons)

TOTAL COST = $5,606.10

36
Bay
36 x 30 Joists
Type = 28K 9
Number = 9
30 Weight = 11 (lb/ft)
Total Weight = 3564 (lb)
Cost = 1500 ($/ton)
Total Cost = $2,673.00

Beams Fill Beams

Type = W24x68 Type = W16x26
Number = 1 Number = 1
Weight = 68 (lb/ft) Weight = 26 (lb/ft)
Total Weight = 2040 (lb) Total Weight = 936 (lb)
Cost = 1950 ($/ton) Cost = 1950 ($/ton)
Total Cost = $1,989.00 Total Cost = $912.60

TOTAL WEIGHT = 6,540 (lb) or 3.27 (tons)

TOTAL COST = $5,574.60

More Economical - 36 x 30

Red font indicates user input

PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: GIRDER SELECTION (36x30 BAYS) SHEET 27 of 131

(OPTION II)
EXTERIOR FLOOR GIRDER SELECTION LIVE LOAD REDUCTION CHECK - Bay Width = 36 ft.
EXTERIOR FLOOR GIRDER
Tributary width
Total Bay Length = 30 (ft)
Typical Bay Beam Fy = 50 (ksi)
2
Assumptions DL = 59.0 (lb/ft )
2
#1 - Laterally Supported LL = 80.0 (lb/ft )
#2 - Compact Sections Tributary Width = 18 (ft)
2
36 x 30 ft Bays Tributary Area (AT)= 540.0 (ft )
30 KLL (ASCE-7 02 Table 4-2)= 2.0
36 36 AT * KLL = 1080.0
AT * KLL > 400 ft2 ? YES

Note: Live load reduction can be applied in accordance with ASCE 7-02 section 4.8.1
(see ASCE 7-02 Eq. 4-1)

L = Lo*(0.25+15/(KLLAT)^0.5) ASCE 7-02 Eq. 4-1 L= 57

L = reduced design live load value in psf
Lo = unreduced live load in psf
AI = Tributary area

WDL = 1062 Lb/ft

WLL = 1017 Lb/ft

Now, calculate a new value for W u using the reduced live load as shown above
W u = [1.2*dead load + 1.6*reduced live load]
Wu = 2.90 klf

Red font indicates user input

PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: GIRDER SELECTION (36x30 BAYS) SHEET 28 of 131

(OPTION II)
EXTERIOR FLOOR GIRDER SELECTION - Bay Width = 36 ft.
EXTERIOR FLOOR GIRDER
Tributary width
Total Bay Length = 30 (ft)
Typical Bay Beam Fy = 50 (ksi)
2
Assumptions DL = 59.0 (lb/ft )
#1 - Laterally Supported LL (LL Reduction is applied) = 56.5 (lb/ft 2)
#2 - Compact Sections Tributary Width = 18 (ft)
36 x 30 ft Bays W DL = 1062.0 (lb/ft)
30 W LL = 1017.3 (lb/ft)
36 36 Factored Load - Wu = 2.9 (k/ft)
Factored Max. Moment (Mu) = 326.5 (k-ft)
SELECT SECTION

Use Zx Tables 5-3 - LRFD

φ Mn = φ Mp = Zx * φ Fy
3
Zx required= Mu / φ Fy = 87.06 (in )

LRFD p.5-47 - Choose W21x44

Beam Weight (k/ft) 0.044 < 85 plf assumed,don't add Wt.
Mu = 326.5 (k-ft)
φMp = 358 (k-ft)
OK φMp > Mu ?
CHECK LOCAL CONDITIONS
bf / 2 tf (LRFD p.1-16) = 7.22
λp = 65 / Fy = .5
9.2
OK λp > b f/2tf ?
CHECK WEB
h / tw (LRFD p.1-16) = 53.6
λp = 640 / Fy.5 = 90.5
OK λp > h/tw ?
CHECK SHEAR CAPACITY
Vu = Wu L / 2 = 43.5
φVn = φv (0.6 Fyw) Aw = 195.6 (φv = .9)
Aw = d * tw (LRFD p.1-16) = 7.2
d= 21 , tw= 0.4
OK φVn > Vu ?
LIVE LOAD DEFLECTION CHECK
∆ = L / 360 = 1.000 (in) - LIMIT
∆ = (5*wLL*L4)/(384*E*I) = 0.758 (in) - ∆LL
4
I (moment of inertia about x-x axis, LRFD p.5-47)= 843 (in )
OK ∆ limit > ∆ LL?

SECTION OK
Cost Per Ton a 1950 ($)
Total Weight 0.66 (tons)
Total Cost $1,287.00
a -- costs per ton in place obtained from local fabricator Red font indicates user input
PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: GIRDER SELECTION (36x30 BAYS) SHEET 29 of 131
(OPTION II)
INTERIOR ROOF GIRDER SELECTION LIVE LOAD REDUCTION CHECK - Bay width = 36 ft.
Underneath Penthouse
INTERIOR ROOF GIRDER

Tributary width

Typical Bay Total Bay Length = 30 (ft)

Assumptions Beam Fy = 50 (ksi)
2
#1 - Laterally Supported DL (A1) = 100.0 (lb/ft )
2
#2 - Compact Sections LL (A1)= 80.0 (lb/ft )
2
36 x 30 ft Bays DL (A2) = 28.0 (lb/ft )
2
30 LL (A2)= 20.0 (lb/ft )
36 36 Tributary Width from each bay = 18 (ft)
Tributary Area (AT) =A1=A2= 540.0 (ft 2)
KLL (ASCE-7 02 Table 4-2)= 2.0
AT * KLL = 1080.0
18 18 AT * KLL > 400 ft2 ? YES

A1 A2
30

36
Note: Live load reduction can be applied in accordance with ASCE 7-02 section 4.8.1
(see ASCE 7-02 Eq. 4-1)

L = Lo*(0.25+15/(KLLAT)^0.5) ASCE 7-02 Eq. 4-1 L= 57

L = reduced design live load value in psf
Lo = unreduced live load in psf
A1 = Tributary area

LL from A2 is not allowed to be reduced since is roof live load

WDL = 2304 Lb/ft

WLL = 1386 Lb/ft

Now, calculate a new value for W u using the reduced live load shown above
W u = [1.2*dead load + 1.6*reduced live load]
Wu = 4.98 klf

Red font indicates user input

PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: GIRDER SELECTION (36x30 BAYS) SHEET 30 of 131
(OPTION II)
INTERIOR ROOF GIRDER SELECTION - Bay Width = 36 ft.
Underneath Penthouse
INTERIOR ROOF GIRDER
Tributary width
Typical Bay Total Bay Length = 30 (ft)
Assumptions Beam Fy = 50 (ksi)
#1 - Laterally Supported Tributary Width = 36 (ft)
#2 - Compact Sections A1 A2 W DL = 2304.0 (lb/ft)
36 x 30 ft Bays W LL = 1386.0 (lb/ft)
30 Factored Load - Wu = 5.0 (k/ft)
Factored Max. Moment (Mu) = 560.5 (k-ft)
36 36

SELECT SECTION

Use Zx Tables 5-3 - LRFD

φ Mn = φ Mp = Zx * φ Fy
3
Zx required= Mu / φ Fy = 149.47 (in )

LRFD p.5-46 - Choose W24x62

Beam Weight (k/ft) 0.062 < 85 plf assumed,don't add Wt.
Mu = 560.5 (k-ft)
φMp = 578 (k-ft)
OK φMp > Mu ?
CHECK LOCAL CONDITIONS
bf / 2 tf (LRFD p.1-16) = 5.97
λp = 65 / Fy = .5
9.2
OK λp > b f/2tf ?
CHECK WEB
h / tw (LRFD p.1-16) = 49.7
λp = 640 / Fy.5 = 90.5
OK λp > h/tw ?
CHECK SHEAR CAPACITY
Vu = Wu L / 2 = 74.7
φVn = φv (0.6 Fyw) Aw = 275.2 (φv = .9)
Aw = d * tw (LRFD p.1-16) = 10.2
d= 24 tw = 0.4
OK φVn > Vu ?
LIVE LOAD DEFLECTION CHECK
∆ = L / 360 = 1.000 (in) - LIMIT
∆ = (5*wLL*L )/(384*E*I) =
4
0.558 (in) - ∆LL
I (moment of inertia about x-x axis, LRFD p.5-46)= 1560 (in4)
OK ∆ limit > ∆ LL?

SECTION OK
Cost Per Ton a 1950 ($)
Total Weight 0.93 (tons)
Total Cost $1,813.50
a -- costs per ton in place obtained from local fabricator Red font indicates user input
PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: GIRDER SELECTION (36x30 BAYS) SHEET 31 of 131
(OPTION II)
INTERIOR ROOF GIRDER SELECTION - Bay Width = 36 ft.

INTERIOR ROOF GIRDER

Tributary width
Typical Bay Total Bay Length = 30 (ft)
Assumptions Beam Fy = 50 (ksi)
#1 - Laterally Supported DL = 28 (lb/ft 2)
#2 - Compact Sections LL (roof) = 20 (lb/ft 2)
36 x 30 ft Bays Tributary Width = 36 (ft)
30 W DL = 1008.0 (lb/ft)
W LL = 720.0 (lb/ft)
36 36 Factored Load - Wu = 2.4 (k/ft)
Factored Max. Moment (Mu) = 265.7 (k-ft)
SELECT SECTION

Use Zx Tables 5-3 - LRFD

φ Mn = φ Mp = Zx * φ Fy
3
Zx required= Mu / φ Fy = 70.85 (in )

LRFD p.5-47 - Choose W16x40

Beam Weight (k/ft) 0.04 < 85 plf assumed,don't add Wt.
Mu = 265.7 (k-ft)
φMp = 274 (k-ft)
OK φMp > Mu ?
CHECK LOCAL CONDITIONS
bf / 2 tf (LRFD p.1-19) = 6.93
λp = 65 / Fy .5 = 9.2
OK λp > b f/2tf ?
CHECK WEB
h / tw (LRFD p.1-19) = 46.5
λp = 640 / Fy.5 = 90.5
OK λp > h/tw ?
CHECK SHEAR CAPACITY
Vu = Wu L / 2 = 35.4
φVn = φv (0.6 Fyw) Aw = 131.8 (φv = .9)
Aw = d * tw (LRFD p.1-19) = 4.9
d= 16 tw = 0.3
OK φVn > Vu ?
LIVE LOAD DEFLECTION CHECK
∆ = L / 360 = 1.000 (in) - LIMIT
∆ = (5*wLL*L )/(384*E*I) =
4
0.874 (in) - ∆LL
I (moment of inertia about x-x axis, LRFD p.5-47)= 518 (in4)
OK ∆ limit > ∆ LL?

SECTION OK
Cost Per Ton a 1950 ($)
Total Weight 0.6 (tons)
Total Cost $1,170.00
a -- costs per ton in place obtained from local fabricator Red font indicates user input
PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: GIRDER SELECTION (36x30 BAYS) SHEET 32 of 131
(OPTION II)
EXTERIOR ROOF GIRDER SELECTION - Bay Width = 36 ft.
Underneath Penthouse
EXTERIOR ROOF GIRDER
Tributary width
Total Bay Length = 30 (ft)
Typical Bay Beam Fy = 50 (ksi)
2
Assumptions DL = 100.0 (lb/ft )
#1 - Laterally Supported LL (LL Reduction is applied) = 56.5 (lb/ft 2)
#2 - Compact Sections Tributary Width = 18 (ft)
36 x 30 ft Bays W DL = 1800.0 (lb/ft)
30 W LL = 1017.0 (lb/ft)
36 36 Factored Load - Wu = 3.8 (k/ft)
Factored Max. Moment (Mu) = 426.1 (k-ft)
SELECT SECTION

Use Zx Tables 5-3 - LRFD

φ Mn = φ Mp = Zx * φ Fy
3
Zx required= Mu / φ Fy = 113.62 (in )

LRFD p.5-46 - Choose W24x55

Beam Weight (k/ft) 0.055 < 85 plf assumed,don't add Wt.
Mu = 426.1 (k-ft)
φMp = 506 (k-ft)
OK φMp > Mu ?
CHECK LOCAL CONDITIONS
bf / 2 tf (LRFD p.1-16) = 6.94
λp = 65 / Fy = .5
9.2
OK λp > b f/2tf ?
CHECK WEB
h / tw (LRFD p.1-16) = 54.1
λp = 640 / Fy.5 = 90.5
OK λp > h/tw ?
CHECK SHEAR CAPACITY
Vu = Wu L / 2 = 56.8
φVn = φv (0.6 Fyw) Aw = 251.7 (φv = .9)
Aw = d * tw (LRFD p.1-16) = 9.3
d= 24 , tw= 0.4
OK φVn > Vu ?
LIVE LOAD DEFLECTION CHECK
∆ = L / 360 = 1.000 (in) - LIMIT
∆ = (5*wLL*L4)/(384*E*I) = 0.470 (in) - ∆LL
4
I (moment of inertia about x-x axis, LRFD p.5-46)= 1360 (in )
OK ∆ limit > ∆ LL?

SECTION OK
Cost Per Ton a 1950 ($)
Total Weight 0.825 (tons)
Total Cost $1,608.75
a -- costs per ton in place obtained from local fabricator Red font indicates user input
PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: GIRDER SELECTION (36x30 BAYS) SHEET 33 of 131

(OPTION II)
EXTERIOR ROOF GIRDER SELECTION - Bay Width = 36 ft.
EXTERIOR ROOF GIRDER
Tributary width
Total Bay Length = 30 (ft)
Typical Bay Beam Fy = 50 (ksi)
2
Assumptions DL = 28.0 (lb/ft )
#1 - Laterally Supported LL (roof) = 20.0 (lb/ft 2)
#2 - Compact Sections Tributary Width = 18 (ft)
36 x 30 ft Bays W DL = 504.0 (lb/ft)
30 W LL = 360.0 (lb/ft)
36 36 Factored Load - Wu = 1.2 (k/ft)
Factored Max. Moment (Mu) = 132.8 (k-ft)
SELECT SECTION

Use Zx Tables 5-3 - LRFD

φ Mn = φ Mp = Zx * φ Fy
3
Zx required= Mu / φ Fy = 35.42 (in )

LRFD p.5-48 - Choose W14x26

Beam Weight (k/ft) 0.026 < 85 plf assumed,don't add Wt.
Mu = 132.8 (k-ft)
φMp = 151 (k-ft)
OK φMp > Mu ?
CHECK LOCAL CONDITIONS
bf / 2 tf (LRFD p.1-20) = 5.98
λp = 65 / Fy = .5
9.2
OK λp > b f/2tf ?
CHECK WEB
h / tw (LRFD p.1-20) = 48.1
λp = 640 / Fy.5 = 90.5
OK λp > h/tw ?
CHECK SHEAR CAPACITY
Vu = Wu L / 2 = 17.7
φVn = φv (0.6 Fyw) Aw = 95.7 (φv = .9)
Aw = d * tw (LRFD p.1-20) = 3.5
d= 14 , tw= 0.3
OK φVn > Vu ?
LIVE LOAD DEFLECTION CHECK
∆ = L / 360 = 1.000 (in) - LIMIT
∆ = (5*wLL*L4)/(384*E*I) = 0.923 (in) - ∆LL
4
I (moment of inertia about x-x axis, LRFD p.5-48)= 245 (in )
OK ∆ limit > ∆ LL?

SECTION OK
Cost Per Ton a 1950 ($)
Total Weight 0.39 (tons)
Total Cost $760.50
a -- costs per ton in place obtained from local fabricator Red font indicates user input
PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: FILL BEAM SELECTION SHEET 34 of 131

EXTERIOR FLOOR FILL BEAM SELECTION - Bay length = 36 ft.

EXTERIOR FLOOR FILL BEAM Joist spacing = 3.0 ft

Dark Line is Fill Beam
Typical Bay
Assumptions
#1 - Laterally Supported Total Bay Length = 36 (ft)
36 x 30 ft Bays Total Bay Width = 30 (ft)
Tributary Fill Beam Fy = 50 (ksi)
2
Area is Shaded DL = 56.5 (lb/ft )
2
36 LL = 80.0 (lb/ft )
Tributary Width = 1.5 (ft)
30 W DL = 84.8 (lb/ft)
Distance to next Fill Beam W LL = 120.0 (lb/ft)
Factored Load = Wu = 0.294 (k/ft)
Factored Max. Moment (Mu) = 47.6 (k-ft)
SELECT SECTION
LRFD p.5-48 - Choose W12x22
Beam Weight (k/ft) 0.022 > 11 plf assumed, add Wt.
Mu = 49.7 (k-ft)
φMp = 110 (k-ft)
OK φMp > Mu ?
CHECK LOCAL CONDITIONS
bf / 2 tf (LRFD p.1-20) = 4.74
λp = 65 / Fy = .5
9.2
OK λp > b f/2tf ?
CHECK WEB
h / tw (LRFD p.1-20) = 41.8
λp = 640 / Fy.5 = 90.5
OK λp > h/tw ?
CHECK SHEAR CAPACITY
Vu = Wu * L / 2 = 5.3
φVn = φv (0.6 Fyw) Aw (Fyw = yield strength of web)= 86.3 (φv = .9)
Aw = d * tw (LRFD p.1-20) = 3.2
d= 12 , tw = 0.3
OK φVn > Vu ?
LIVE LOAD DEFLECTION CHECK
∆ = L / 360 = 1.200 (in) - LIMIT
∆ = (5*wLL*L4)/(384*E*I) = 1.002 (in) - ∆LL
I (moment of inertia about x-x axis, LRFD p.5-48)= 156 (in4)
OK ∆ limit > ∆ LL?
In this case, deflection controls
SECTION OK
a
Cost Per Ton 1950 ($)
Total Cost $772.20
a -- costs per ton in place obtained from local fabricator Red font indicates user input
PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: FILL BEAM SELECTION SHEET 35 of 131
INTERIOR ROOF FILL BEAM SELECTION - Bay length = 36 ft.
Underneath penthouse Joist spacing 1 = 1.25 ft
INTERIOR ROOF FILL BEAM Joist spacing 2 = 3.0 ft
Dark Line is Fill Beam
Typical Bay Total Bay Length = 36 (ft)
Assumptions Total Bay Width = 30 (ft)
#1 - Laterally Supported Fill Beam Fy = 50 (ksi)
2
36 x 30 ft Bays 3.0 DL1= 100 (lb/ft )
2
Tributary Area LL1 = 80 (lb/ft )
2
Is Shaded DL2 = 25.5 (lb/ft )
36 LL2 = 20.0 (lb/ft 2)
Influence Distance / 2 = 1.5 (ft)
30 W DL = 201.5 (lb/ft)
Distance to next Fill Beam W LL = 160.0 (lb/ft)
Factored Load = Wu = 0.498 (k/ft)
Factored Max. Moment (Mu) = 80.6 (k-ft)

SELECT SECTION
LRFD p.5-48 - Choose W14x22
Beam Weight (k/ft) 0.022 > 11 plf assumed, add Wt.
Mu = 82.8 (k-ft)
φMp = 125 (k-ft)
OK φMp > Mu ?
CHECK LOCAL CONDITIONS
bf / 2 tf (LRFD p.1-20) = 7.46
λp = 65 / Fy = .5
9.2
OK λp > b f/2tf ?
CHECK WEB
h / tw (LRFD p.1-20) = 53.3
λp = 640 / Fy.5 = 90.5
OK λp > h/tw ?
CHECK SHEAR CAPACITY
Vu = Wu * L / 2 = 9.0
φVn = φv (0.6 Fyw) Aw (Fyw = yield strength of web)= 85.1 (φv = .9)
Aw = d * tw (LRFD p.1-20) = 3.2
d= 14 , tw = 0.2
OK φVn > Vu ?
LIVE LOAD DEFLECTION CHECK
∆ = L / 360 = 1.200 (in) - LIMIT
∆ = (5*wLL*L4)/(384*E*I) = 1.048 (in) - ∆LL
4
I (moment of inertia about x-x axis, LRFD p.5-48)= 199 (in )
OK ∆ limit > ∆ LL?
In this case, deflection controls
SECTION OK
a
Cost Per Ton 1950 ($)
Total Cost $772.20
a -- costs per ton in place obtained from local fabricator Red font indicates user input
PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: FILL BEAM SELECTION SHEET 36 of 131

INTERIOR ROOF FILL BEAM SELECTION - Bay length = 36 ft.

INTERIOR ROOF FILL BEAM Joist spacing = 3.0 ft

Dark Line is Fill Beam
Typical Bay
Assumptions
#1 - Laterally Supported Total Bay Length = 36 (ft)
36 x 30 ft Bays 3.0 Total Bay Width = 30 (ft)
Influence Distance Fill Beam Fy = 50 (ksi)
2
Is Shaded DL = 25.5 (lb/ft )
2
36 LL = 20.0 (lb/ft )
Influence Distance / 2 = 1.5 (ft)
30 W DL = 168.0 (lb/ft)
Distance to next Fill Beam W LL = 120.0 (lb/ft)
Factored Load = Wu = 0.400 (k/ft)
Factored Max. Moment (Mu) = 64.8 (k-ft)
SELECT SECTION
LRFD p.5-48 - Choose W14x22
Beam Weight (k/ft) 0.022 > 11 plf assumed, add Wt.
Mu = 66.9 (k-ft)
φMp = 125 (k-ft)
OK φMp > Mu ?
CHECK LOCAL CONDITIONS
bf / 2 tf (LRFD p.1-20) = 7.46
λp = 65 / Fy = .5
9.2
OK λp > b f/2tf ?
CHECK WEB
h / tw (LRFD p.1-20) = 53.3
λp = 640 / Fy.5 = 90.5
OK λp > h/tw ?
CHECK SHEAR CAPACITY
Vu = Wu * L / 2 = 7.2
φVn = φv (0.6 Fyw) Aw (Fyw = yield strength of web)= 85.1 (φv = .9)
Aw = d * tw (LRFD p.1-20) = 3.2
d= 14 , tw = 0.2
OK φVn > Vu ?
LIVE LOAD DEFLECTION CHECK
∆ = L / 360 = 1.200 (in) - LIMIT
∆ = (5*wLL*L4)/(384*E*I) = 0.786 (in) - ∆LL
I (moment of inertia about x-x axis, LRFD p.5-48)= 199 (in4)
OK ∆ limit > ∆ LL?
In this case, deflection controls
SECTION OK
a
Cost Per Ton 1950 ($)
Total Cost $772.20
a -- costs per ton in place obtained from local fabricator Red font indicates user input
PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: FILL BEAM SELECTION SHEET 37 of 131

EXTERIOR ROOF FILL BEAM SELECTION - Bay length = 36 ft.

EXTERIOR ROOF FILL BEAM Joist spacing = 3.0 ft

Dark Line is Fill Beam
Typical Bay
Assumptions
#1 - Laterally Supported Total Bay Length = 36 (ft)
36 x 30 ft Bays Total Bay Width = 30 (ft)
Influence Distance Fill Beam Fy = 50 (ksi)
2
Is Shaded DL = 28.0 (lb/ft )
2
36 LL = 20.0 (lb/ft )
Influence Distance = 1.5 (ft)
30 W DL = 168.0 (lb/ft)
Distance to next Fill Beam W LL = 120.0 (lb/ft)
Factored Load = Wu = 0.394 (k/ft)
Factored Max. Moment (Mu) = 63.8 (k-ft)
SELECT SECTION
LRFD p.5-48 - Choose W14x22
Beam Weight (k/ft) 0.022 > 11 plf assumed, add Wt.
Mu = 65.9 (k-ft)
φMp = 125 (k-ft)
OK φMp > Mu ?
CHECK LOCAL CONDITIONS
bf / 2 tf (LRFD p.1-20) = 7.46
λp = 65 / Fy = .5
9.2
OK λp > b f/2tf ?
CHECK WEB
h / tw (LRFD p.1-20) = 53.3
λp = 640 / Fy.5 = 90.5
OK λp > h/tw ?
CHECK SHEAR CAPACITY
Vu = Wu * L / 2 = 7.1
φVn = φv (0.6 Fyw) Aw (Fyw = yield strength of web)= 85.1 (φv = .9)
Aw = d * tw (LRFD p.1-20) = 3.2
d= 14 , tw = 0.2
OK φVn > Vu ?
LIVE LOAD DEFLECTION CHECK
∆ = L / 360 = 1.200 (in) - LIMIT
∆ = (5*wLL*L4)/(384*E*I) = 0.786 (in) - ∆LL
I (moment of inertia about x-x axis, LRFD p.5-48)= 199 (in4)
OK ∆ limit > ∆ LL?
In this case, deflection controls
SECTION OK
a
Cost Per Ton 1950 ($)
Total Cost $772.20
a -- costs per ton in place obtained from local fabricator Red font indicates user input
PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: GIRDER, FILL BEAM AND JOIST SUMMARY CHART SHEET 38 of 131

SUMMARY CHART - 36x30 BAYS

ROOF FLOOR
Fill Beam - Ext. W14x22 W12x22
Fill Beam - Int. W14x22 W16x26
Fill Beam - Int. W14x22 (underneath penthouse)

Girder - Ext. W14x26 W21x44

W24x55 (underneath penthouse)

Girder - Int. W16x40 W24x68

W21x62 (underneath penthouse)

Joist 4 24K6 @ 6 ft 9 28K9 @ 3 ft

11 28K10 @ 2.5 ft (underneath penthouse)

Some sections might change after stairwell analysis

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: LATERALLY UNSUPPORTED BEAM SHEET 39 of 131

EXTERIOR BEAM, 2ND FLOOR, EAST SIDE AT STAIRWELL (Column line 4, beam C-B)

EXTERIOR 2ND FLOOR BEAM

beam length = 30 (ft)
Unsupported Length = 17 (ft)
Full stair length including landings Total Beam Length = 30 (ft)
Girder Fy = 50 (ksi)
2
DL = 59.0 (lb/ft )
2
LL = 80.0 (lb/ft )
Factored Load - Wu = 3.6 (k/ft) Influence Distance = 18 (ft)
Factored Max. Moment (Mu) = 402.6 (k-ft) W DL = 1062.0 (lb/ft)
W LL = 1440.0 (lb/ft)

Mmax = 402.6 (k-ft)

MA = 393.51 (k-ft)
MB = 326.98 (k-ft)
MC = 195.81 (k-ft)

CB = 1.2327

SELECT SECTION
LRFD p.5-46 - Choose W14x61 < 85 plf assumed,don't add Wt.
Beam Weight (k/ft) 0.061
Mu = 402.6 (k-ft)
φMp = 383 (k-ft)
Lp = 8.65 (ft)
φMr = 277 (k-ft)
Lr = 25 (ft)
Interpolate
From p.5-92 - φMn = 328 (k-ft)
404.3170986
OK φMn > Mu ?

Red font indicates user input

PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: INTERIOR COLUMN DESIGN (underneath penthouse) SHEET 40 of 131
Design Columns for the lightest W10's and W12's section. Columns are to be sized for two options:
Option I Continuous, Option II with Splices. Then prices are to be compared to select most economical
option. Both explicit calculations or Column Design Tables may be used.

COLUMN B-2 LOAD TAKEOFF

Dead load (psf) Live load (psf)
Penthouse Roof = 30 20 KLL= 4
Penthouse Floor = 100 80 Fy (ksi)= 50
Roof = 30 20
rd
3 Floor = 61 80 Bold Numbers are
2nd Floor = 61 80 Roof Live Loads

Tributary Areas (At):

Width (ft) Length (ft)
At 1 = 36 30 1080
At 2 = 18 15 270

At 3 = At 1 - At 2 = 810

Plan View At 1 (floors) : At 2 (penthouse floor) :

DL = 61 psf DL = 100 psf
At 1 At 3
LL = 80 psf LL = 80 psf
30 30
At 2
Penthouse At 3 (roof) :
DL = 30 psf
36 36 LL = 20 psf

Note: Live load reduction can be applied in accordance with ASCE 7-02 section 4.8.1
(see ASCE 7-02 Eq. 4-1)
L = Lo*(0.25+15/AI^0.5) ASCE 7-02 Eq. 4-1 Use the larger of:
L = reduced design live load value in psf L > 0.5*Lo (columns supporting one floor)
Lo = unreduced live load in psf L > 0.4*Lo (columns supporting two or more floors)
AI = influence area
AI = Tributary area *KLL if AI > 400 ft^2 live load reduction is allowed
AI (1) = 4320 >400 ft^2
AI (2) = 1080 >400 ft^2

L (2nd floor) = 38 psf > 32 psf, thus use = 38

L (3rd floor) = 38 psf > 32 psf, thus use = 38
L (penthouse floor) = 57 psf > 40 psf, thus use = 57
Note: Roof Live loads are NOT allowed to be Reduced

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: INTERIOR COLUMN DESIGN (underneath penthouse) SHEET 41 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
METHOD 1 - EXPLICIT CALCULATIONS
METHOD 2 - USE COLUMN DESIGN TABLES
CONTINUOUS - L =13 FEET
Notation:
φPn - design compressive strength, kips
Fcr - critical design force
λc - width-thickness ratio
Ag - gross area of member, in 2
Fy - specified yield strength, ksi
E - modulus of elasticity, ksi
K - effective length factor
l - Laterally unbraced length of member, in
r - governing radius of gyration about the axis of buckling, in

Begin Load Takeoff from roof and proceed downward:

From Ground floor to 2nd floor:

dead loads (psf) live loads (psf)

Pnth Roof 30 20
Pnth Floor 100 57
Roof 30 20
3rd Floor 61 38
nd
2 Floor 61 38

Pu = [1.2*dead load + 1.6*live load]

Pu = [1.2*dead load + 1.6* roof live load]

Pu (Pnth Roof) = 68 psf * A2 = 18 kips

Pu (Pnth Floor) = 210 psf * A2 = 57 kips
Pu (Roof) = 68 psf * A3 = 55 kips
Pu (3rd Floor) = 134 psf * A1 = 145 kips
Pu (2nd Floor) = 134 psf * A1 = 145 kips
sum = 421 kips

PU = 421 kips

Note: Use column B2 for ALL Interior Columns.

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: INTERIOR COLUMN DESIGN (underneath penthouse) SHEET 42 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
From Ground floor to 2nd floor:
Note: For small axial loads the smallest section from the column design Tables (Table 4-2 LRFD)
may not be the lightest. If this is the case, do explicit calculations and then try a section from the
Table 1-25 LRFD. Use W8x24 as the smallest size (do not use W10’s or W12’s with a nominal
weight less than 24 lb/ft). If the column tables are used you only need to write down the section
selected and its capacity.

Analysis
φPn = 0.85 * Ag * Fcr (Equation E2-1 LRFD p.16.1-27)
Fcr = (.658λc^2) * Fy when λc < 1.5 (Equation E2-2 LRFD p.16.1-27)
Fcr = (0.877 / λc2) * Fy when λc > 1.5 (Equation E2-3 LRFD p.16.1-27)
λc = (K * L/π ∗ r) * (Fy / E)0.5 (Equation E2-4 LRFD p.16.1-27)

Fy = 50 ksi
K= 1
Pu = 421 kips L= 13.00 ft
E= 29000 ksi

Assume KL/r = 60 to start

λc = 0.7930
Fcr = 38.4 ksi
Ag = 12.88 in2

LRFD p.4-25
Check W 12:
Select W12x53 KL/rx = 29.8
2
Ag = 15.6 in KL/ry = 62.9
ry = 2.48 in λc = 0.83
rx/ry = 2.11 in Fcr = 37.4
rx = 5.23 in φPn = 496.4
φPn > Pu ? Section OK

LRFD p.4-26
Check W 10:
Select W10x49 KL/rx = 35.9
Ag = 14.4 in2 KL/ry = 61.4
ry = 2.54 in λc = 0.81
rx/ry = 1.71 in Fcr = 37.9
rx = 4.35 in φPn = 464.5
φPn > Pu ? Section OK

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: INTERIOR COLUMN DESIGN (underneath penthouse) SHEET 43 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
METHOD 1 - EXPLICIT CALCULATIONS
METHOD 2 - USE COLUMN DESIGN TABLES
CONTINUOUS - L =13 FEET
Notation:
φPn - design compressive strength, kips
Fcr - critical design force
λc - width-thickness ratio
Ag - gross area of member, in 2
Fy - specified yield strength, ksi
E - modulus of elasticity, ksi
K - effective length factor
l - Laterally unbraced length of member, in
r - governing radius of gyration about the axis of buckling, in

From Ground 2nd floor to 3rd floor:

dead loads (psf) live loads (psf)

Pnth Roof 30 20
Pnth Floor 100 57
Roof 30 20
rd
3 Floor 61 38
2nd Floor - -

Pu = [1.2*dead load + 1.6*live load]

Pu = [1.2*dead load + 1.6* roof live load]

Pu (Pnth Roof) = 68 psf * A2 = 18 kips

Pu (Pnth Floor) = 210 psf * A2 = 57 kips
Pu (Roof) = 68 psf * A3 = 55 kips
Pu (3rd Floor) = 134 psf * A1 = 145 kips

sum = 275 kips

PU = 275 kips

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: INTERIOR COLUMN DESIGN (underneath penthouse) SHEET 44 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
From Ground 2nd floor to 3rd floor:
Note: For small axial loads the smallest section from the column design Tables (Table 4-2 LRFD)
may not be the lightest. If this is the case, do explicit calculations and then try a section from the
Table 1-25 LRFD. Use W8x24 as the smallest size (do not use W10’s or W12’s with a nominal
weight less than 24 lb/ft). If the column tables are used you only need to write down the section
selected and its capacity.

Analysis
φPn = 0.85 * Ag * Fcr (Equation E2-1 LRFD p.16.1-27)
Fcr = (.658λc^2) * Fy when λc < 1.5 (Equation E2-2 LRFD p.16.1-27)
Fcr = (0.877 / λc2) * Fy when λc > 1.5 (Equation E2-3 LRFD p.16.1-27)
λc = (K * L/π ∗ r) * (Fy / E)0.5 (Equation E2-4 LRFD p.16.1-27)

Fy = 50 ksi
K= 1
Pu = 275 kips L= 13.00 ft
E= 29000 ksi

Assume KL/r = 60 to start

λc = 0.7930
Fcr = 38.4 ksi
Ag = 8.43 in2

LRFD p.4-25
Check W 12:
Select W12x40 KL/rx = 30.4
Ag = 11.7 in2 KL/ry = 80.4
ry = 1.94 in λc = 1.06
rx/ry = 2.64 in Fcr = 31.2
rx = 5.13 in φPn = 309.9
φPn > Pu ? Section OK

LRFD p.4-26
Check W 10:
Select W10x39 KL/rx = 36.5
2
Ag = 11.5 in KL/ry = 78.8
ry = 1.98 in λc = 1.04
rx/ry = 2.16 in Fcr = 31.8
rx = 4.27 in φPn = 310.4
φPn > Pu ? Section OK

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: INTERIOR COLUMN DESIGN (underneath penthouse) SHEET 45 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
METHOD 1 - EXPLICIT CALCULATIONS
METHOD 2 - USE COLUMN DESIGN TABLES
CONTINUOUS - L =13 FEET
Notation:
φPn - design compressive strength, kips
Fcr - critical design force
λc - width-thickness ratio
Ag - gross area of member, in 2
Fy - specified yield strength, ksi
E - modulus of elasticity, ksi
K - effective length factor
l - Laterally unbraced length of member, in
r - governing radius of gyration about the axis of buckling, in

From 3rd floor to roof level:

dead loads (psf) live loads (psf)

Pnth Roof 30 20
Pnth Floor 100 57
Roof 30 20
3rd Floor - -
nd
2 Floor - -

Pu = [1.2*dead load + 1.6*live load]

Pu = [1.2*dead load + 1.6* roof live load]

Pu (Pnth Roof) = 68 psf * A2 = 18 kips

Pu (Pnth Floor) = 210 psf * A2 = 57 kips
Pu (Roof) = 68 psf * A3 = 55 kips

sum = 130 kips

PU = 130 kips

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: INTERIOR COLUMN DESIGN (underneath penthouse) SHEET 46 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
From 3rd floor to roof level:
Note: For small axial loads the smallest section from the column design Tables (Table 4-2 LRFD)
may not be the lightest. If this is the case, do explicit calculations and then try a section from the
Table 1-25 LRFD. Use W8x24 as the smallest size (do not use W10’s or W12’s with a nominal
weight less than 24 lb/ft). If the column tables are used you only need to write down the section
selected and its capacity.

Analysis
φPn = 0.85 * Ag * Fcr (Equation E2-1 LRFD p.16.1-27)
Fcr = (.658λc^2) * Fy when λc < 1.5 (Equation E2-2 LRFD p.16.1-27)
Fcr = (0.877 / λc2) * Fy when λc > 1.5 (Equation E2-3 LRFD p.16.1-27)
λc = (K * L/π ∗ r) * (Fy / E)0.5 (Equation E2-4 LRFD p.16.1-27)

Fy = 50 ksi
K= 1
Pu = 130 kips L= 13.00 ft
E= 29000 ksi

Assume KL/r = 60 to start

λc = 0.7930
Fcr = 38.4 ksi
Ag = 3.99 in2

LRFD p.4-25
Check W 12:
Select W12x26 KL/rx = 30.2
2
Ag = 7.65 in KL/ry = 103.3
ry = 1.51 in λc = 1.37
rx/ry = 3.42 in Fcr = 22.9
rx = 5.17 in φPn = 149.0
φPn > Pu ? Section OK

LRFD p.4-26
Check W 10:
Select W10x30 KL/rx = 35.6
Ag = 8.84 in2 KL/ry = 113.9
ry = 1.37 in λc = 1.51
rx/ry = 2.16 in Fcr = 19.4
rx = 4.38 in φPn = 145.5
φPn > Pu ? Section OK

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: INTERIOR COLUMN DESIGN (underneath penthouse) SHEET 47 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
From roof level to penthouse:

dead loads (psf) live loads (psf)

Pnth Roof 30 20
Pnth Floor - -
Roof - -
3rd Floor - -
2nd Floor - -

Pu = [1.2*dead load + 1.6*live load]

Pu = [1.2*dead load + 1.6* roof live load]

Pu (Pnth Roof) = 68 psf * A2 = 18 kips

sum = 18 kips

PU = 18 kips

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: INTERIOR COLUMN DESIGN (underneath penthouse) SHEET 48 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
From roof level to penthouse:
Note: For small axial loads the smallest section from the column design Tables (Table 4-2 LRFD)
may not be the lightest. If this is the case, do explicit calculations and then try a section from the
Table 1-25 LRFD. Use W8x24 as the smallest size (do not use W10’s or W12’s with a nominal
weight less than 24 lb/ft). If the column tables are used you only need to write down the section
selected and its capacity.

Analysis
φPn = 0.85 * Ag * Fcr (Equation E2-1 LRFD p.16.1-27)
Fcr = (.658λc^2) * Fy when λc < 1.5 (Equation E2-2 LRFD p.16.1-27)
Fcr = (0.877 / λc2) * Fy when λc > 1.5 (Equation E2-3 LRFD p.16.1-27)
λc = (K * L/π ∗ r) * (Fy / E)0.5 (Equation E2-4 LRFD p.16.1-27)

Fy = 50 ksi
K= 1
Pu = 18 kips L= 13.00 ft
E= 29000 ksi

Assume KL/r = 60 to start

λc = 0.7930
Fcr = 38.4 ksi
Ag = 0.56 in2

LRFD p.4-25
Check W 12:
Select W8x24 KL/rx = 45.6
Ag = 7.08 in2 KL/ry = 96.9
ry = 1.61 in λc = 1.28
rx/ry = 2.12 in Fcr = 25.2
rx = 3.42 in φPn = 151.5
φPn > Pu ? Section OK
LRFD p.4-26
Check W 10:
Select W8x24 KL/rx = 45.6
Ag = 7.08 in2 KL/ry = 96.9
ry = 1.61 in λc = 1.28
rx/ry = 2.12 in Fcr = 25.2
rx = 3.42 in φPn = 151.5
φPn > Pu ? Section OK

Lab Note: When beams and girders are framed to columns with simple shear connections, the
columns are usually designed as concentrically loaded members.

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: INTERIOR COLUMN DESIGN (underneath penthouse) SHEET 49 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
SPLICED vs CONTINOUS

Steel Prices per ton = $1,600

Wt of additional splice (lb) b = 500

W10's

Analysis
Continous:
Member Length (ft) Weight (tons) Cost
W10x49 52 1.274 $2,038
Wt. / ft (lb)= 49
Total cost = $2,038

All columns spliced:

Member Length (ft) Weight (tons) Cost
W10x49 13 0.3185 $510
Wt. / ft (lb)= 49
W10x39 13 0.2535 $406
Wt. / ft (lb)= 39
W10x30 13 0.195 $312
Wt. / ft (lb)= 30
W8x24 13 0.156 $250
Wt. / ft (lb)= 24
3 splice = 0.75 $1,200
Total cost = $2,677

TOTAL COST = $2,038.40

Answer:
Continuous columns are more economical

b -- indicates general value according to Modern Steel Construction. April 2000.

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: INTERIOR COLUMN DESIGN (underneath penthouse) SHEET 50 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
SPLICED vs CONTINOUS

Steel Prices per ton = $1,600

Wt of additional splice (lb) b = 500

W12's

Analysis
Continous:
Member Length (ft) Weight (tons) Cost
W12x53 52 1.378 $2,205
Wt. / ft (lb)= 53
Total cost = $2,205

All columns spliced:

Member Length (ft) Weight (tons) Cost
W12x53 13 0.3445 $551
Wt. / ft (lb)= 53
W12x40 13 0.26 $416
Wt. / ft (lb)= 40
W12x26 13 0.169 $270
Wt. / ft (lb)= 26
W8x24 13 0.156 $250
Wt. / ft (lb)= 24
3 splice = 0.75 $1,200
Total cost = $2,687

TOTAL COST = $2,204.80

Answer:
Continuous columns are more economical

Use :
W10's sections Continuous columns are more economical

Total cost = $2,038.40

b - indicates general value according to Modern Steel Construction, April 2000

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: EDGE COLUMN DESIGN (underneath penthouse) SHEET 51 of 131
Design Columns for the lightest W10's and W12's section. Columns are to be sized for two options:
Option I Continuous, Option II with Splices. Then prices are to be compared to select most economical
option. Both explicit calculations or Column Design Tables may be used.

COLUMN B-1 LOAD TAKEOFF

Dead load (psf) Live load (psf)
Penthouse Roof = 30 20 KLL (edge column)= 4
Penthouse Floor = 100 80 Fy (ksi)= 50
Roof = 30 20
rd
3 Floor = 61 80 Bold Numbers are
2nd Floor = 61 80 Roof Live Loads

Tributary Areas Width (ft) Length (ft)

At 1 = 18 30 540
At 2 = 18 15 270

At 3 = At 1 - At 2 = 270

Plan Views At 2 (penhouse floor) :

DL = 100 psf
At 1 At 3
15 LL = 80 psf
30 30
At 2
At 1(floors) : At 3 (roof) :
Penthouse DL = 61 psf DL = 30 psf
18 LL = 80 psf 18 LL = 20 psf

Note: Live load reduction can be applied in accordance with ASCE 7-02 section 4.8.1
(see ASCE 7-02 Eq. 4-1)
L = Lo*(0.25+15/AI^0.5) ASCE 7-02 Eq. 4-1 AI (1) = 2160 >400 ft^2
L = reduced design live load value in psf AI (2) = 1080 >400 ft^2
Lo = unreduced live load in psf if AI > 400 ft^2 live load reduction is allowed
AI = Tributary area *KLL L > 0.5*Lo (columns supporting one floor)
L > 0.4*Lo (columns supporting two or more floors)

L (2nd floor) = 46 psf > 32 psf, thus use = 46

L (3rd floor) = 46 psf > 32 psf, thus use = 46
L (penthouse floor) = 57 psf > 40 psf, thus use = 57
Note: Live roof loads are NOT allowed to be Reduced

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: EDGE COLUMN DESIGN (underneath penthouse) SHEET 52 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
METHOD 1 - EXPLICIT CALCULATIONS
METHOD 2 - USE COLUMN DESIGN TABLES
CONTINUOUS - L =13 FEET
Notation:
φPn - design compressive strength, kips
Fcr - critical design force
λc - width-thickness ratio
Ag - gross area of member, in 2
Fy - specified yield strength, ksi
E - modulus of elasticity, ksi
K - effective length factor
l - Laterally unbraced length of member, in
r - governing radius of gyration about the axis of buckling, in

Begin Load Takeoff from roof and proceed downward:

From Ground floor to 2nd floor:

dead loads (psf) live loads (psf)

Pnth Roof 30 20
Pnth Floor 100 57
Roof 30 20
3rd Floor 61 46
nd
2 Floor 61 46

Pu = [1.2*dead load + 1.6*live load]

Pu = [1.2*dead load + 1.6* roof live load]

Pu (Pnth Roof) = 68 psf * A2 = 18 kips

Pu (Pnth Floor) = 210 psf * A2 = 57 kips
Pu (Roof) = 68 psf * A3 = 18 kips
Pu (3rd Floor) = 147 psf * A1 = 79 kips
Pu (2nd Floor) = 147 psf * A1 = 79 kips
sum = 252 kips

PU = 252 kips

Note: Use column B2 for ALL Edge Columns.

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: EDGE COLUMN DESIGN (underneath penthouse) SHEET 53 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
From Ground floor to 2nd floor:
Note: For small axial loads the smallest section from the column design Tables (Table 4-2 LRFD)
may not be the lightest. If this is the case, do explicit calculations and then try a section from the
Table 1-25 LRFD. Use W8x24 as the smallest size (do not use W10’s or W12’s with a nominal
weight less than 24 lb/ft). If the column tables are used you only need to write down the section
selected and its capacity.

Analysis
φPn = 0.85 * Ag * Fcr (Equation E2-1 LRFD p.16.1-27)
Fcr = (.658λc^2) * Fy when λc < 1.5 (Equation E2-2 LRFD p.16.1-27)
Fcr = (0.877 / λc2) * Fy when λc > 1.5 (Equation E2-3 LRFD p.16.1-27)
λc = (K * L/π ∗ r) * (Fy / E)0.5 (Equation E2-4 LRFD p.16.1-27)

Fy = 50 ksi
K= 1
Pu = 252 kips L= 13.00 ft
E= 29000 ksi

Assume KL/r = 60 to start

λc = 0.7930
Fcr = 38.4 ksi
Ag = 7.71 in2

LRFD p.4-25
Check W 12:
Select W12x40 KL/rx = 30.4
2
Ag = 11.7 in KL/ry = 80.4
ry = 1.94 in λc = 1.06
rx/ry = 2.64 in Fcr = 31.2
rx = 5.13 in φPn = 309.9
φPn > Pu ? Section OK

LRFD p.4-26
Check W 10:
Select W10x33 KL/rx = 37.2
Ag = 9.71 in2 KL/ry = 80.4
ry = 1.94 in λc = 1.06
rx/ry = 2.16 in Fcr = 31.2
rx = 4.19 in φPn = 257.2
φPn > Pu ? Section OK

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: EDGE COLUMN DESIGN (underneath penthouse) SHEET 54 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
METHOD 1 - EXPLICIT CALCULATIONS
METHOD 2 - USE COLUMN DESIGN TABLES
CONTINUOUS - L =13 FEET
Notation:
φPn - design compressive strength, kips
Fcr - critical design force
λc - width-thickness ratio
Ag - gross area of member, in 2
Fy - specified yield strength, ksi
E - modulus of elasticity, ksi
K - effective length factor
l - Laterally unbraced length of member, in
r - governing radius of gyration about the axis of buckling, in

From Ground 2nd floor to 3rd floor:

dead loads (psf) live loads (psf)

Pnth Roof 30 20
Pnth Floor 100 57
Roof 30 20
rd
3 Floor 61 46
2nd Floor - -

Pu = [1.2*dead load + 1.6*live load]

Pu = [1.2*dead load + 1.6* roof live load]

Pu (Pnth Roof) = 68 psf * A2 = 18 kips

Pu (Pnth Floor) = 210 psf * A2 = 57 kips
Pu (Roof) = 68 psf * A3 = 18 kips
Pu (3rd Floor) = 147 psf * A1 = 79 kips

sum = 173 kips

PU = 173 kips

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: EDGE COLUMN DESIGN (underneath penthouse) SHEET 55 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
From Ground 2nd floor to 3rd floor:
Note: For small axial loads the smallest section from the column design Tables (Table 4-2 LRFD)
may not be the lightest. If this is the case, do explicit calculations and then try a section from the
Table 1-25 LRFD. Use W8x24 as the smallest size (do not use W10’s or W12’s with a nominal
weight less than 24 lb/ft). If the column tables are used you only need to write down the section
selected and its capacity.

Analysis
φPn = 0.85 * Ag * Fcr (Equation E2-1 LRFD p.16.1-27)
Fcr = (.658λc^2) * Fy when λc < 1.5 (Equation E2-2 LRFD p.16.1-27)
Fcr = (0.877 / λc2) * Fy when λc > 1.5 (Equation E2-3 LRFD p.16.1-27)
λc = (K * L/π ∗ r) * (Fy / E)0.5 (Equation E2-4 LRFD p.16.1-27)

Fy = 50 ksi
K= 1
Pu = 173 kips L= 13.00 ft
E= 29000 ksi

Assume KL/r = 60 to start

λc = 0.7930
Fcr = 38.4 ksi
Ag = 5.29 in2

LRFD p.4-25
Check W 12:
Select W12x30 KL/rx = 29.9
Ag = 8.79 in2 KL/ry = 102.6
ry = 1.52 in λc = 1.36
rx/ry = 3.43 in Fcr = 23.1
rx = 5.21 in φPn = 172.9
φPn > Pu ? Section OK

LRFD p.4-26
Check W 10:
Select W10x33 KL/rx = 37.2
2
Ag = 9.71 in KL/ry = 80.4
ry = 1.94 in λc = 1.06
rx/ry = 2.16 in Fcr = 31.2
rx = 4.19 in φPn = 257.2
φPn > Pu ? Section OK

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: EDGE COLUMN DESIGN (underneath penthouse) SHEET 56 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
METHOD 1 - EXPLICIT CALCULATIONS
METHOD 2 - USE COLUMN DESIGN TABLES
CONTINUOUS - L =13 FEET
Notation:
φPn - design compressive strength, kips
Fcr - critical design force
λc - width-thickness ratio
Ag - gross area of member, in 2
Fy - specified yield strength, ksi
E - modulus of elasticity, ksi
K - effective length factor
l - Laterally unbraced length of member, in
r - governing radius of gyration about the axis of buckling, in

From 3rd floor to roof level:

dead loads (psf) live loads (psf)

Pnth Roof 30 20
Pnth Floor 100 57
Roof 30 20
3rd Floor - -
nd
2 Floor - -

Pu = [1.2*dead load + 1.6*live load]

Pu = [1.2*dead load + 1.6* roof live load]

Pu (Pnth Roof) = 68 psf * A2 = 18 kips

Pu (Pnth Floor) = 210 psf * A2 = 57 kips
Pu (Roof) = 68 psf * A3 = 18 kips

sum = 94 kips

PU = 94 kips

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: EDGE COLUMN DESIGN (underneath penthouse) SHEET 57 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
From 3rd floor to roof level:
Note: For small axial loads the smallest section from the column design Tables (Table 4-2 LRFD)
may not be the lightest. If this is the case, do explicit calculations and then try a section from the
Table 1-25 LRFD. Use W8x24 as the smallest size (do not use W10’s or W12’s with a nominal
weight less than 24 lb/ft). If the column tables are used you only need to write down the section
selected and its capacity.
Analysis
φPn = 0.85 * Ag * Fcr (Equation E2-1 LRFD p.16.1-27)
Fcr = (.658λc^2) * Fy when λc < 1.5 (Equation E2-2 LRFD p.16.1-27)
2
Fcr = (0.877 / λc ) * Fy when λc > 1.5 (Equation E2-3 LRFD p.16.1-27)
λc = (K * L/π ∗ r) * (Fy / E)0.5 (Equation E2-4 LRFD p.16.1-27)

Fy = 50 ksi
K= 1
Pu = 94 kips L= 13.00 ft
E= 29000 ksi

Assume KL/r = 60 to start

λc = 0.7930
Fcr = 38.4 ksi
Ag = 2.86 in2

LRFD p4-26
Check W 12:
Select W12x26 KL/rx = 30.2
2
Ag = 7.65 in KL/ry = 103.3
ry = 1.51 in λc = 1.37
rx/ry = 3.42 in Fcr = 22.9
rx = 5.17 in φPn = 149.0
φPn > Pu ? Section OK

LRFD p.4-26
Check W 10:
Select W8x24 KL/rx = 45.6
2
Ag = 7.08 in KL/ry = 96.9
ry = 1.61 in λc = 1.28
rx/ry = 2.12 in Fcr = 25.2
rx = 3.42 in φPn = 151.5
φPn > Pu ? Section OK

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: EDGE COLUMN DESIGN (underneath penthouse) SHEET 58 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
From roof level to penthouse:

dead loads (psf) live loads (psf)

Pnth Roof 30 20
Pnth Floor - -
Roof - -
3rd Floor - -
2nd Floor - -

Pu = [1.2*dead load + 1.6*live load]

Pu = [1.2*dead load + 1.6* roof live load]

Pu (Pnth Roof) = 68 psf * A2 = 18 kips

sum = 18 kips

PU = 18 kips

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: EDGE COLUMN DESIGN (underneath penthouse) SHEET 59 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
From roof level to penthouse:
Note: For small axial loads the smallest section from the column design Tables (Table 4-2 LRFD)
may not be the lightest. If this is the case, do explicit calculations and then try a section from the
Table 1-25 LRFD. Use W8x24 as the smallest size (do not use W10’s or W12’s with a nominal
weight less than 24 lb/ft). If the column tables are used you only need to write down the section
selected and its capacity.
Analysis
φPn = 0.85 * Ag * Fcr (Equation E2-1 LRFD p.16.1-27)
λc^2
Fcr = (.658 ) * Fy when λc < 1.5 (Equation E2-2 LRFD p.16.1-27)
Fcr = (0.877 / λc2) * Fy when λc > 1.5 (Equation E2-3 LRFD p.16.1-27)
λc = (K * L/π ∗ r) * (Fy / E)0.5 (Equation E2-4 LRFD p.16.1-27)

Fy = 50 ksi
K= 1
Pu = 18 kips L= 13.00 ft
E= 29000 ksi

Assume KL/r = 60 to start

λc = 0.7930
Fcr = 38.4 ksi
Ag = 0.56 in2

LRFD p4-26
Check W 12:
Select W8x24 KL/rx = 45.6
Ag = 7.08 in2 KL/ry = 96.9
ry = 1.61 in λc = 1.28
rx/ry = 2.12 in Fcr = 25.2
rx = 3.42 in φPn = 151.5
φPn > Pu ? Section OK

LRFD p.4-26
Check W 10:
Select W8x24 KL/rx = 45.6
Ag = 7.08 in2 KL/ry = 96.9
ry = 1.61 in λc = 1.28
rx/ry = 2.12 in Fcr = 25.2
rx = 3.42 in φPn = 151.5
φPn > Pu ? Section OK

Lab Note: When beams and girders are framed to columns with simple shear connections, the columns are
usually designed as concentrically loaded members.

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: EDGE COLUMN DESIGN (underneath penthouse) SHEET 60 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
SPLICED vs CONTINOUS

Steel Prices per ton = $1,600

Wt of additional splice (lb) b = 500

W10's

Analysis
Continous:
Member Length (ft) Weight (tons) Cost
W10x33 52 0.858 $1,373
Wt. / ft (lb)= 33
Total cost = $1,373

All columns spliced:

Member Length (ft) Weight (tons) Cost
W10x33 13 0.2145 $343
Wt. / ft (lb)= 33
W10x33 13 0.2145 $343
Wt. / ft (lb)= 33
W8x24 13 0.156 $250
Wt. / ft (lb)= 24
W8x24 13 0.156 $250
Wt. / ft (lb)= 24
1 splice = 0.25 $400
Total cost = $1,586

TOTAL COST = $1,372.80

Continuous columns are more economical

b -- indicates general value according to Modern Steel Construction. April 2000.

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: EDGE COLUMN DESIGN (underneath penthouse) SHEET 61 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
SPLICED vs CONTINOUS

Steel Prices per ton = $1,600

Wt of additional splice (lb) b = 500

W12's

Analysis
Continous:
Member Length (ft) Weight (tons) Cost
W12x40 52 1.04 $1,664
Wt. / ft (lb)= 40
Total cost = $1,664

All columns spliced:

Member Length (ft) Weight (tons) Cost
W12x40 13 0.26 $416
Wt. / ft (lb)= 40
W12x30 13 0.195 $312
Wt. / ft (lb)= 30
W12x26 13 0.169 $270
Wt. / ft (lb)= 26
W8x24 13 0.156 $250
Wt. / ft (lb)= 24
3 splice = 0.75 $1,200
Total cost = $2,448

TOTAL COST = $1,664.00

Continuous columns are more economical

Use W10's sections

Total cost = $1,372.80

b - indicates general value according to Modern Steel Construction, April 2000

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: CORNER COLUMN DESIGN SHEET 62 of 131
Design Columns for the lightest W10's and W12's section. Columns are to be sized for two options:
Option I Continuous, Option II with Splices. Then prices are to be compared to select most economical
option. Both explicit calculations or Column Design Tables may be used.

COLUMN A-1 LOAD TAKEOFF

Dead load (psf) Live load (psf)
Roof = 30 20 KLL (corner)= 1
rd
3 Floor = 61 80 Fy (ksi)= 50
2nd Floor = 61 80
Bold Numbers are
Roof Live Loads

Tributary Areas Width (ft) Length (ft)

At 1 = 18 15 270

Plan View
At 1 :
DL = 61 psf At 1 15
LL = 80 psf
Penthouse
18

Note: Live load reduction can be applied in accordance with ASCE 7-02 section 4.8.1
(see ASCE 7-02 Eq. 4-1)
L = Lo*(0.25+15/AI^0.5) ASCE 7-02 Eq. 4-1 AI (1) = 270 <400 ft^2
L = reduced design live load value in psf
Lo = unreduced live load in psf if AI > 400 ft^2 live load reduction is allowed
AI = Tributary area *KLL L > 0.5*Lo (columns supporting one floor)
L > 0.4*Lo (columns supporting two or more floors)

L (2nd floor) = 80 psf > 32 psf, thus use = 80

L (3rd floor) = 80 psf > 32 psf, thus use = 80

Note: Live roof loads are NOT allowed to be Reduced

Live load reduction is not allowed since AI < 400 ft^2. Use 80 psf.

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: CORNER COLUMN DESIGN SHEET 63 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
METHOD 1 - EXPLICIT CALCULATIONS
METHOD 2 - USE COLUMN DESIGN TABLES
CONTINUOUS - L =13 FEET
Notation:
φPn - design compressive strength, kips
Fcr - critical design force
λc - width-thickness ratio
Ag - gross area of member, in 2
Fy - specified yield strength, ksi
E - modulus of elasticity, ksi
K - effective length factor
l - Laterally unbraced length of member, in
r - governing radius of gyration about the axis of buckling, in

Begin Load Takeoff from roof and proceed downward:

From Ground floor to 2nd floor:

dead loads (psf) live loads (psf)

Roof 30 20
rd
3 Floor 61 80
nd
2 Floor 61 80

Pu = [1.2*dead load + 1.6*live load]

Pu = [1.2*dead load + 1.6* roof live load]

Pu (Roof) = 68 psf * A1 = 18 kips

Pu (3rd Floor) = 201 psf * A1 = 54 kips
Pu (2nd Floor) = 201 psf * A1 = 54 kips
sum = 127 kips

PU = 127 kips

Note: Use column A1 for ALL Corner Columns.

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: CORNER COLUMN DESIGN SHEET 64 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
From Ground floor to 2nd floor:
Note: For small axial loads the smallest section from the column design Tables (Table 4-2 LRFD)
may not be the lightest. If this is the case, do explicit calculations and then try a section from the
Table 1-25 LRFD. Use W8x24 as the smallest size (do not use W10’s or W12’s with a nominal
weight less than 24 lb/ft). If the column tables are used you only need to write down the section
selected and its capacity.

Analysis
φPn = 0.85 * Ag * Fcr (Equation E2-1 LRFD p.16.1-27)
Fcr = (.658λc^2) * Fy when λc < 1.5 (Equation E2-2 LRFD p.16.1-27)
Fcr = (0.877 / λc2) * Fy when λc > 1.5 (Equation E2-3 LRFD p.16.1-27)
λc = (K * L/π ∗ r) * (Fy / E)0.5 (Equation E2-4 LRFD p.16.1-27)

Fy = 50 ksi
K= 1
Pu = 127 kips L= 13.00 ft
E= 29000 ksi

Assume KL/r = 60 to start

λc = 0.7930
Fcr = 38.4 ksi
Ag = 3.89 in2

LRFD p.4-25
Check W 12:
Select W8x24 KL/rx = 45.6
2
Ag = 7.08 in KL/ry = 96.9
ry = 1.61 in λc = 1.28
rx/ry = 2.12 in Fcr = 25.2
rx = 3.42 in φPn = 151.5
φPn > Pu ? Section OK

LRFD p.4-26
Check W 10:
Select W8x24 KL/rx = 45.6
Ag = 7.08 in2 KL/ry = 96.9
ry = 1.61 in λc = 1.28
rx/ry = 2.12 in Fcr = 25.2
rx = 3.42 in φPn = 151.5
φPn > Pu ? Section OK

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: CORNER COLUMN DESIGN SHEET 65 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
METHOD 1 - EXPLICIT CALCULATIONS
METHOD 2 - USE COLUMN DESIGN TABLES
CONTINUOUS - L =13 FEET
Notation:
φPn - design compressive strength, kips
Fcr - critical design force
λc - width-thickness ratio
Ag - gross area of member, in 2
Fy - specified yield strength, ksi
E - modulus of elasticity, ksi
K - effective length factor
l - Laterally unbraced length of member, in
r - governing radius of gyration about the axis of buckling, in

From Ground 2nd floor to 3rd floor:

dead loads (psf) live loads (psf)

Roof 30 20
rd
3 Floor 61 80
2nd Floor - -

Pu = [1.2*dead load + 1.6*live load]

Pu = [1.2*dead load + 1.6* roof live load]

Pu (Roof) = 68 psf * A1 = 18 kips

Pu (3rd Floor) = 201 psf * A1 = 54 kips

sum = 73 kips

PU = 73 kips

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: CORNER COLUMN DESIGN SHEET 66 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
From Ground 2nd floor to 3rd floor:
Note: For small axial loads the smallest section from the column design Tables (Table 4-2 LRFD)
may not be the lightest. If this is the case, do explicit calculations and then try a section from the
Table 1-25 LRFD. Use W8x24 as the smallest size (do not use W10’s or W12’s with a nominal
weight less than 24 lb/ft). If the column tables are used you only need to write down the section
selected and its capacity.

Analysis
φPn = 0.85 * Ag * Fcr (Equation E2-1 LRFD p.16.1-27)
Fcr = (.658λc^2) * Fy when λc < 1.5 (Equation E2-2 LRFD p.16.1-27)
Fcr = (0.877 / λc2) * Fy when λc > 1.5 (Equation E2-3 LRFD p.16.1-27)
λc = (K * L/π ∗ r) * (Fy / E)0.5 (Equation E2-4 LRFD p.16.1-27)

Fy = 50 ksi
K= 1
Pu = 73 kips L= 13.00 ft
E= 29000 ksi

Assume KL/r = 60 to start

λc = 0.7930
Fcr = 38.4 ksi
Ag = 2.23 in2

LRFD p.4-25
Check W 12:
Select W8x24 KL/rx = 45.6
Ag = 7.08 in2 KL/ry = 96.9
ry = 1.61 in λc = 1.28
rx/ry = 2.12 in Fcr = 25.2
rx = 3.42 in φPn = 151.5
φPn > Pu ? Section OK

LRFD p.4-26
Check W 10:
Select W8x24 KL/rx = 45.6
2
Ag = 7.08 in KL/ry = 96.9
ry = 1.61 in λc = 1.28
rx/ry = 2.12 in Fcr = 25.2
rx = 3.42 in φPn = 151.5
φPn > Pu ? Section OK

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: CORNER COLUMN DESIGN SHEET 67 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
METHOD 1 - EXPLICIT CALCULATIONS
METHOD 2 - USE COLUMN DESIGN TABLES
CONTINUOUS - L =13 FEET
Notation:
φPn - design compressive strength, kips
Fcr - critical design force
λc - width-thickness ratio
Ag - gross area of member, in 2
Fy - specified yield strength, ksi
E - modulus of elasticity, ksi
K - effective length factor
l - Laterally unbraced length of member, in
r - governing radius of gyration about the axis of buckling, in

From 3rd floor to roof level:

dead loads (psf) live loads (psf)

Roof 30 20
3rd Floor - -
nd
2 Floor - -

Pu = [1.2*dead load + 1.6*live load]

Pu = [1.2*dead load + 1.6* roof live load]

Pu (Roof) = 68 psf * A1 = 18 kips

sum = 18 kips

PU = 18 kips

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: CORNER COLUMN DESIGN SHEET 68 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
From 3rd floor to roof level:
Note: For small axial loads the smallest section from the column design Tables (Table 4-2 LRFD)
may not be the lightest. If this is the case, do explicit calculations and then try a section from the
Table 1-25 LRFD. Use W8x24 as the smallest size (do not use W10’s or W12’s with a nominal
weight less than 24 lb/ft). If the column tables are used you only need to write down the section
selected and its capacity.

Analysis
φPn = 0.85 * Ag * Fcr (Equation E2-1 LRFD p.16.1-27)
Fcr = (.658λc^2) * Fy when λc < 1.5 (Equation E2-2 LRFD p.16.1-27)
Fcr = (0.877 / λc2) * Fy when λc > 1.5 (Equation E2-3 LRFD p.16.1-27)
λc = (K * L/π ∗ r) * (Fy / E)0.5 (Equation E2-4 LRFD p.16.1-27)

Fy = 50 ksi
K= 1
Pu = 18 kips L= 13.00 ft
E= 29000 ksi

Assume KL/r = 60 to start

λc = 0.7930
Fcr = 38.4 ksi
Ag = 0.56 in2

LRFD p.4-25
Check W 12:
Select W8x24 KL/rx = 45.6
2
Ag = 7.08 in KL/ry = 96.9
ry = 1.61 in λc = 1.28
rx/ry = 2.12 in Fcr = 25.2
rx = 3.42 in φPn = 151.5
φPn > Pu ? Section OK

LRFD p.4-26
Check W 10:
Select W8x24 KL/rx = 45.6
Ag = 7.08 in2 KL/ry = 96.9
ry = 1.61 in λc = 1.28
rx/ry = 2.12 in Fcr = 25.2
rx = 3.42 in φPn = 151.5

Lab Note: When beams and girders are framed to columns with simple shear connections, the columns are
usually designed as concentrically loaded members.

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: CORNER COLUMN DESIGN SHEET 69 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
SPLICED vs CONTINOUS

Steel Prices per ton = $1,600

Wt of additional splice (lb) b = 500

W10's

Analysis
Continous:
Member Length (ft) Weight (tons) Cost
W10x30 39 0.585 $936
Wt. / ft (lb)= 30
Total cost = $936

All columns spliced:

Member Length (ft) Weight (tons) Cost
W10x30 13 0.195 $312
Wt. / ft (lb)= 30
W8x24 13 0.156 $250
Wt. / ft (lb)= 24
W8x24 13 0.156 $250
Wt. / ft (lb)= 24
1 splice = 0.25 $400
Total cost = $1,211

TOTAL COST = $936.00

Continuous columns are more economical

b - indicates general value according to Modern Steel Construction, April 2000

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: CORNER COLUMN DESIGN SHEET 70 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
SPLICED vs CONTINOUS

Steel Prices per ton = $1,600

Wt of additional splice (lb) b = 500

W12's

Analysis
Continous:
Member Length (ft) Weight (tons) Cost
W12x26 39 0.507 $811
Wt. / ft (lb)= 26
Total cost = $811

All columns spliced:

Member Length (ft) Weight (tons) Cost
W12x26 13 0.169 $270
Wt. / ft (lb)= 26
W8x24 13 0.156 $250
Wt. / ft (lb)= 24
W8x24 13 0.156 $250
Wt. / ft (lb)= 24
1 splice = 0.25 $400
Total cost = $1,170

TOTAL COST = $811.20

Continuous columns are more economical

W12's sections are more economical

Note: W12's section are more economical. But, since we used W10's for the
interior and edge columns, use W10's section for the corner columns to be consistent.

Total cost = $936.00

b - indicates general value according to Modern Steel Construction, April 2000

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: INTERIOR COLUMN DESIGN SHEET 71 of 131
Design Columns for the lightest W10's and W12's section. Columns are to be sized for two options:
Option I Continuous, Option II with Splices. Then prices are to be compared to select most economical
option. Both explicit calculations or Column Design Tables may be used.

COLUMN B-3 LOAD TAKEOFF

KLL= 4
Dead load (psf) Live load (psf) Fy (ksi)= 50
Roof = 30 20
rd
3 Floor = 61 80 Bold Numbers are
2nd Floor = 61 80 Roof Live Loads

Tributary Areas (At):

Width (ft) Length (ft)
At 1 = 36 30 1080

At 1 (floors) : Plan View

DL = 61 psf
At 1
LL = 80 psf
30

Penthouse
36

Note: Live load reduction can be applied in accordance with ASCE 7-02 section 4.8.1
(see ASCE 7-02 Eq. 4-1)
L = Lo*(0.25+15/AI^0.5) ASCE 7-02 Eq. 4-1 Use the larger of:
L = reduced design live load value in psf L > 0.5*Lo (columns supporting one floor)
Lo = unreduced live load in psf L > 0.4*Lo (columns supporting two or more floors)
AI = influence area
AI = Tributary area *KLL if AI > 400 ft^2 live load reduction is allowed
AI (1) = 4320 >400 ft^2

L (2nd floor) = 38 psf > 32 psf, thus use = 38

L (3rd floor) = 38 psf > 40 psf, thus use = 40

Note: Roof Live loads are NOT allowed to be Reduced

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: INTERIOR COLUMN DESIGN SHEET 72 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
METHOD 1 - EXPLICIT CALCULATIONS
METHOD 2 - USE COLUMN DESIGN TABLES
CONTINUOUS - L =13 FEET
Notation:
φPn - design compressive strength, kips
Fcr - critical design force
λc - width-thickness ratio
Ag - gross area of member, in 2
Fy - specified yield strength, ksi
E - modulus of elasticity, ksi
K - effective length factor
l - Laterally unbraced length of member, in
r - governing radius of gyration about the axis of buckling, in

Begin Load Takeoff from roof and proceed downward:

From Ground floor to 2nd floor:

dead loads (psf) live loads (psf)

Roof 30 20
rd
3 Floor 61 40
nd
2 Floor 61 38

Pu = [1.2*dead load + 1.6*live load]

Pu = [1.2*dead load + 1.6* roof live load]

Pu (Roof) = 68 psf * A1 = 73 kips

Pu (3rd Floor) = 137 psf * A1 = 148 kips
Pu (2nd Floor) = 134 psf * A1 = 145 kips
sum = 367 kips

PU = 367 kips

Note: Use column B2 for ALL Interior Columns.

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: INTERIOR COLUMN DESIGN SHEET 73 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
From Ground floor to 2nd floor:
Note: For small axial loads the smallest section from the column design Tables (Table 4-2 LRFD)
may not be the lightest. If this is the case, do explicit calculations and then try a section from the
Table 1-25 LRFD. Use W8x24 as the smallest size (do not use W10’s or W12’s with a nominal
weight less than 24 lb/ft). If the column tables are used you only need to write down the section
selected and its capacity.

Analysis
φPn = 0.85 * Ag * Fcr (Equation E2-1 LRFD p.16.1-27)
Fcr = (.658λc^2) * Fy when λc < 1.5 (Equation E2-2 LRFD p.16.1-27)
Fcr = (0.877 / λc2) * Fy when λc > 1.5 (Equation E2-3 LRFD p.16.1-27)
λc = (K * L/π ∗ r) * (Fy / E)0.5 (Equation E2-4 LRFD p.16.1-27)

Fy = 50 ksi
K= 1
Pu = 367 kips L= 13.00 ft
E= 29000 ksi

Assume KL/r = 60 to start

λc = 0.7930
Fcr = 38.4 ksi
Ag = 11.23 in2

LRFD p.4-25
Check W 12:
Select W12x50 KL/rx = 30.1
2
Ag = 14.6 in KL/ry = 79.6
ry = 1.96 in λc = 1.05
rx/ry = 2.64 in Fcr = 31.5
rx = 5.18 in φPn = 390.5
φPn > Pu ? Section OK

LRFD p.4-26
Check W 10:
Select W10x49 KL/rx = 35.9
Ag = 14.4 in2 KL/ry = 61.4
ry = 2.54 in λc = 0.81
rx/ry = 1.71 in Fcr = 37.9
rx = 4.35 in φPn = 464.5
φPn > Pu ? Section OK

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: INTERIOR COLUMN DESIGN SHEET 74 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
METHOD 1 - EXPLICIT CALCULATIONS
METHOD 2 - USE COLUMN DESIGN TABLES
CONTINUOUS - L =13 FEET
Notation:
φPn - design compressive strength, kips
Fcr - critical design force
λc - width-thickness ratio
Ag - gross area of member, in 2
Fy - specified yield strength, ksi
E - modulus of elasticity, ksi
K - effective length factor
l - Laterally unbraced length of member, in
r - governing radius of gyration about the axis of buckling, in

From Ground 2nd floor to 3rd floor:

dead loads (psf) live loads (psf)

Roof 30 20
rd
3 Floor 61 40
2nd Floor - -

Pu = [1.2*dead load + 1.6*live load]

Pu = [1.2*dead load + 1.6* roof live load]

Pu (Roof) = 68 psf * A1 = 73 kips

Pu (3rd Floor) = 137 psf * A1 = 148 kips

sum = 222 kips

PU = 222 kips

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: INTERIOR COLUMN DESIGN SHEET 75 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
From Ground 2nd floor to 3rd floor:
Note: For small axial loads the smallest section from the column design Tables (Table 4-2 LRFD)
may not be the lightest. If this is the case, do explicit calculations and then try a section from the
Table 1-25 LRFD. Use W8x24 as the smallest size (do not use W10’s or W12’s with a nominal
weight less than 24 lb/ft). If the column tables are used you only need to write down the section
selected and its capacity.

Analysis
φPn = 0.85 * Ag * Fcr (Equation E2-1 LRFD p.16.1-27)
Fcr = (.658λc^2) * Fy when λc < 1.5 (Equation E2-2 LRFD p.16.1-27)
Fcr = (0.877 / λc2) * Fy when λc > 1.5 (Equation E2-3 LRFD p.16.1-27)
λc = (K * L/π ∗ r) * (Fy / E)0.5 (Equation E2-4 LRFD p.16.1-27)

Fy = 50 ksi
K= 1
Pu = 222 kips L= 13.00 ft
E= 29000 ksi

Assume KL/r = 60 to start

λc = 0.7930
Fcr = 38.4 ksi
Ag = 6.78 in2

LRFD p.4-25
Check W 12:
Select W12x40 KL/rx = 30.4
Ag = 11.7 in2 KL/ry = 80.4
ry = 1.94 in λc = 1.06
rx/ry = 2.64 in Fcr = 31.2
rx = 5.13 in φPn = 309.9
φPn > Pu ? Section OK

LRFD p.4-26
Check W 10:
Select W10x33 KL/rx = 37.2
2
Ag = 9.71 in KL/ry = 80.4
ry = 1.94 in λc = 1.06
rx/ry = 2.16 in Fcr = 31.2
rx = 4.19 in φPn = 257.2
φPn > Pu ? Section OK

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: INTERIOR COLUMN DESIGN SHEET 76 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
METHOD 1 - EXPLICIT CALCULATIONS
METHOD 2 - USE COLUMN DESIGN TABLES
CONTINUOUS - L =13 FEET
Notation:
φPn - design compressive strength, kips
Fcr - critical design force
λc - width-thickness ratio
Ag - gross area of member, in 2
Fy - specified yield strength, ksi
E - modulus of elasticity, ksi
K - effective length factor
l - Laterally unbraced length of member, in
r - governing radius of gyration about the axis of buckling, in

From 3rd floor to roof level:

dead loads (psf) live loads (psf)

Roof 30 20
3rd Floor - -
nd
2 Floor - -

Pu = [1.2*dead load + 1.6*live load]

Pu = [1.2*dead load + 1.6* roof live load]

Pu (Roof) = 68 psf * A1 = 73 kips

sum = 73 kips

PU = 73 kips

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: INTERIOR COLUMN DESIGN SHEET 77 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
From 3rd floor to roof level:
Note: For small axial loads the smallest section from the column design Tables (Table 4-2 LRFD)
may not be the lightest. If this is the case, do explicit calculations and then try a section from the
Table 1-25 LRFD. Use W8x24 as the smallest size (do not use W10’s or W12’s with a nominal
weight less than 24 lb/ft). If the column tables are used you only need to write down the section
selected and its capacity.

Analysis
φPn = 0.85 * Ag * Fcr (Equation E2-1 LRFD p.16.1-27)
Fcr = (.658λc^2) * Fy when λc < 1.5 (Equation E2-2 LRFD p.16.1-27)
Fcr = (0.877 / λc2) * Fy when λc > 1.5 (Equation E2-3 LRFD p.16.1-27)
λc = (K * L/π ∗ r) * (Fy / E)0.5 (Equation E2-4 LRFD p.16.1-27)

Fy = 50 ksi
K= 1
Pu = 73 kips L= 13.00 ft
E= 29000 ksi

Assume KL/r = 60 to start

λc = 0.7930
Fcr = 38.4 ksi
Ag = 2.25 in2

LRFD p.4-25
Check W 12:
Select W8x24 KL/rx = 45.6
2
Ag = 7.08 in KL/ry = 96.9
ry = 1.61 in λc = 1.28
rx/ry = 2.12 in Fcr = 25.2
rx = 3.42 in φPn = 151.5
φPn > Pu ? Section OK

LRFD p.4-26
Check W 10:
Select W8x24 KL/rx = 45.6
Ag = 7.08 in2 KL/ry = 96.9
ry = 1.61 in λc = 1.28
rx/ry = 2.12 in Fcr = 25.2
rx = 3.42 in φPn = 151.5
φPn > Pu ? Section OK

Lab Note: When beams and girders are framed to columns with simple shear connections, the columns are
usually designed as concentrically loaded members.

Red font indicates user input

PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: INTERIOR COLUMN DESIGN SHEET 78 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
SPLICED vs CONTINOUS

Steel Prices per ton = $1,600

Wt of additional splice (lb) b = 500

W10's

Analysis
Continous:
Member Length (ft) Weight (tons) Cost
W10x49 39 0.9555 $1,529
Wt. / ft (lb)= 49
Total cost = $1,529

All columns spliced:

Member Length (ft) Weight (tons) Cost
W10x49 13 0.3185 $510
Wt. / ft (lb)= 49
W10x33 13 0.2145 $343
Wt. / ft (lb)= 33
W8x24 13 0.156 $250
Wt. / ft (lb)= 24
2 splice = 0.5 $800
Total cost = $1,902

TOTAL COST = $1,528.80

Continuous columns are more economical

W10's sections are more economical

b -- indicates general value according to Modern Steel Construction. April 2000.

Red font indicates user input
PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: INTERIOR COLUMN DESIGN SHEET 79 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
SPLICED vs CONTINOUS

Steel Prices per ton = $1,600

Wt of additional splice (lb) b = 500

W12's

Analysis
Continous:
Member Length (ft) Weight (tons) Cost
W12x50 39 0.975 $1,560
Wt. / ft (lb)= 50
Total cost = $1,560

All columns spliced:

Member Length (ft) Weight (tons) Cost
W12x50 13 0.325 $520
Wt. / ft (lb)= 50
W12x40 13 0.26 $416
Wt. / ft (lb)= 40
W8x24 13 0.156 $250
Wt. / ft (lb)= 24
2 splice = 0.5 $800
Total cost = $1,986

TOTAL COST = $1,560.00

Continuous columns are more economical

W10's sections are more economical

Use :
W10's sections Continuous columns are more economical

b - indicates general value according to Modern Steel Construction, April 2000

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: EDGE COLUMN DESIGN SHEET 80 of 131
Design Columns for the lightest W10's and W12's section. Columns are to be sized for two options:
Option I Continuous, Option II with Splices. Then prices are to be compared to select most economical
option. Both explicit calculations or Column Design Tables may be used.

COLUMN B-4 LOAD TAKEOFF

KLL= 4
Dead load (psf) Live load (psf) Fy (ksi)= 50
Roof = 30 20
rd
3 Floor = 61 80 Bold Numbers are
2nd Floor = 61 80 Roof Live Loads

Tributary Areas (At):

Width (ft) Length (ft)
At 1 = 18 30 540

At 1 (floors) :
DL = 61 psf
At 1
LL = 80 psf
30

18

Note: Live load reduction can be applied in accordance with ASCE 7-02 section 4.8.1
(see ASCE 7-02 Eq. 4-1)
L = Lo*(0.25+15/AI^0.5) ASCE 7-02 Eq. 4-1 Use the larger of:
L = reduced design live load value in psf L > 0.5*Lo (columns supporting one floor)
Lo = unreduced live load in psf L > 0.4*Lo (columns supporting two or more floors)
AI = influence area
AI = Tributary area *KLL if AI > 400 ft^2 live load reduction is allowed
AI (1) = 2160 >400 ft^2

L (2nd floor) = 46 psf > 32 psf, thus use = 46

L (3rd floor) = 46 psf > 40 psf, thus use = 46

Note: Roof Live loads are NOT allowed to be Reduced

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: EDGE COLUMN DESIGN SHEET 81 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
METHOD 1 - EXPLICIT CALCULATIONS
METHOD 2 - USE COLUMN DESIGN TABLES
CONTINUOUS - L =13 FEET
Notation:
φPn - design compressive strength, kips
Fcr - critical design force
λc - width-thickness ratio
Ag - gross area of member, in 2
Fy - specified yield strength, ksi
E - modulus of elasticity, ksi
K - effective length factor
l - Laterally unbraced length of member, in
r - governing radius of gyration about the axis of buckling, in

Begin Load Takeoff from roof and proceed downward:

From Ground floor to 2nd floor:

dead loads (psf) live loads (psf)

Roof 30 20
rd
3 Floor 61 46
nd
2 Floor 61 46

Pu = [1.2*dead load + 1.6*live load]

Pu = [1.2*dead load + 1.6* roof live load]

Pu (Roof) = 68 psf * A1 = 37 kips

Pu (3rd Floor) = 147 psf * A1 = 79 kips
Pu (2nd Floor) = 147 psf * A1 = 79 kips
sum = 195 kips

PU = 195 kips

Note: Use column B2 for ALL Interior Columns.

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: EDGE COLUMN DESIGN SHEET 82 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
From Ground floor to 2nd floor:
Note: For small axial loads the smallest section from the column design Tables (Table 4-2 LRFD)
may not be the lightest. If this is the case, do explicit calculations and then try a section from the
Table 1-25 LRFD. Use W8x24 as the smallest size (do not use W10’s or W12’s with a nominal
weight less than 24 lb/ft). If the column tables are used you only need to write down the section
selected and its capacity.

Analysis
φPn = 0.85 * Ag * Fcr (Equation E2-1 LRFD p.16.1-27)
Fcr = (.658λc^2) * Fy when λc < 1.5 (Equation E2-2 LRFD p.16.1-27)
Fcr = (0.877 / λc2) * Fy when λc > 1.5 (Equation E2-3 LRFD p.16.1-27)
λc = (K * L/π ∗ r) * (Fy / E)0.5 (Equation E2-4 LRFD p.16.1-27)

Fy = 50 ksi
K= 1
L= 13.00 ft
Pu = 195 kips E= 29000 ksi

Assume KL/r = 60 to start

λc = 0.7930
Fcr = 38.4 ksi
Ag = 5.97 in2

LRFD p.4-25
Check W 12:
Select W12x40 KL/rx = 30.4
2
Ag = 11.7 in KL/ry = 80.4
ry = 1.94 in λc = 1.07
rx/ry = 2.64 in Fcr = 31.0
rx = 5.13 in φPn = 308.3
φPn > Pu ? Section OK

LRFD p.4-26
Check W 10:
Select W10x33 KL/rx = 37.2
Ag = 9.71 in2 KL/ry = 80.4
ry = 1.94 in λc = 1.06
rx/ry = 2.16 in Fcr = 31.2
rx = 4.19 in φPn = 257.5
φPn > Pu ? Section OK

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: EDGE COLUMN DESIGN SHEET 83 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
METHOD 1 - EXPLICIT CALCULATIONS
METHOD 2 - USE COLUMN DESIGN TABLES
CONTINUOUS - L =13 FEET
Notation:
φPn - design compressive strength, kips
Fcr - critical design force
λc - width-thickness ratio
Ag - gross area of member, in 2
Fy - specified yield strength, ksi
E - modulus of elasticity, ksi
K - effective length factor
l - Laterally unbraced length of member, in
r - governing radius of gyration about the axis of buckling, in

From Ground 2nd floor to 3rd floor:

dead loads (psf) live loads (psf)

Roof 30 20
rd
3 Floor 61 46
2nd Floor - -

Pu = [1.2*dead load + 1.6*live load]

Pu = [1.2*dead load + 1.6* roof live load]

Pu (Roof) = 68 psf * A1 = 37 kips

Pu (3rd Floor) = 147 psf * A1 = 79 kips

sum = 116 kips

PU = 116 kips

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: EDGE COLUMN DESIGN SHEET 84 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
From Ground 2nd floor to 3rd floor:
Note: For small axial loads the smallest section from the column design Tables (Table 4-2 LRFD)
may not be the lightest. If this is the case, do explicit calculations and then try a section from the
Table 1-25 LRFD. Use W8x24 as the smallest size (do not use W10’s or W12’s with a nominal
weight less than 24 lb/ft). If the column tables are used you only need to write down the section
selected and its capacity.

Analysis
φPn = 0.85 * Ag * Fcr (Equation E2-1 LRFD p.16.1-27)
Fcr = (.658λc^2) * Fy when λc < 1.5 (Equation E2-2 LRFD p.16.1-27)
Fcr = (0.877 / λc2) * Fy when λc > 1.5 (Equation E2-3 LRFD p.16.1-27)
λc = (K * L/π ∗ r) * (Fy / E)0.5 (Equation E2-4 LRFD p.16.1-27)

Fy = 50 ksi
K= 1
Pu = 116 kips L= 13.00 ft
E= 29000 ksi

Assume KL/r = 60 to start

λc = 0.7930
Fcr = 38.4 ksi
Ag = 2.42 in2

LRFD p.4-25
Check W 12:
Select W8x24 KL/rx = 45.6
Ag = 7.08 in2 KL/ry = 96.9
ry = 1.61 in λc = 1.28
rx/ry = 2.12 in Fcr = 25.2
rx = 3.42 in φPn = 151.5
φPn > Pu ? Section OK

LRFD p.4-26
Check W 10:
Select W8x24 KL/rx = 45.6
2
Ag = 7.08 in KL/ry = 96.9
ry = 1.61 in λc = 1.28
rx/ry = 2.12 in Fcr = 25.2
rx = 3.42 in φPn = 151.5
φPn > Pu ? Section OK

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: EDGE COLUMN DESIGN SHEET 85 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
METHOD 1 - EXPLICIT CALCULATIONS
METHOD 2 - USE COLUMN DESIGN TABLES
CONTINUOUS - L =13 FEET
Notation:
φPn - design compressive strength, kips
Fcr - critical design force
λc - width-thickness ratio
Ag - gross area of member, in 2
Fy - specified yield strength, ksi
E - modulus of elasticity, ksi
K - effective length factor
l - Laterally unbraced length of member, in
r - governing radius of gyration about the axis of buckling, in

From 3rd floor to roof level:

dead loads (psf) live loads (psf)

Roof 30 20
3rd Floor - -
nd
2 Floor - -

Pu = [1.2*dead load + 1.6*live load]

Pu = [1.2*dead load + 1.6* roof live load]

Pu (Roof) = 68 psf * A1 = 37 kips

sum = 37 kips

PU = 37 kips

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: EDGE COLUMN DESIGN SHEET 86 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
From 3rd floor to roof level:
Note: For small axial loads the smallest section from the column design Tables (Table 4-2 LRFD)
may not be the lightest. If this is the case, do explicit calculations and then try a section from the
Table 1-25 LRFD. Use W8x24 as the smallest size (do not use W10’s or W12’s with a nominal
weight less than 24 lb/ft). If the column tables are used you only need to write down the section
selected and its capacity.

Analysis
φPn = 0.85 * Ag * Fcr (Equation E2-1 LRFD p.16.1-27)
Fcr = (.658λc^2) * Fy when λc < 1.5 (Equation E2-2 LRFD p.16.1-27)
Fcr = (0.877 / λc2) * Fy when λc > 1.5 (Equation E2-3 LRFD p.16.1-27)
λc = (K * L/π ∗ r) * (Fy / E)0.5 (Equation E2-4 LRFD p.16.1-27)

Fy = 50 ksi
K= 1
Pu = 37 kips L= 13.00 ft
E= 29000 ksi

Assume KL/r = 60 to start

λc = 0.7930
Fcr = 38.4 ksi
Ag = 1.12 in2

LRFD p.4-25
Check W 12:
Select W8x24 KL/rx = 45.6
2
Ag = 7.08 in KL/ry = 96.9
ry = 1.61 in λc = 1.28
rx/ry = 2.12 in Fcr = 25.2
rx = 3.42 in φPn = 151.5
φPn > Pu ? Section OK

LRFD p.4-26
Check W 10:
Select W8x24 KL/rx = 45.6
Ag = 7.08 in2 KL/ry = 96.9
ry = 1.61 in λc = 1.28
rx/ry = 2.12 in Fcr = 25.2
rx = 3.42 in φPn = 151.5
φPn > Pu ? Section OK

Lab Note: When beams and girders are framed to columns with simple shear connections, the columns are
usually designed as concentrically loaded members.

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: EDGE COLUMN DESIGN SHEET 87 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
SPLICED vs CONTINOUS

Steel Prices per ton = $1,600

Wt of additional splice (lb) b = 500

W10's

Analysis
Continous:
Member Length (ft) Weight (tons) Cost
W10x33 39 0.6435 $1,030
Wt. / ft (lb)= 33
Total cost = $1,030

All columns spliced:

Member Length (ft) Weight (tons) Cost
W10x33 13 0.2145 $343
Wt. / ft (lb)= 33
W8x24 13 0.156 $250
Wt. / ft (lb)= 24
W8x24 13 0.156 $250
Wt. / ft (lb)= 24
1 splice = 0.25 $400
Total cost = $1,242

TOTAL COST = $1,242

Answer:
Continuous columns are more economical

b -- indicates general value according to Modern Steel Construction. April 2000.

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: EDGE COLUMN DESIGN SHEET 88 of 131
COLUMN DESIGN
SPLICED vs CONTINOUS

Steel Prices per ton = $1,600

Wt of additional splice (lb) b = 500

W12's

Analysis
Continous:
Member Length (ft) Weight (tons) Cost
W12x40 39 0.78 $1,248
Wt. / ft (lb)= 40
Total cost = $1,248

All columns spliced:

Member Length (ft) Weight (tons) Cost
W12x40 13 0.26 $416
Wt. / ft (lb)= 40
W8x24 13 0.156 $250
Wt. / ft (lb)= 24
W8x24 13 0.156 $250
Wt. / ft (lb)= 24
1 splice = 0.25 $400
Total cost = $1,315

TOTAL COST = $1,248

Answer:
Continuous columns are more economical

b - indicates general value according to Modern Steel Construction, April 2000

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: LATERAL LOAD FLOW SHEET 89 of 131

GOVERNING FORCES

Compare 1.6* Wind to 1.0 * Earthquake LRFD third edition

From Wind Load Analysis

windward forces leeward forces

52'
11.6 psf
7.2 psf
10.7 psf 39'

9.3 psf 26' 6.7 psf

8.0 psf 13'

52' Pressure = 11.6 52' Pressure = 7.2

39' Pressure = 10.7 39' Pressure = 6.7
26' Pressure = 9.3 26' Pressure = 6.7
13' Pressure = 8 13' Pressure = 6.7

Building Layout
Leeward Force

penthouse 108 x 90
90

Windward Force
108

Roof Tributary Distance = 6.5 (ft) tributary width (penthouse) = 36 (ft)

Floor Tributary Distance = 13.0 (ft) tributary width (floor) = 108 (ft)

Floor Height W. Force L. Force Total Force 1.6 * F

(ft) (kips) (kips) (kips) (kips)
52' 2.71 1.68 4.40 7.04
39' 10.02 6.39 16.40 26.25
26' 13.06 9.41 22.46 35.94
13' 11.23 9.41 20.64 33.02

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: LATERAL LOAD FLOW SHEET 90 of 131

Building Layout Leeward Force

108

penthouse Windward Force

90

Roof Influence Distance = 6.5 (ft) tributary width (penthouse) = 30 (ft)

Floor Influence Distance = 13.0 (ft) tributary width (floor) = 90 (ft)

Floor Height W. Force L. Force Total Force 1.6 * F

(ft) (kips) (kips) (kips) (kips)
52' 2.26 1.40 3.67 5.87
39' 8.35 5.32 13.67 21.87
26' 10.88 7.84 18.72 29.95
13' 9.36 7.84 17.20 27.52

108 x 90 Layout produces greater wind forces

1.6 * F
Floor (kips)
Roof 7.04
4 26.25
3 35.94
2 33.02

From Earthquake Analysis Final Values for Lateral Load Analysis

Floor Fx (kips) Floor F (kips)

Roof 7.60 Roof 7.60
4 42.30 4 42.30
3 36.10 3 36.10
2 9.00 2 33.02

Wind Controls 2nd floor, Eq controls

roof, 4th and 3rd floor

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: LATERAL LOAD FLOW SHEET 91 of 131

LATERAL LOAD FLOW CALCULATIONS - ROOF

30 B1 Length = 30.0 ft
B2 North B2 Length = 36.0 ft
30 B1 Start labeling braces with B3 Length = 36.0 ft
braces running N-S
30 B3 Sum of N-S Braces Lengths = 30.0 ft
Sum of E-W Braces Lengths = 72.0 ft
36 36 36 Distances from West Side
Dimensions in feet B1 = 36 ft
P= 7.6 kips
Distances from South Side
Pi = P (Ki / sum Ki) : Assume stiffness of brace proportional to its plan length B2 = 60 ft
d
P1 = 7.6 kips South B3 = 30 ft
(where K is the length of the bracing) Center Of Building from West Side 54 ft
Find COR in E-W Direction Find COR in N-S Direction
COR = (30*36)/(30) = 36 ft COR = (36*30+36*60)/(36+36) = 45 ft
COR = Center of Resistance
Polar Moment of Inertia
Total Length of braces = 102.0 ft

N-S Braces
2
L x (Distance from COR)
D from COR for B1 = 0 ft

B1 = 0.0
E-W Braces
L x (Distance from COR 2
D from COR for B2 = 15 ft
D from COR for B3 = 15 ft
B2 = (36*152) = 8100.0
B3 = (36*152) = 8100.0 2
Total L*D = 16200.0

Eccentric N-S Wind Moment About COR

M = (P*(54-36)) = 136.8 k-ft

N-S Brace Forces From Moment E-W Brace Forces From Moment
d
Force = Length * Moment * Distance from COR / Sum L*D2 B2 = 4.6 kips
d d
B1 = 0 kips B3 = 4.6 kips

Total Forces Designer must know directions in order to add or subtract P and Moment Forces
B1 = 7.6 kips South
B2 = 4.6 kips East
B3 = 4.6 kips West

d -- Designer needs to determine if forces are acting in what direction Red Font Indicates User Input
PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: LATERAL LOAD FLOW SHEET 92 of 131
LATERAL LOAD FLOW CALCULATIONS - 4TH FLOOR
30 B1 Length = 30.0 ft
B2 North B2 Length = 36.0 ft
30 B1 Start labeling braces with B3 Length = 36.0 ft
braces running N-S
30 B3 Sum of N-S Braces Lengths = 30.0 ft
Sum of E-W Braces Lengths = 72.0 ft
36 36 36 Distances from West Side
Dimensions in feet B1 = 36 ft
P= 49.9 kips
Distances from South Side
Pi = P (Ki / sum Ki) : Assume stiffness of brace proportional to its plan length B2 = 60 ft
d
P1 = 49.9 kips South B3 = 30 ft
(where K is the length of the bracing) Center Of Building from West Side 54 ft
Find COR in E-W Direction Find COR in N-S Direction
COR = (30*36)/(30) = 36 ft COR = (36*30+36*60)/(36+36) = 45 ft
COR = Center of Resistance
Polar Moment of Inertia
Total Length of braces = 102.0 ft

N-S Braces
L x (Distance from COR) 2
D from COR for B1 = 0 ft

B1 = 0.0

E-W Braces
L x (Distance from COR) 2
D from COR for B2 = 15 ft
D from COR for B3 = 15 ft
B2 = (36*152) = 8100.0
B3 = (36*152) = 8100.0 Total L*D2 = 16200.0

Eccentric N-S Wind Moment About COR

M = (P*(54-36)) = 898.2 k-ft

N-S Brace Forces From Moment E-W Brace Forces From Moment
d
Force = Length * Moment * Distance from COR / Sum L*D2 B2 = 29.9 kips
d d
B1 = 0 kips B3 = 29.9 kips

Total Forces Designer must know directions in order to add or subtract P and Moment Forces
B1 = 49.9 kips South
B2 = 29.9 kips East
B3 = 29.9 kips West

d -- Designer needs to determine if forces are acting in what direction Red Font Indicates User Input
PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: LATERAL LOAD FLOW SHEET 93 of 131

LATERAL LOAD FLOW CALCULATIONS - 3RD FLOOR

30 B1 Length = 30.0 ft
B2 North B2 Length = 36.0 ft
30 B1 Start labeling braces with B3 Length = 36.0 ft
braces running N-S
30 B3 Sum of N-S Braces Lengths = 30.0 ft
Sum of E-W Braces Lengths = 72.0 ft
36 36 36 Distances from West Side
Dimensions in feet B1 = 36 ft
P= 86.0 kips
Distances from South Side
Pi = P (Ki / sum Ki) : Assume stiffness of brace proportional to its plan length B2 = 60 ft
d
P1 = 86 kips South B3 = 30 ft
(where K is the length of the bracing) Center Of Building from West Side 54 ft
Find COR in E-W Direction Find COR in N-S Direction
COR = (30*36)/(30) = 36 ft COR = (36*30+36*60)/(36+36) = 45 ft
COR = Center of Resistance
Polar Moment of Inertia
Total Length of braces = 102.0 ft

N-S Braces
2
L x (Distance from COR)
D from COR for B1 = 0 ft

B1 = 0.0

E-W Braces
L x (Distance from COR) 2
D from COR for B2 = 15 ft
D from COR for B3 = 15 ft
B2 = (36*152) = 8100.0
B3 = (36*152) = 8100.0 Total L*D2 = 16200.0

Eccentric N-S Wind Moment About COR

M = (P*(54-36)) = 1548 k-ft

N-S Brace Forces From Moment E-W Brace Forces From Moment
d
Force = Length * Moment * Distance from COR / Sum L*D2 B2 = 51.6 kips
d d
B1 = 0 kips B3 = 51.6 kips

Total Forces Designer must know directions in order to add or subtract P and Moment Forces
B1 = 86.0 kips South
B2 = 51.6 kips East
B3 = 51.6 kips West

d -- Designer needs to determine if forces are acting in what direction Red Font Indicates User Input
PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: LATERAL LOAD FLOW SHEET 94 of 131

LATERAL LOAD FLOW CALCULATIONS - 2ND FLOOR

30 B1 Length = 30.0 ft
B2 North B2 Length = 36.0 ft
30 B1 Start labeling braces with B3 Length = 36.0 ft
braces running N-S
30 B3 Sum of N-S Braces Lengths = 30.0 ft
Sum of E-W Braces Lengths = 72.0 ft
36 36 36 Distances from West Side
Dimensions in feet B1 = 36 ft
P= 119.0 kips
Distances from South Side
Pi = P (Ki / sum Ki) : Assume stiffness of brace proportional to its plan length B2 = 60 ft
d
P1 = 119.02 kips South B3 = 30 ft
(where K is the length of the bracing) Center Of Building from West Side 54 ft
Find COR in E-W Direction Find COR in N-S Direction
COR = (30*36)/(30) = 36 ft COR = (36*30+36*60)/(36+36) = 45 ft
COR = Center of Resistance
Polar Moment of Inertia
Total Length of braces = 102.0 ft

N-S Braces
2
L x (Distance from COR)
D from COR for B1 = 0 ft

B1 = 0.0

E-W Braces
L x (Distance from COR) 2
D from COR for B2 = 15 ft
D from COR for B3 = 15 ft
B2 = (36*152) = 8100.0
B3 = (36*152) = 8100.0 Total L*D2 = 16200.0

Eccentric N-S Wind Moment About COR

M = (P*(54-36)) = 2142.4 k-ft

N-S Brace Forces From Moment E-W Brace Forces From Moment
d
Force = Length * Moment * Distance from COR / Sum L*D2 B2 = 71.4 kips
d d
B1 = 0 kips B3 = 71.4 kips
Total Forces Designer must know directions in order to add or subtract P and Moment Forces
B1 = 119.0 kips South
B2 = 71.4 kips East
B3 = 71.4 kips West

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: BRACE MEMBER DESIGN SHEET 95 of 131
SELECT ANGLE FOR CROSS-BRACING ON 1st FLOOR
Use LLBB double angles.
Notation:
Pu = 75.9 k
Elevation view
71.4 k
Ae - effective net area, in2 B C
Ag - gross area of member, in 2
Fu - specified minimum tensile strength, ksi 13 feet
Fy - specified minimum yield stress, ksi
Pn - nominal axial strength, kips A D
Pu - factored load
φt - yielding/fracture factor 36 feet

ANALYSIS:
a
Loads: Pu = 75.9 k Use A992 Steel
Corresponds to lateral load flow calculations
for 2nd floor, brace line B3. Fu = 58 ksi
Fy = 36 ksi

Brace carries either tension or compression, depending on direction of applied lateral load.
Compression will control member size.

Compression member design:

λc = (K * L/π ∗ r) * (Fy / E) 0.5

φt Pn = φc* Fcr * Ag φc = 0.85
λc^2
Fcr = (.658 ) * Fy when λc < 1.5 K= 1
Fcr = (0.877 / λc ) * Fy when λc > 1.5
2

λr = 0.45 * (E/Fy)^(1/2)
If b/t > λr section is a slender-element cross-section

for a slender-element cross-section:

Fcr = Q*(.658Q*λc^2 ) * Fy when λc*Q < 1.5
Fcr = (0.877 / λc ) * Fy when λc*Q > 1.5
2

λc = (K * L/π ∗ r) * (Fy / E) 0.5

If : 12.77 < b/t < 25.83

φt Pn > Pu Q = 1.34 - 0.76 *(b/t) * (Fy/E)^(1/2)
φc* Fcr * Ag > 75.9 k If : b/t ≥ 25.83
Ag required > Pu / (φc* Fcr) Q = 0.53 * E / (Fy*(b/t)^2)

Try Fcr = 8 ksi

2
Ag required = 11.16 in

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: BRACE MEMBER DESIGN SHEET 96 of 131

2
Try: 2L8x4x1/2LLBB Ag = 11.6 in > 11.2 in2 OK!
r= 2.58 in
b= 4 in
t= 0.5 in
b/t = 8
λc = 1.997
λr = 12.77 section is not slender
Q= 1.000
Fcr = 7.92 ksi

φt Pn = 78.1 kips > 75.9 kips Angle OK!

Use 2L8x4x1/2LLBB

Check using LRFD table 4-11:

for a 2L8x4x1/2LLBB (from table 4-11)
φt Pn = 78.05 kips > 75.9 kips Angle OK!

Deflection check:
Deflection, or drift, of a singe story braced
frame is usually caused primarily by
tension elongation of the diagonal member.
The elongation of one diagonal moves the
rectangular-framed bay into a parallelogram
form.
Assuming the change in the angle of the
diagonal, ∆θ, to be small, the change in the
is to be used to approximate the hypotenuse
of the triangle, which is d.
d = ∆L / COSθ and ∆L = Pu*L/(A*E) Elevation view Pu = 75.9 k
θ = 19.86 B C
d = Pu * L / (A*E*COSθ) = 0.009241 ft 71.4 k
deflection = 0.111 in
13 feet
38.275
13 A 36 feet D
36
Limit - ∆ = h/250
h= 13 ft
drift = 0.111 in < ∆ = 0.624 in OK! ∆ = 0.052 ft
Deflection doesn't control member size ∆ = 0.624 in
E = 29000 ksi
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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: BRACE MEMBER DESIGN SHEET 97 of 131

If deflection doesn't control member size use LRFD table 4-10 to size braces on other floors.
If deflection controls member size, find the section gross area required adequate for deflection limit .

h/250 = 0.0520 ft
drift limit = 0.6240 ft
L= 38.28 ft
E= 29000 ksi
Ag required > Pu*L/(drift limit *E*COS(θ))
Deflection doesn't control member size

Floor Lateral Brace KL if deflection controls member size Use

load (k) force (k) (ft) ∆L (ft) L (ft) Ag req. Table 4-10
4 10.3 11.0 38.28 0.6240 38.28 - 2 L 8x4x7/16
3 35.7 38.0 38.28 0.6240 38.28 - 2 L 8x4x7/16
2 57.5 61.1 38.28 0.6240 38.28 - 2 L 8x4x7/16
1 71.4 75.9 38.28 0.6240 38.28 - 2 L 8x4x1/2

Lab Note: Shear studs along the beams that are part of the lateral load-resisting truss are necessary to transfer the lateral loads
from the floor diaphragms to the lateral load resisting truss members.

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: BRACE MEMBER DESIGN SHEET 98 of 131
SELECT ANGLE FOR CROSS-BRACING ON 1st FLOOR
Use LLBB double angles.

Elevation view Pu = 157.5 k

Notation: C 119 k
Ae - effective net area, in2 B D
Ag - gross area of member, in 2
Fu - specified minimum tensile strength, ksi 13 feet
Fy - specified minimum yield stress, ksi
Pn - nominal axial strength, kips A E
Pu - factored load
φt - yielding/fracture factor 30 feet

ANALYSIS:
Loads: Pu = 157.5 k Use A992 Steel a
Corresponds to lateral load flow calculations
for 2nd floor, brace line B3. Fu = 58 ksi
Fy = 36 ksi

Brace carries either tension or compression, depending on direction of applied lateral load.
Compression will control member size.

Compression member design:

λc = (K * L/π ∗ r) * (Fy / E) 0.5

φt Pn = φc* Fcr * Ag φc = 0.85
λc^2
Fcr = (.658 ) * Fy when λc < 1.5 K= 1
Fcr = (0.877 / λc2) * Fy when λc > 1.5
λr = 0.45 * (E/Fy)^(1/2)
If b/t > λr section is a slender-element cross-section

for a slender-element cross-section:

Fcr = Q*(.658Q*λc^2 ) * Fy when λc*Q < 1.5
Fcr = (0.877 / λc ) * Fy when λc*Q > 1.5
2

λc = (K * L/π ∗ r) * (Fy / E)
0.5

If : 12.77 < b/t < 25.83

φt Pn > Pu Q = 1.34 - 0.76 *(b/t) * (Fy/E)^(1/2)
φc* Fcr * Ag > 157.5 k If : b/t ≥ 25.83
Ag required > Pu / (φc* Fcr) Q = 0.53 * E / (Fy*(b/t)^2)

Try Fcr = 14 ksi

2
Ag required = 13.23 in

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: BRACE MEMBER DESIGN SHEET 99 of 131
2 2
Try: 2L6x4x3/4 Ag = 13.9 in > 13.2 in OK!
r= 1.88 in
b= 6 in
t= 3/4 in
b/t = 8
λc = 1.421
λr = 12.77 section is not slender
Q= 1.000
Fcr = 15.46 ksi

φt Pn = 182.7 kips > 157.5 kips Angle OK!

Use 2L6x4x3/4

Check using LRFD table 4-11:

for a 2L6x4x3/4 (from table 4-11)

φt Pn = 180 kips > 157.5 kips Angle OK!

Deflection check:
Deflection, or drift, of a singe story braced
frame is usually caused primarily by
tension elongation of the diagonal member.
The elongation of one diagonal moves the
rectangular-framed bay into a parallelogram
form.
Assuming the change in the angle of the
diagonal, ∆θ, to be small, the change in the
is to be used to approximate the hypotenuse
of the triangle, which is d.

d = ∆L / COSθ and ∆L = Pu*L/(A*E) Elevation view Pu = 157.5 k

θ = 40.91 C 119 k
d = Pu * L / (A*E*COSθ) = 0.009353 ft B D
deflection = 0.112 in
13 feet
19.849 13
A E
15
30 feet
Limit - ∆ = h/250

drift = 0.112 in < ∆ = 0.624 in OK! h= 13 ft

Deflection doesn't control member size ∆= 0.052 ft
∆= 0.624 in
E= 29000 ksi
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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: BRACE MEMBER DESIGN SHEET 100 of 131

If deflection doesn't control member size use LRFD table 4-10 to size braces on other floors.
If deflection controls member size, find the section gross area required adequate for deflection limit .

h/250 = 0.0520 ft
drift limit = 0.6240 ft
L= 19.85 ft
E= 29000 ksi
Ag required > Pu*L/(drift limit *E*COS(θ))
Deflection doesn't control member size

Floor Lateral Brace KL if deflection controls member size Use

load (k) force (k) (ft) ∆L (ft) L (ft) Ag req. Table 4-10
4 17.2 22.8 0.00 0.6240 19.85 - 2 L 4x 3 1/2 x5/16
3 59.5 78.7 38.28 0.6240 19.85 - 2 L 6x4x5/16
2 95.6 126.5 38.28 0.6240 19.85 - 2 L 6x4x1/2
1 119 157.5 38.28 0.6240 19.85 - 2 L 6x4x3/4

Lab Note: Bracing fill beam is necessary to laterally brace the W24x68 (W14x26) framing beam. The beam is part of the
North/South lateral load-resisting truss. A plate is added to brace the bottom flange against buckling out-of plane.

Lab Note: Shear studs along the beams that are part of the lateral load-resisting truss are necessary to transfer the lateral loads
from the floor diaphragms to the lateral load resisting truss members. (This design however is beyond the scope of this class.)

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: Tension member design. Bolted connection. SHEET 101 of 131
Connection for a 38.3 foot long tension member that has to resist 78 kips of already factored load.
No slip is permitted, so this connection is slip critical.
φ t = resistance factor relating to tensile strength
Ag = gross cross-sectional area
Ae = U*An
U = reduction coefficient
Fy = specified (ASTM) minimum yield stress
Fu = specified (ASTM) minimum tensile strength
d = diameter of the bolt
An = net area
Rn = strength
Rstr = slip critical strength
Lc = distance from edge of hole to edge of connected part
t = thickness of connected part
Ab = nominal bolt area
Pu = factored load to be resisted
Fv = ultimate shearing strength
µ = mean slip coefficient (coefficient of static friction)
Tb = minimum fastener tension
Agv = gross area acted upon by shear
Agt = gross area acted upon by tension
Anv = net area acted upon by shear
Ant = net area acted upon by tension
Because the bolt size and layout will affect the net area of the tension member, we will begin with
the selection of the bolts. Use A325 bolts and A572 Grade 36 steel for both the tension member and
the gusset plate (standard holes).
Pu = 76 (kips)
t= 3/4 in φ= 0.75
Fv = 48 (ksi)
µ = 0.33
Fy = 36 (ksi)
Fu = 58.0 (ksi)
L = 38.3 (ft)

Section at A
A

TRY : 7/8 (in) bolts Tb = 39 (kips) from table J3.1 LRFD

2
Ab = 0.60 (in ) Ns = 2
Shear strength:
φRn= φFv Ab (assuming that the threads are in the shear plane)
φRn= 21.65 Kips/bolt
φ Rstr = φ (1.13 µ Tb b Ns) φ Rstr = 29.09 Kips/bolt

Shear strength controls φ Rn = 21.65 Kips/bolt

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: Bolted connection SHEET 102 of 131

Number of bolts required = 3.51 bolts

Try = 4 bolts

Minimum spacing : the distance between centers of standard, oversized, or slotted holes, shall
not be less than 3d (from AISC J3.3).
s =3 d= 2.63 in
say, s = 3 in

Minimum edge distance : (from AISC table J3.4)

Le = 1.5 in

2
Ag req. ≥ 2.3457 in
U= 0.85 (from commentary to the AISC specification)
2
Ae req. ≥ 1.7471 in
2
An req. ≥ 2.0554 in

minimum radius of gyration:

r min = 1.532 in

TRY 2L5x3x1/2LLBB
bolts placed in the long leg at the usual gage distance (check LRFD page 10-10)
usual gage = 3 in
2 2
Ag = 7.51 in > 2.35 in OK!
r = 1.58 in > 1.53 in OK!
t= 0.5 in
2 2
An = 7.01 in > 2.0554 in OK!
x = 0.736 in
U = 0.91822 < 0.9 use U = 0.9
2 2
Ae = 6.309 in > 1.7471 in OK!
Check Bearing strength:

for bearing strength computation use a hole diameter of h = 15/16 in

φ Rn = φ (1.2 Lc t Fu) if Lc < 2 d
φ Rn = φ (2.4 d t Fu) if Lc > 2 d

For the hole nearest the edge of the member :

Lc = 1.03 in
2d= 1.75 in φ Rn = 26.92 kips/bolt
For the other holes:
Lc = 2.06 in
2d= 1.75 in φ Rn = 45.68 kips/bolt
Total bearing strength of the connection :

φ Rn = 163.94 kips > 76 kips OK!

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: Bolted connection SHEET 103 of 131

Check Block shear:

Shear areas:
2
Agv = 5.25 in
Anv = 3.50 in2

Tension areas:
2
Agt = 0.50 in
Ant = 0.25 in2

Shear rupture design strength φVn: LRFD J4-1

φ(.6*Fu)*Anv = 91.35 kips

Tension rupture design strength φTn: LRFD J4-2

φFu*Ant = 10.875 kips

The larger fracture term controls: LRFD J4-1 controls

Block shear strength:

φ Rn = 104.85 kips < 102.23

φ Rn = 102.225 kips > Pu/2 = 38 kips OK!

Le = 1.5 in
Le = 1.5 in s= 3 in.

g= 3 in

Use a 2L5x3x1/2LLBB with the long leg connected.

Use 4 7/8 in. A325 bolts.

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: Welded connection SHEET 104 of 131
Connection for a 38.3 foot long tension member that has to resist 78 kips of already factored load.
Assume that the member tensile strength is adequate
φ = resistance factor relating to tensile strength
Fy = specified (ASTM) minimum yield stress
Fu = specified (ASTM) minimum tensile strength
Rn = strength
Pu = factored load to be resisted
w = minimum size of filled welds (from LRFD table J2.4)
Fw = weld ultimate shearing stress
E70XX = electrode with an ultimate tensile strength of 70 ksi
Agv = gross area acted upon by shear
Agt = gross area acted upon by tension
Anv = net area acted upon by shear
Ant = net area acted upon by tension

Pu = 76 (kips)
φ= 0.75
2L5x3x1/2 Fy = 36 (ksi)
Fu = 58 (ksi)
t= 3/4 in w = 1/8 in
FEXX = 70 (ksi)
Fw = 42 (ksi)

L
3
Pu
5 P

E70XX : φ Fw = 31.5 ksi

Weld strength: φ Rn = 0.707 w φ Fw = 2.78 kips/in
Base metal strength : φ Rn = 0.54 t Fy = 14.58 kips/in

weld strength controls, φ Rn = 2.78 kips/in

Total length required = 27.30 in

L= 4.3 in say L = 5 in

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: Welded connection SHEET 105 of 131

Check Block shear:

Shear areas:
2
Agv = 2.5 in
2
Anv = 2.5 in

Tension areas:
2
Agt = 1.0 in
2
Ant = 1.0 in

Shear rupture design strength φVn: LRFD J4-1

φ(.6*Fu)*Anv = 65.25 kips

Tension rupture design strength φTn: LRFD J4-2

φFu*Ant = 43.5 kips

The larger fracture term controls: LRFD J4-1 controls

Block shear strength:

φ Rn = 92.25 kips > 38 kips OK!

Use L = 5 in

5 Pu

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: BASE PLATE DESIGN SHEET 106 of 131

INVESTIGATE THE BASE PLATE SIZE NEEDED

Design a base plate for column B-2.

Refer to LRFD 3rd edition, p.14-21 example 14-2 for design of
axially loaded base plates.
Column B-2 loads at column base.
Pu = 421 (kips) After Live Load Reduction, interior column design.
Shear Pu = 42.3 (kips)
Since column B-2 footing carries column and brace, there are 2 governing load cases, one for
axial load only and the second for combined axial load and shear. The shear would be transferred
to the footing through either shear lugs (bars welded to the bottom of the base plate and
transferring shear to the concrete through bearing) or through anchor bolts. Since problem is
to design a base plate, do not consider brace gusset plate, shear lugs, or anchor bolts.

Analysis
Assume concrete f"c =3 ksi
Assume Spread footing with (A2/A1)1/2 > 2
Column = W10x49
d= 9.98 bf = 10 tw = 0.34 tf = 0.56

A req'd = Pu = 137.6
φ(0.85 * f'c)*2

OPTIMIZE BASE PLATE DIMENSIONS

∆= 0.95*d - 0.8*bf = 0.741
2
1/2
N = (A req'd) + D = 12.47 > bf? ---> 12.47002

Try - 14"x14" N (in)= 14 B (in)= 14

CALCULATE REQUIRED BASE PLATE THICKNESS

m = N-0.95*d = 2.260
2

n = B-0.8*bf = 3
2

φcPp = 0.6*(0.85*f'c*A1*2) = 599.76 kips

C= (4d*bf) Pu = 0.702
(d+bf)2 φcPp

λ=
0.5
2*x = 1.084 >1 If greater than 1 use 1
0.5
1+(1-x)

λn'= λ*(d*bf)0.5 = 2.707

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: BASE PLATE DESIGN SHEET 107 of 131

INVESTIGATE THE BASE PLATE SIZE NEEDED, CONT.

l = max (m, n, λn') = m= 2.260

n= 3 MAX = 3
λn'= 2.707
MAX = 3.000

t req'd = l*(2*Pu/0.9*fy*B*N)0.5 = 1.0924

fy = 36 ksi

USE - 1"x14"x1'-2" Plate - 36 ksi steel

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: HEADER BEAM SELECTION SHEET 108 of 131

INTERIOR HEADER BEAM SELECTION - Bay length = 36 ft. (stairwell)

INTERIOR HEADER BEAM Header Beam

1 2

Total Bay Length = 36 (ft)

Total Bay Width = 10 (ft)
20.5 Fill Beam Fy = 50 (ksi) Tributary width
DL CMU wall = 51.0 (lb/ft2) 0.7 (ft)
B
DL beam = 2.5 (lb/ft2) 18.0 (ft)
5 LL stairs = 100.0 (lb/ft2) 10.3 (ft)
10 DL joist = 56.5 (lb/ft2)
LL joist = 80.0 (lb/ft2)
WDL joist = 282.5 (lb/ft)
15.5 WLL joist = 400 (lb/ft)
Stair Opening CMU Wall PDL joist = 2189.4 (lb)
36 PLL joist = 3100 (lb)
W DL(CMU) = 34.0 (lb/ft)
W DL(beam) = 45.0 (lb/ft)
Loading Diagram W LL(stair) = 1025.0 (lb/ft)
P
Factored Load = Wu = 1734.8 (lb/ft)
Factored Max. Moment (Mu) = 21.7 (k-ft) distributed loads
Wu factored load =P = 7587.3 (lb)
Factored Max. Moment (Mu) = 29.4 (k-ft) 2 equal, concentrated
TOTAL Factored Max. Moment (Mu) = 51.1 (k-ft) symmetrically placed
3 @ 3.33

SELECT SECTION
LRFD p5-40 - Choose W12x14
Beam Weight (k/ft) 0.014 <than 85 plf assmd, sheet6
Mu = 51.1 (k-ft)
φMp = 65 (k-ft)
OK φMp > Mu ?
CHECK LOCAL CONDITIONS
bf / 2 tf (LRFD p1-29) = 8.82
λp = 65 / Fy.5 = 9.2
OK λp > bf/2tf ?
CHECK WEB
h / tw (LRFD p1-29) = 54.3
λp = 640 / Fy.5 = 90.5
OK λp > h/tw ?

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: FILL BEAM SELECTION SHEET 109 of 131

INTERIOR HEADER BEAM SELECTION - (continued)

CHECK SHEAR CAPACITY

Vu = Wu * L / 2 + P = 12.5
φVn = φv (0.6 Fyw) Aw (Fyw = yield strength of web) = 64.3 (φv = .9)
Aw = d * tw (LRFD p1-28) = 2.4
d= 12 , tw = 0.2
OK φVn > Vu ?

LIVE LOAD DEFLECTION CHECK

∆ = L / 360 = 0.333 (in) - LIMIT
∆ (wu) = (5*wLL*L4)/(384*E*I) = 0.090
∆ (P) = ((P*a)/(24*E*I))/(3*L2-4*a2)= 0.087
0.177 (in) - ∆LL
I (moment of inertia about x-x axis, LRFD)= 88.6 (in4)
OK ∆limit > ∆LL?

SECTION OK

NOTE -- The header beam has a combination of 4 distributed loads and 2 point loads. The distributed loads are the CMU dead load,
the floor dead load (same for floor and stairwell - conservative), the stair live load and floor live load. Since there are only 2 joists,
these are treated as point loads. These point loads are determined by a simple analysis of the loading on each joist and determining
their reactions.

Cost Per Ton 1950 ($)

Total Cost $136.50
In this case, deflection controls
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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: FILL BEAM SELECTION SHEET 110 of 131

INTERIOR FLOOR FILL BEAM SELECTION - Bay length = 36 ft. (stairwell)

Note: Shear studs along the beams that are part of the lateral load-resisting truss are
INTERIOR FLOOR FILL BEAM necessary to transfer the lateral loads from the floor diaphragms to the resisting members.
Interior Floor Fill Beam This is outside the scope of this case study.

1 2
Total Bay Length = 36 (ft)
Total Bay Width = 30 (ft)
Fill Beam Fy = 50 (ksi) Tributary width
DL CMU wall = 51.0 (lb/ft2) 0.7 (ft)
3 DL beam1 = 59.0 (lb/ft2) 4.0 (ft)
DL beam2 = 59.0 (lb/ft2) 1.5 (ft)
LL stairs = 100.0 (lb/ft2) 5.0 (ft)
B 2
5 LL office1 = 80.0 (lb/ft ) 1.5 (ft)
10 LL office2 = 80.0 (lb/ft2) 4.0 (ft)
WDL CMU wall = 34 (lb/ft)
Stair Opening WDL beam1 = 236.0 (lb/ft)
WDL beam2 = 88.5 (lb/ft)
CMU Walls WLL stairs = 500 (lb/ft)
WLL office1 = 120 (lb/ft)
Elevator Shaft
WLL office2 = 320 (lb/ft)
PDL header beam = 2584.4 (lb)
PLL header beam = 8225.0 (lb)
C
Wu1 = 1.139 (k/ft)
36 Wu2 = 0.8 (k/ft)
20.5 P= 16.3 (k)
Loading Diagrams
P
P
Wu1 Wu2 = Wu1 + Wu2 +

36 20.5 15.5 20.5

R1 R2 Mmax @ 14.7 Mmax @ 23.8 Mmax @ 20.5
Moment by superposition (k-ft) Shear by Superposition (k)
at 14.7' at 18' at 20.5' at 23.8' R1 R2
Wu1 122.4 116.1 103.0 81.1 Wu1 16.7 6.6
Wu2 39.0 47.8 54.4 58.8 Wu2 2.7 9.7
P 102.9 126.0 143.5 113.0 P 7.0 9.3
Total 264.4 289.9 301.0 252.9 Total 26.4 25.6
Mmax = 301.0 (K-ft)
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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: FILL BEAM SELECTION SHEET 111 of 131
INTERIOR FLOOR FILL BEAM (continued)

SELECT SECTION
LRFD p5-40 - Choose W24x62
Beam Weight (k/ft) 0.062 <than 85 plf assmd, sheet6
Mu = 301.0 (k-ft)
φMp = 578 (k-ft)
OK φMp > Mu ?
CHECK LOCAL CONDITIONS
bf / 2 tf (LRFD p1-17) = 5.97
λp = 65 / Fy.5 = 9.2
OK λp > bf/2tf ?
CHECK WEB
h / tw (LRFD p1-17) = 49.7
λp = 640 / Fy.5 = 90.5
OK λp > h/tw ?
CHECK SHEAR CAPACITY
Vu = Wu * L / 2 P*a/L = 26.4
φVn = φv (0.6 Fyw) Aw (Fyw = yield strength of web) = 226.8 (φv = .9)
Aw = d * tw (LRFD p1-16) = 8.4
d= 24 , tw = 0.4
OK φVn > Vu ?

LIVE LOAD DEFLECTION CHECK

∆ max= L / 360 = 1.200 (in) - LIMIT

Deflection at Mmax :
∆( P) = (P*b*x)*(L^2 - b^2 - x^2) / (6*E*I*L) = 0.294
∆( Wu1) = W*a^2 *(L-x)*(4*L*x - 2*x^2 - a^2) / (24* E * I * L) = 0.555
∆( Wu2) = W*a^2 *(L-x)*(4*L*x - 2*x^2 - a^2) / (24* E * I * L) = 0.262
1.110 (in) - ∆LL
I (moment of inertia about x-x axis, LRFD)= 1560 (in4)
OK ∆limit > ∆LL?

SECTION OK

NOTE -- The fill-beam has a combination of several uniform and partially distributed loads and 2 concentrated loads. The dead load
for the floor and stair is uniformly distributed as well as the floor live load. The CMU dead load is only particially distrubuted along
the length of the member PLUS 1/2 of the distance along the header (the fill beam picks up half this load). This fill-beam also picks
up 2 partially distributed live loads for the floor and stair. There is one concentrated dead and live load at the point where the header
frames into the fill beam.
SECTION OK

Cost Per Ton 1950 ($)

Total Cost $2,176.20

In this case, deflection controls

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: FILL BEAM SELECTION SHEET 112 of 131

INTERIOR FLOOR FILL BEAM SELECTION - Bay length = 36 ft. (stairwell)

INTERIOR FLOOR FILL BEAM Interior Floor Fill Beam

1 2
Total Bay Length = 36 (ft)
Total Bay Width = 30 (ft)
Fill Beam Fy = 50 (ksi) ributary width
DL CMU wall = 51.0 (lb/ft2) 0.7 (ft)
DL beam1 = 59.0 (lb/ft2) 5.0 (ft)
DL beam2 = 59.0 (lb/ft2) 2.5 (ft)
LL stairs = 100.0 (lb/ft2) 5.0 (ft)
B 2
LL office1 = 80.0 (lb/ft ) 2.5 (ft)
10 LL office2 = 80.0 (lb/ft2) 5.0 (ft)
5 WDL CMU wall = 34 (lb/ft)
Stair Opening WDL beam1 = 295.0 (lb/ft)
5 WDL beam2 = 147.5 (lb/ft)
CMU Walls WLL stairs = 500 (lb/ft)
WLL office1 = 200 (lb/ft)
Elevator Shaft
WLL office2 = 400 (lb/ft)
PDL header beam = 2584.4 (lb)
PLL header beam = 8225.0 (lb)
C
Wu1 = 1.3378 (k/ft)
36 Wu2 = 1.0 (k/ft)
20.5 P= 16.3 (k)
Loading Diagrams

P
P
Wu1 Wu2 = Wu1 + Wu2 +

36 20.5 15.5 20.5

R1 R2 Mmax @ 14.7 Mmax @ 23.8 Mmax @ 20.5

Moment by superposition (k-ft) Shear by Superposition (k)

at 14.7' at 18' at 20.5' at 23.8' R1 R2
Wu1 143.8 136.4 121.0 95.3 Wu1 19.6 7.8
Wu2 48.8 59.7 68.0 73.5 Wu2 3.3 12.1
P 102.9 126.0 143.5 113.0 P 7.0 9.3
Total 295.5 322.1 332.6 281.8 Total 29.9 29.2

Mmax = 332.6 (K-ft)

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: FILL BEAM SELECTION SHEET 113 of 131
INTERIOR FLOOR FILL BEAM (continued)

SELECT SECTION
LRFD p5-40 - Choose W21x83
Beam Weight (k/ft) 0.083 <than 85 plf assmd, sheet6
Mu = 332.6 (k-ft)
φMp = 735 (k-ft)
OK φMp > Mu ?
CHECK LOCAL CONDITIONS
bf / 2 tf (LRFD p1-17) = 5
λp = 65 / Fy.5 = 9.2
OK λp > bf/2tf ?
CHECK WEB
h / tw (LRFD p1-17) = 36.4
λp = 640 / Fy.5 = 90.5
OK λp > h/tw ?
CHECK SHEAR CAPACITY
Vu = Wu * L / 2 P*a/L = 29.9
φVn = φv (0.6 Fyw) Aw (Fyw = yield strength of web) = 226.8 (φv = .9)
Aw = d * tw (LRFD p1-16) = 8.4
d= 21 , tw = 0.5
OK φVn > Vu ?

LIVE LOAD DEFLECTION CHECK

∆ max= L / 360 = 1.200 (in) - LIMIT

Deflection at Mmax :
∆( P) = (P*b*x)*(L^2 - b^2 - x^2) / (6*E*I*L) = 0.250
∆( Wu1) = W*a^2 *(L-x)*(4*L*x - 2*x^2 - a^2) / (24* E * I * L) = 0.555
∆( Wu2) = W*a^2 *(L-x)*(4*L*x - 2*x^2 - a^2) / (24* E * I * L) = 0.279
1.085 (in) - ∆LL
I (moment of inertia about x-x axis, LRFD)= 1830 (in4)
OK ∆limit > ∆LL?

SECTION OK

NOTE -- The fill-beam has a combination of several uniform and partially distributed loads and 2 concentrated loads. The dead load
for the floor and stair is uniformly distributed as well as the floor live load. The CMU dead load is only particially distrubuted along
the length of the member PLUS 1/2 of the distance along the header (the fill beam picks up half this load). This fill-beam also picks
up 2 partially distributed live loads for the floor and stair. There is one concentrated dead and live load at the point where the header
frames into the fill beam.
SECTION OK

Cost Per Ton 1950 ($)

Total Cost $2,913.30

In this case, deflection controls

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: FILL BEAM SELECTION SHEET 114 of 131

INTERIOR FLOOR FILL BEAM SELECTION - Bay length = 36 ft. (stairwell)

INTERIOR FLOOR FILL BEAM

1 2

Interior Floor Fill Beam

3 (Braces bottom flange of girder in lateral resisting truss)

B
5
10

Stair Opening 5
Spacing = 5 (ft)
CMU Walls DL = 61.0 (lb/ft2)
LL = 80.0 (lb/ft2)
Elevator Shaft
W DL = 305.0 (lb/ft)
W LL = 400.0 (lb/ft)
Applied Load - Wu = 705.0 (lb/ft)
C
36
20.5
Loading Diagrams

SELECT SECTION
LRFD p.5-48 - Choose W18x35
Beam Weight (k/ft) 0.035 > 11 plf assumed, add Wt.
Mu = 163.0 (k-ft)
φMp = 249 (k-ft)
OK φMp > Mu ?

LIVE LOAD DEFLECTION CHECK

∆ = L / 360 = 1.200 (in) - LIMIT
∆ = (5*wLL*L4)/(384*E*I) = 1.022 (in) - ∆LL
I (moment of inertia about x-x axis, LRFD p.5-48)= 510 (in4)
OK ∆limit > ∆LL?

Note: Fill beam for this bay will be the same on the 2nd and 3rd floors. On the 4th and roof use
interior fill beams determined previously for this bracing beam. The beam is necessary to laterally
brace the W 24 x 68 framing beam. The beam is part of the North/South lateral load-resisting
truss. A plate is added to brace the bottom flange against buckling out-of-plane.

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: TENSION DESIGN (ELEVATOR STRUCTURAL SYSTEM) SHEET 115 of 131

TRUSS TENSION MEMBER CONNECTION

Rn = strength
φ t = resistance factor relating to tensile strength
Ag = gross cross-sectional area
Ae = effective net area
An = net area
U = reduction coefficient
Fy = specified (ASTM) minimum yield stress
Fu = specified (ASTM) minimum tensile strength
d = diameter of the bolt
Elevator characteristics: Hydraulic elevator, piston at ground and sheave beams at penthouse level.

The elevator contractor is responsible for the structural system that supports the elevator.
Both the architectural firm and elevator contractor have requested the engineering firm to check the
capacity of different options given to connect two angles subjected to a tensile load. It is requested to
find the effective net area of the angle used in each different connection, and its design strength.
Assuming that the four connections cost the same amount of money, recommend
one of the four options for the connection using engineering criteria.

Use A572 Gr 50 Steel

(1) Both legs Welded

L4x3x3/8

T T

2
Ag = 2.49 in Fy = 50 ksi
2
A= 2.49 in Fu = 65 ksi
U= 1
Ae = 2.49
Yield: φRn= 0.9*Fy*Ag = 112.05 ksi φRn= 112.05 ksi
Fracture: φRn= 0.75*Fu*Ae = 121.39 ksi Yielding controls

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: TENSION DESIGN (ELEVATOR STRUCTURAL SYSTEM) SHEET 116 of 131

(2) Only one leg Welded

L4x3x3/8

T T

2
Ag = 2.49 in Fy = 50 ksi
2
A= 1.5 in Fu = 65 ksi
U= 1
2
Ae = A * U = 1.5 in
Yield: φRn= 0.9*Fy*Ag = 112.05 ksi φRn= 73.125 ksi
Fracture: φRn= 0.75*Fu*Ae = 73.13 ksi Fracture controls

(3) Both legs bolted using 5/8" bolts

L4x3x3/8
T L4x3x3/8 T

Ag = 2.49 in2 Fy = 50 ksi

An = 1.9275 Fu = 65 ksi
U= 1
2
Ae = An * U = 1.9275 in
Yield: φRn= 0.9*Fy*Ag = 112.05 ksi φRn= 93.97 ksi
Fracture: φRn= 0.75*Fu*Ae = 93.97 ksi Fracture controls

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: TENSION DESIGN (ELEVATOR STRUCTURAL SYSTEM) SHEET 117 of 131

(4) Both legs bolted using 5/8" bolts

L4x3x3/8
T L4x3x3/8 T

Flattened angle

2
Ag = 2.49 in Fy = 50 ksi
2
An = 2.1775 in Fu = 65 ksi
U= 1
2
Ae = An * U = 2.1775 in
Yield: φRn= 0.9*Fy*Ag = 112.05 ksi φRn= 106.15 ksi
Fracture: φRn= 0.75*Fu*Ae = 106.15 ksi Fracture controls

Use connection with 112.05 ksi. as design capacity!

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: Girder-to-column flange connection SHEET 118 of 131
All-bolted double connection for interior floor girder W24x68 to a W10x49 interior column flange
φ t = resistance factor relating to tensile strength
Rn = strength
Ru = Factored beam end reaction
g1= workable gage of angle
H2 = maximum shank extension
C1 = clearance for tighening
a1 = workable gage 2
a2 = distance from bolt to the tip of the angle leg attached to girder web
a3 = workable gage 1
a4 = distance from bolt to the tip of the angle leg attached to column flange
d1 = distance between bolts
Lev = vertical edge distance
Leh = horizontal edge distance
Fy = specified (ASTM) minimum yield stress
Fu = specified (ASTM) minimum tensile strength
d = diameter of the bolt
tf = flange thickness
tw = web thickness
t1 = one half decimal web thickness rounded to the next higher 1/16 in.
t = thickness of the angles
U = reduction coefficient
An = net area
Ag = gross cross-sectional area
Ae = U*An
Agv = gross area acted upon by shear
Agt = gross area acted upon by tension
Anv = net area acted upon by shear
Ant = net area acted upon by tension
Use A325-N bolts in standard holes. Assume ASTM A36 angle material with Fy=36ksi and Fu=58ksi.

Factored Load - Wu (sheet 23)= 5.2 (k/ft)

Girder length = 30 ft
Ru = 78 Kips

Girder: W24x68
tw = 0.415 in
Wu Fy = 50 ksi
Fu = 65 ksi

W24x68 Column: W10x49

tf = 0.56 in
Fy = 50 ksi
Fu = 65 ksi

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: Girder-to-column flange connection SHEET 119 of 131

Column W10x49

Girder W24x68
a3 a4 Girder Web

d1 t1
A t
a1 H2
C1
a2

Angles Section at A

Design of Bolts and angles:

TRY: 3/4 in. diameter bolts

TRY: 4 rows of bolts and 1/4 in angle thickness (From LRFD table 10-1)

φ Rn = 104 Kips > Ru = 78 Kips OK!

TRY: 2L5x3-1/2x1/4LLBB (Short legs back to back)

g1 = 2 in. min. (LRFD fig. 10-6)
g1 = 2 1/4 in. min. (LRFD table 10-1)
say g1 = 2 1/2 in
Ag = 4.13 Fy = 36 ksi
Fu = 58 ksi
Leh = 1 3/4 (From LRFD table 10-1)
Lev = 1 1/2 (From LRFD table 10-1)

Check supported beam web:

φ Rn = 351 Kips/in (From LRFD table 10-1)

φ Rn = 351 x tw = 145.7 Kips > Ru = 78 Kips OK!

Check supporting column flange:

φ Rn = 702 Kips/in (From LRFD table 10-1)

φ Rn = 702 x tf = 393.12 Kips > Ru = 78 Kips OK!

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: Girder-to-column flange connection SHEET 120 of 131

Connection details:

H2 = 1 3/8 in. max. (LRFD table 7-3a)

C1= 1 1/4 in. min. say C1 = 1 3/8 in. (LRFD table 7-3a)

t= 1/4 in.
t1 = tw / 2 = 0.2075 in. say t1 = 4/16 in

a1 = 3 in.
a2 = 2 in.
a3 = g1 = 2 1/2 in.
a4 = 1 in.
d1 = 6 1/2 in.

If an angle leg is shorter than 4", check yielding, fracture and block shear:

Nominal strength of the angle for yielding of the gross section:

φ Rn = 0.9 x Fy x Ag = 133.8 kips > Ru/2 = 39 kips OK!

Nominal strength of the angle for fracture of the net section:

φ Rn = 0.75 x Fu x Ae = 160.62 kips > Ru/2 = 39 kips OK!

An = Ae = 3.69

Check Block Shear :

Shear areas:
2
Agv = 2.625 in
Anv = 1.859 in2
Tension areas:
2
Agt = 0.250 in
2
Ant = 0.141 in

Shear rupture design strength φVn: LRFD J4-1

φ(.6*Fu)*Anv = 48.53 kips

Tension rupture design strength φTn: LRFD J4-2

φFu*Ant = 6.1172 kips

The larger fracture term controls: LRFD J4-1 controls

Block shear strength:

φ Rn = 55.28 kips < 54.65 kips
φ Rn = 54.65 kips > 39.00 kips OK!
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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: Girder-to-column flange connection SHEET 121 of 131

2 1/2"
1 3/4"

1 1/2"
3"
3" 1' 23.7"
3"
A
1 1/2"

2L 5"x 31/2" x 1/4" x 1' (SLBB)

2 1/2" 1"

4/16"
6 1/2"
1/4"
3" 1 3/8"
1 3/8"
2"

Section at A

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: Bracing connection, gusset plate design. SHEET 122 of 131
Brace line B1, second floor.
φ = resistance factor
Fy = specified (ASTM) minimum yield stress
Fu = specified (ASTM) minimum tensile strength
Rn = strength
t = thickness of connected part
Pu = factored load to be resisted
d = diameter of the bolt
eb = one-half the depth of the beam, in.
ec = one-half the depth of the column, in.
db = depth of the beam, in.
dc = depth of the column, in.
w.p. = working point.
N = horizontal distance of gusset plate, in.
V = vertical distance of gusset plate, in.
α = distance from the face of the column flange to the centroid of the gusset-to-beam connection, in.
β = distance from the face of the beam flange to the centroid of the gusset-to-column connection, in.
Aw =cross section area of the whitmore section
Pu = 127.0 k

B C D 96 k

Elevation View 13

A E
30
Plan View

Member A-E, Interior floor girder:

W24x68 ASTM 992
db = 23.7 in Brace
Column 2L6x4x1/2
Fy = 50 ksi W10x49
Fu = 65 ksi
13
Member A-B, Interior column: Gusset Plate 15
W10x49 ASTM 992
dc = 9.98 in
Fy = 50 ksi
Fu = 65 ksi

Member A-C, Brace: W.P.

Girder
2L6x4x1/2LLBB A36 W24x68
Fy = 36 ksi
Fu = 58 ksi

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: Bracing connection, gusset plate design. SHEET 123 of 131

Use A325-N bolts in standard holes,3/4 in diameter.

Design shear strength of one bolt, double shear (LRFD Table 7-10) φRn = 31.8 k

Check bearing strength @ each bolt hole:

φRn = φ (2.4 * d * t * Fu) = 45.7 kips > 31.8 kips OK!

(φ = 0.75)

Check tension yielding on the Whitmore section:

Column
Brace
13

15
Gusset Plate Whitmore section

Girder

y = tan 30o * 6 = 3.5 in

y
30° *Note: Assume simplified Whitmore section (double
6 dashed area) for the purpose of this lab. This design will
be more conservative.

φRn = φ (Fu * Aw) = 248.0 kips > 127.0 kips OK!

(φ = 0.9)
Aw = (y + y + 2.5(Perp. distance between center of holes))*0.5

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: Bracing connection, gusset plate design. SHEET 124 of 131

Distribution of brace force to beam and column:

(Uniform force method)
From the member and frame geometry

eb = db/2 = 11.85 in θ
ec = dc/2 = 4.99 in 13
tanθ = 1.154
15
in order to remain free of moments on the connection interfaces, the following expression must be satisfied:

tan θ * eb - ec = α - β * tan θ allow 1/2 in. between gusset and column

for the setback
α - β * tan θ = 8.68 in

N
Column Brace
0.5

13

15
Gusset Plate

V
β

ec
α Girder
eb

W.P.

Try a gusset plate :

1/2 in. x 20 1/8 in. horizontally x 13 3/4 in. vertically

α= 16.5 in
β= 6.7 in

α' = tan θ * eb - ec + β * tan θ = 16.414 in

α − α' = 0.09 in OK! (If Less Than One)

Use α= 16.5 in and β= 6.7 in

N= 20 1/8 in
V= 13 3/4 in
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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: Beam-to-gusset and column-to-gusset connections SHEET 125 of 131
Brace line B1, second floor.
t = thickness of connected part
Pu = factored load to be resisted
d = diameter of the bolt
eb = one-half the depth of the beam, in.
ec = one-half the depth of the column, in.
Hub = factored shear force for gusset-to-beam connection.
Vub = factored axial force for gusset-to-beam connection.
Huc = factored shear force for gusset-to-column connection.
Vuc = factored axial force for gusset-to-column connection.
N = horizontal distance of gusset plate, in.
V = vertical distance of gusset plate, in.
α = distance from the face of the column flange to the centroid of the gusset-to-beam connection, in.
β = distance from the face of the beam flange to the centroid of the gusset-to-column connection, in.
g = workable gage.
rut = tensile force per bolt
ruv = shear force per bolt
Ft = nominal tensile strength of bolt.
D = number of sixteenths-of-an-inch in the fillet weld size.
ex = horizontal component of eccentricity of Pu with respect to centroid of weld group.
C = coefficient for eccentrically loaded weld groupd
C1 = electrode strength coefficient
Member A-E, Interior floor girder: Pu = 127.0 k
W24x68 ASTM 992
db = 23.7 in B C D 96 k
bf = 8.97 in
tf = 0.585 in
k= 1.09 in 13
Fy = 50 ksi
Fu = 65 ksi
Member A-B, Interior column: A E
W10x49 ASTM 992 30
dc = 9.98 in
tw = 0.34 in
bf = 10 in Brace
tf = 0.56 in Column 2L6x4x1/2
W10x49
Fy = 50 ksi
Fu = 65 ksi 13
Member A-C, Brace: Gusset Plate 15
2L6x4x1/2LLBB A36
2
Ag = 9.5 in
Fy = 36 ksi
Fu = 58 ksi
Gusset plate:
α= 16.5 in. W.P.
β= 6.7 in. Girder
t= 1/2 in. W24x68
N= 20 1/8 in.
V= 13 3/4 in.
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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: Beam-to-gusset and column-to-gusset connections SHEET 126 of 131

eb = 11.85 in.
ec = 4.99 in.

Calculate gusset interface forces:

r = √( (α+ec)2 + (β+eb)2) = 28.4 in.

On the gusset-to-column connection:

Huc = ec * Pu/r = 22.3 Kips

Vuc = β * Pu/r = 30.0 Kips

On the gusset-to-beam connection:

Hub = α * Pu/r = 73.8 Kips

Vub = eb * Pu/r = 53.0 Kips

Column Vu Pu
Brace

Hu

Gusset Plate
Huc

Vuc

Hub Girder
Vub

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: Beam-to-gusset and column-to-gusset connections SHEET 127 of 131

Design of gusset-to-column connection:

Try : 2L4x4x5/8 welded to the gusset and bolted with 4 rows

of 3/4 in. diameter A325-N bolts in standard holes to the column flange.

Use 3 in. spacing between bolts and lev = 1.5 in

t= 5/8 Fy = 36 ksi
2
Ab = 0.44 in Fu = 58 ksi

n= 8

rut = Huc / n = 2.8 Kips/bolt

ruv = Vuc / n = 3.7 Kips/bolt

Ft = 117 -2.5 (fv) < 90 ksi ; Ft = 95.8 ksi > 90 ksi

fv = ruv / Ab = 8.48 ksi

Ft = 90.0 ksi

φ Rn = φ * Ft *Ab = 29.82 kips/bolt > rut OK!

( φ = 0.75)

Bearing strength per bolt is:

φ Rn = φ (2.4*d*t*Fu) = 48.9 Kips/bolt > φ Rn (table 7-10) = 15.9 Kips/bolt

( φ = 0.75) OK!

Check prying action : (Illustration of variables in prying action calculations LRFD fig. 9-4)

g= 2 in. (LRFD Fig. 10-6)

b = g - t/2 = 1.69 in

a= (angle leg) - g = 1.50 in < 1.25 b= 2.11 in

a= 1.50 in.

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: Beam-to-gusset and column-to-gusset connections SHEET 128 of 131

b' = b - d/2 = 1.31 in.

a' = a + d/2 = 1.88 in.

ρ = b' / a' = 0.7

β = 1/ρ (φrn / rut -1)= 13.83

if β > 1 , α' = 1.0; if β < 1, α' = 1/δ (β/(1-β))

δ = 1 − d'/p = 0.63

α' = 1.0

p= 2.0 in

t req. = √( (4.44 * rut * b’) / ( p * Fy * (1+ δ * α’)))

t req. = 0.373 in. < 5/8 in. angles are Ok!

Column
Brace

2L 4 x 3 1/2 x 1/2
3.5"

1.25"
3"

Gusset Plate

3"
Girder

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: Beam-to-gusset and column-to-gusset connections SHEET 129 of 131

Design of column-to-gusset connection :

Try : 2L4x4x5/8 welded to the gusset and bolted with 4 rows

of 3/4 in. diameter A325-N bolts in standard holes to the column flange.

Use 3 in. spacing between bolts and lev = 1.5 in

Column
W10x49

Gusset Plate 13

15
Angles
V
λ Brace
β 2L6x4x1/2

eb

Girder
ec α
N

t= 1/2 Fy = 36 ksi
2
Ab = 0.44 in Fu = 58 ksi

n= 4

rut = Huc / n = 4.0 Kips/bolt

ruv = Vuc / n = 9.2 Kips/bolt

Ft = 117 -2.5 (fv) < 90 ksi ; Ft = 42.3 ksi > 90 ksi

fv = ruv / Ab = 20.91 ksi

Ft = 42.3 ksi

φ Rn = φ * Ft *Ab = 13.96 kips/bolt > rut OK!

( φ = 0.75)

Bearing strength per bolt is:

φ (2.4*d*t*Fu) = 39.2 Kips/bolt > φ Rn (table 7-10) = 15.9 Kips/bolt

( φ = 0.75) OK!
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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: Beam-to-gusset and column-to-gusset connections SHEET 130 of 131

Check areas: (since their strengths are the same this will check which section
governs in block shear design)
Angles
Shear areas: Both Angles: (double the area)
2
Agv = 5.125 in Agv = 10.25 in2
2 2
Anv = 3.59 in Anv = 7.1875 in

Tension areas:
2
Agt = 0.75 in Agt = 1.5 in2
2 2
Ant = 0.53 in Ant = 1.0625 in

Gusset Plate
Shear areas:
2
Agv = 5.375 in
2
Anv = 3.84 in

Tension areas:
2
Agt = 1.00 in
2
Ant = 0.78 in

The gusset plate will govern the design because it has less area than the angles.

Check Block shear in gusset plate:

Shear rupture design strength φVn: LRFD J4-1

φ(.6*Fu)*Anv = 100.32 kips

Tension rupture design strength φTn: LRFD J4-2

φFu*Ant = 33.98 kips

The larger fracture term controls: LRFD J4-1 controls

Pu = Vuc = 30 k

Block shear strength:

φ Rn = 127.322 kips < 134.31

φ Rn = 127.322 kips > Pu = 30 kips OK!

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PROJECT: STEEL BUILDING DESIGN CASE STUDY
SUBJECT: Beam-to-gusset and column-to-gusset connections SHEET 131 of 131

Design of gusset-to-beam connection:

Pub = √(Hub2 + Vub2) = 90.90425

D req = 1.4 Pub / (1.392 *N) = 0 say 2 sixteenths

from LRFD table J2.4 the minimum weld size required is : 4 sixteenths
gusset plate thickness = 1/2

Use : 4 sixteenths in. fillet welds

Check local web yielding of the beam:

φ Rn = φ (N + 2.5 k) Fyw * tw = 474.14 kips > Vub = 53.0 kips

(φ = 1)
OK!

Brace
Brace
2L6x4x1/2
Gusset Plate
Gusset Plate
Column t = 1/2"
Gusset
Gusset totobeam
beam
W10x49 connection
connection
Fillet welds
1/4" Fillet welds

Gusset tocolumn
Gusset to column
connection
connection
rows of
4 rows of 3/4" bolts
bolts

Girder
W24x68

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