Prepared by:
Engr. Cindy D. Dullas
Phys 122
We have already studied the interactions of electric
charges at rest; now we’re ready to study charges in
motion. An electric current consists of charges in motion
from one region to another. If the charges follow a
conducting path that forms a closed loop, the path is called
an electric circuit.
Fundamentally, electric circuits are a means for
conveying energy from one place to another. As charged
particles move within a circuit, electric potential energy is
transferred from a source (such as a battery or generator) to
a device in which that energy is either stored or converted
to another form: into sound in a stereo system or into heat
and light in a toaster or light bulb. Electric circuits are
useful because they allow energy to be transported without
any moving parts (other than the moving charged particles
themselves). They are at the heart of flashlights,
computers, radio and television transmitters and receivers,
and household and industrial power distribution systems.
Your nervous system is a specialized electric circuit that
carries vital signals from one part of your body to another.
Define alternating current vs. direct
current
Differentiate circuit with resistor in
parallel and series
Compare and contrast the voltage and
electromagnetic force of an electric
power source.
Direct Current is the flow of electric current
in only one direction. It refers to system
where the source voltage is constant.
Alternating Current is the flow of electric
charge that periodically reverses direction.
V=Vo sin2πft
I=Io sin2πft
DC voltage and current A graph of voltage and current
are constant in time versus time for 60 Hz AC
power source
DC Circuit AC Circuit
V=Vo sin2πft
𝟏
V=Vo sin2πft 𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝑰𝟎𝑽𝟎
𝟐
I=Io sin2πft 𝑰𝟎 𝑽𝟎
𝑰𝑹𝑴𝑺 = 𝑽𝑹𝑴𝑺 =
𝟐 𝟐
𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝑰𝑹𝑴𝑺𝑽𝑹𝑴𝑺
𝑰𝟎 𝑽𝟎 𝟏
𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒆 = = 𝑰𝟎 𝑽𝟎
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
AC power as function of time. Since the
voltage and current are in phase here, their Using Ohm’s Law:
product is non-negative and fluctuates 𝑽𝑹𝑴𝑺
between zero and I0V0. Average power is 𝑰𝑹𝑴𝑺 =
(1/2) I0V0 𝑹
𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝑰𝑹𝑴𝑺 𝑽𝑹𝑴𝑺
𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝑰2𝑹𝑴𝑺𝑹
𝑽2𝑹𝑴𝑺
𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒆 =
𝑹
(a.) What is the average peak voltage for 120V
AC power?
𝑽𝟎 𝑽𝟎 = 𝟐 𝑽𝑹𝑴𝑺
𝑽𝑹𝑴𝑺 =
𝟐 𝑽𝟎 = 𝟐 (120V)
𝑽𝟎 = 𝟏𝟕𝟎𝑽
(b.) What is the peak power consumption rate
of a 60.0W AC light bulb?
𝑰𝟎 𝑽𝟎 𝟏
𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒆 = = 𝑰𝟎 𝑽𝟎
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝑷𝒐 = 𝟐𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒆
𝑷𝒐 = 𝟐 𝟔𝟎𝑾
𝑷𝒐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝑾
A component that provides resistance to the
current flowing through an electrical circuit.
Series Circuit
Parallel Circuit
A series circuit is a closed loop circuit which the
current follows one path.
1. Series resistance add up
2. The same current flows through each resistor in
series
3. Individual resistors in series do not get the total
source voltage, but divide it.
𝑹𝑻 = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 +𝑹𝟑
𝑰𝑻 = 𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰𝟐 = 𝑰𝟑
𝑽𝑻 = 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 +𝑽𝟑
A parallel circuit is a closed loop circuit which the current
divides into two or more paths before recombining to
complete the circuit.
1. Parallel resistance is the reciprocal of each resistor value
2. Each resistor in parallel has the same full voltage of the
source applies to it.
3. Parallel resistor do not each get the total current; they
divide it.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝑰𝑻 = 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 +𝑰𝟑
= + +
𝑹𝑻 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑
𝑽𝑻 = 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽𝟑
1. For the circuit below determine the following
a. What is the total resistance?
b. Find the current
c. Calculate the voltage drop in each resistor
d. Calculate the power dissipated by each resistor
e. Find the power output of the source, and show that it equals the
total power dissipated by the resistors.
1Ω
6Ω
12V
13Ω
a. Total Resistance: b. Total Current
𝑹𝑻 = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 +𝑹𝟑 𝑰𝑻 = 𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰𝟐 = 𝑰𝟑
𝑹𝑻 = 𝟏𝛀 + 𝟔𝛀 + 𝟏𝟑𝛀 𝑽 𝟏𝟐𝑽
𝑰𝑻 = =
𝑹𝑻 = 𝟐𝟎𝛀 𝑹𝑻 𝟐𝟎𝛀
𝑰𝑻 =0.600A
1. For the circuit below determine the following
a. What is the total resistance?
b. Find the current
c. Calculate the voltage drop in each resistor
d. Calculate the power dissipated by each resistor
e. Find the power output of the source, and show that it equals the
total power dissipated by the resistors.
1Ω
6Ω
12V
13Ω
c. Voltage drop:
𝑽𝑻 = 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 +𝑽𝟑 𝑽𝟑 = 𝑰𝑻𝑹𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝑨 (𝟏𝟑𝛀) =7.8V
𝑽𝟏 = 𝑰𝑻𝑹𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝑨 (𝟏𝛀) =0.6V 𝑽𝑻 = 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 +𝑽𝟑
𝑽𝟐 = 𝑰𝑻𝑹𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝑨 (𝟔𝛀) =3.6V 𝑽𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝑽 + 𝟑. 𝟔𝑽 +𝟕. 𝟖𝑽 = 𝟏𝟐𝑽
1. For the circuit below determine the following
a. What is the total resistance?
b. Find the current
c. Calculate the voltage drop in each resistor
d. Calculate the power dissipated by each resistor
e. Find the power output of the source, and show that it equals the
total power dissipated by the resistors.
1Ω
6Ω
12V
13Ω
d. Power dissipated:
𝑷 = 𝑰𝟐𝑹
𝑷𝟏 = 𝑰𝑻𝟐𝑹𝟏= (0.6A) 𝟐(𝟏𝛀) =0.36W 𝑷𝟑 = 𝑰𝑻𝟐𝑹𝟑= (0.6A) 𝟐(𝟏𝟑𝛀)
=4.68W
𝑷𝟐 = 𝑰𝑻𝟐𝑹𝟐= (0.6A) 𝟐(𝟔𝛀) =2.16W
1. For the circuit below determine the following
a. What is the total resistance?
b. Find the current
c. Calculate the voltage drop in each resistor
d. Calculate the power dissipated by each resistor
e. Find the power output of the source, and show that it equals the
total power dissipated by the resistors.
1Ω
6Ω
12V
13Ω
e. Power output:
𝑷 = 𝑰𝑽 𝑷 = 𝑷𝟏 + 𝑷 𝟐 + 𝑷𝟑
𝑷 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝑨 𝟏𝟐𝑽 𝑷 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝑾 + 𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝑾 + 𝟒. 𝟔𝟖𝑾
𝑷 = 𝟕. 𝟐𝑾 𝑷 = 𝟕. 𝟐𝑾
2. For the circuit below determine the following
a. What is the total resistance?
b. Find the total current and calculate the current in each resistor
c. Calculate the power dissipated by each resistor
d. Find the power output of the source, and show that it equals the
total power dissipated by the resistors.
1Ω 6Ω 13Ω
12V
a. Total Resistance: b. Total Current
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝑽 𝟏𝟐𝑽 𝑰𝑻 = 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 +𝑰𝟑
= + + 𝑰𝟏 = = = 𝟏𝟐𝑨
𝑹𝑻 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝟏 𝟏𝛀
𝑰𝑻 = 𝟏𝟐𝑨 + 𝟐𝑨 +𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝑨
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝑽 𝟏𝟐𝑽
𝑰𝟐 = = = 𝟐𝑨 𝑰𝑻 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟗𝟐𝑨
= + + 𝑹𝟐 𝟔𝛀
𝑹𝑻 𝟏𝛀 𝟔𝛀 𝟏𝟑𝛀
𝑹𝑻 =0.804 𝛀 𝑽 𝟏𝟐𝑽 𝑽 𝟏𝟐𝑽
𝑰𝟑 = = = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝑨 𝒐𝒓 𝑰𝒕 = = = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟗𝟐𝑨
𝑹𝟑 𝟏𝟑𝛀 𝑹𝑻 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎𝟒𝛀
2. For the circuit below determine the following
a. What is the total resistance?
b. Find the total current and calculate the current in each resistor
c. Calculate the power dissipated by each resistor
d. Find the power output of the source, and show that it equals the
total power dissipated by the resistors.
1Ω 6Ω 13Ω
12V
c. Power dissipated d. Power output
𝑽𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝟐𝑽 𝑷𝑻 = 𝑷𝟏 + 𝑷𝟐 +𝑷𝟑
𝑷𝟏 = = = 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝑾
𝑹𝟏 𝟏𝛀
𝑷𝑻 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝑾 + 𝟐𝟒𝑾 +𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝑾
𝑽𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝟐𝑽
𝑷𝟐 = = = 𝟐𝟒𝑾 𝑷𝑻 = 𝟏𝟕𝟗. 𝟏𝑾
𝑹𝟐 𝟔𝛀
𝑽𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝟐𝑽 𝒐𝒓 𝑷𝒕 = 𝑰𝑽 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟗𝟐𝑨 𝟏𝟐𝑽
𝑷𝟑 = = = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝑾
𝑹𝟑 𝟏𝟑𝛀 𝑷𝒕 = 𝟏𝟕𝟗. 𝟎𝟖𝟖𝑾
3. Using the series parallel circuit combination determine the following:
a. RT
b. What is the voltage drop for R1?
c. Find the current I2 through R2
d. What power is dissipated by R2?
Rp=R2//R3
a. RT =? b. V1 =?
𝑹𝑻 = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝒑 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑰𝑻𝑹𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟑𝟏𝑨 𝟏𝛀
𝑽 𝟏𝟐𝑽 𝑽𝟏 =2.531V
𝑹𝑷 = 𝑹𝟐//𝑹𝟑
𝑰𝑻 = =
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝑹𝑻 𝟓. 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝛀
= + =4.105𝛀
𝑹𝒑 𝟔𝛀 𝟏𝟑𝛀 𝑰𝑻 = 2.531A
𝑹𝑻 = 𝟏𝛀 + 𝟒. 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝛀 = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝛀
3. Using the series parallel circuit combination determine the following:
a. RT
b. What is the IR drop for R1?
c. Find the current I2 through R2
d. What power is dissipated by R2?
Rp=R2//R3
c. I2 =? d. P2=?
𝑽𝑷 = 𝑽 − 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐𝑽 − 𝟐. 𝟑𝟓𝟏𝑽 𝑷𝟐 = 𝑰𝟐 𝟐𝑹𝟐
𝑽𝑷 = 𝟗. 𝟔𝟒𝟗𝑽
𝑷𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟎𝟖𝑨 𝟐 𝟔. 𝟎𝟎𝛀
𝑽𝒑 𝟗. 𝟔𝟒𝟗𝑽
𝑰𝟐 = = 𝑷𝟐 =15.513W
𝑹𝟐 𝟔𝛀
𝑰𝟐 = 1.608A
Electromotive force (emf) is a measurement of
energy that causes current to flow through a circuit.
A potential difference in charge between two points
in a circuit
A variety of voltage source
InternalResistance is the amount of
resistance within the voltage source.
Any voltage source has an emf
related to its source of potential
difference and an internal
resistance r related to its
construction. Also shown are the
output terminals across with the
terminal voltage V is measures.
Terminal Voltage is the voltage measured
across the terminals of a source of potential
difference.
𝐕 = 𝒆𝒎𝒇 − 𝑰𝒓
Where:
V→ Terminal Voltage
emf→ electromotive force
I→ positive current flows away from positive
terminal
r→ internal resistance
Terminal Voltage is the voltage measured
across the terminals of a source of potential
difference.
𝐕 = 𝒆𝒎𝒇 − 𝑰𝒓
Where:
V→ Terminal Voltage
emf→ electromotive force
I→ positive current flows away from positive
terminal
r→ internal resistance
Schematic diagram of a voltage source and its Rload.
Since the internal resistance r is in series with the
load, it can significantly affect the terminal voltage
and current delivered to the load.
4. A certain battery has a 12.0-V emf and an internal resistance of
0.100 Ω .
(a) Calculate its terminal voltage when connected to a 10.0- Ω load.
(b) What is the terminal voltage when connected to a 0.500- Ω load?
(c) What power does the 0.500- Ω load dissipate?
(d) If the internal resistance grows to 0.500 Ω , find the current,
terminal voltage, and power dissipated by a 0.500- Ω load.
a. V =? At Rload=10 Ω
𝐕 = 𝒆𝒎𝒇 − 𝑰𝒓
𝒆𝒎𝒇 𝟏𝟐𝑽
𝐈= = =1.188A
𝑹𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅+𝒓 𝟏𝟎Ω+𝟎.𝟏Ω
𝐕 = 𝟏𝟐𝑽 − 𝟏. 𝟏𝟖𝟖𝑨 (𝟎. 𝟏Ω)=11.9V
b. V =? At Rload=0.5 Ω
𝐕 = 𝒆𝒎𝒇 − 𝑰𝒓
𝒆𝒎𝒇 𝟏𝟐𝑽
𝐈= = =20A
𝑹𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅+𝒓 𝟎.𝟓Ω+𝟎.𝟏Ω
𝐕 = 𝟏𝟐𝑽 − 𝟐𝟎𝑨 (𝟎. 𝟏Ω)=10V
4. A certain battery has a 12.0-V emf and an internal resistance of
0.100 Ω .
(a) Calculate its terminal voltage when connected to a 10.0- Ω load.
(b) What is the terminal voltage when connected to a 0.500- Ω load?
(c) What power does the 0.500- Ω load dissipate?
(d) If the internal resistance grows to 0.500 Ω , find the current,
terminal voltage, and power dissipated by a 0.500- Ω load.
c. P =? At Rload=0.5 Ω
𝐏𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝 = 𝑰𝟐𝐑𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝
𝐏𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝 = 𝟐𝟎𝑨 𝟐 𝟎. 𝟓Ω
𝐏𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝐖
d. V =? At Rload=0.5 Ω
𝒆𝒎𝒇 𝟏𝟐𝑽
𝐈= = =12.0A
𝑹𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅+𝒓 𝟏Ω
𝐕 = 𝒆𝒎𝒇 − 𝑰𝒓
𝐕 = 𝟏𝟐𝑽 − 𝟏𝟐𝑨 (𝟎. 𝟓Ω)=6V
𝐏𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝 = 𝑰𝟐𝐑𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝 = 𝟏𝟐𝑨 𝟐 𝟎. 𝟓Ω = 𝟕𝟐𝐖
When multiple voltage sources are in series,
their internal resistances add and their emfs
add algebraically.
Cell Batteries are multiple connections
of individual cells
A series connection of two
battery (voltage sources).
𝐞𝐦𝐟𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 = 𝒆𝒎𝒇𝟏 + 𝒆𝒎𝒇𝟐 + … 𝒆𝒎𝒇𝒏
𝐫𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 = 𝒓𝟏 + 𝒓𝟐 + … 𝒓𝒏
5. Determine the Current for the multiple
voltage sources below:
20V 10V
0.1Ω 0.5Ω
𝑰 =?
𝐞𝐦𝐟𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 = 𝒆𝒎𝒇𝟏 + 𝒆𝒎𝒇𝟐 + … 𝒆𝒎𝒇𝒏
𝐞𝐦𝐟𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 = +𝟐𝟎𝑽 + (−10V)= 𝟏𝟎𝑽
𝐫𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 = 𝒓𝟏 + 𝒓𝟐 + … 𝒓𝒏
𝟏𝟎𝑽
𝐫𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 = 𝟎.1Ω+ 𝟎.5Ω = 𝟎.6Ω 𝐈= = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟕𝑨
𝟎. 𝟔𝛀
6. Determine the Current for the multiple
voltage sources below:
=10V
=0.1Ω
=20V =10Ω
=0.5Ω
𝐞𝐦𝐟𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 = 𝒆𝒎𝒇𝟏 + 𝒆𝒎𝒇𝟐 + … 𝒆𝒎𝒇𝒏
𝐞𝐦𝐟𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 = +𝟐𝟎𝑽 + (10V)= 𝟑𝟎𝑽 𝒆𝒎𝒇𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍
𝐈=
𝐫𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 = 𝒓𝟏 + 𝒓𝟐 + … 𝒓𝒏 𝒓𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 + 𝑹𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅
𝐫𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 = 𝟎.1Ω+ 𝟎.5Ω = 𝟎.6Ω 𝟑𝟎𝑽
𝑰= = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟑𝟎𝑨
𝟎. 𝟔𝛀 + 𝟏𝟎𝛀