KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA
NO.1 CUTTACK
Physics Investigatory Project(2023-24)
Topic:- Electromagnetic Induction
Submitted by Rudra Prasad sethy of Class XII-A:
Under the Guidance of
Mr. N C Mahanta- PGT(Physics)
Certificate
This is to certify that Rudra Prasad sethy of class 12
has successfully completed the project work on physics
for class XII practical examination of the Central Board
of Secondary Education in the year 2023-2024. It is
further certified that this project is the individual work
of the candidate.
Internal Examiner Signature External Examiner Signature
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Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude
to my Physics teacher, Mr. N C Mahanta as well as our
Principal sir Mr. A B Pandey who gave me this
opportunity to do this project on the topic
Electromagnetic Induction. It helped me in doing a lot
of research and through it I came to know about so
many new things. I am really thankful to them.
Secondly I would like to thank my parents and friends
who helped me a lot in finishing this project within the
limited time.
I would also like to thank the CBSE board for giving
me this opportunity to explore beyond the regular
NCERT textbook.
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INTRODUCTION
In 1831, Michael Faraday showed that a changing magnetic field can induce an emf in a circuit.
Consider A conducting wire loop (a closed circuit) connected to an ammeter (A) with a bar magnet
(initially at rest) Placed above the center axis of the wire loop, as shown in Figure 1a. When the
magnet is held stationary,There is no current in the loop, even if the magnet is inside the loop.
However, when the magnet is brought Near (or pulled away from) the loop, the ammeter needle
deflects indicating an induced current in the Loop produced by an induced emf (Figure 1b). From
these observations, Faraday concluded that there Exists a relationship between the induced
current/emf and the changing magnetic field. The results of his Experiments are now referred to as
Faraday’s Law of Induction. In general, Faraday’s Law states that an Induced emf € along any closed
path in a magnetic field is equal to the rate at which the magnetic flux Changes along the surface of
the area within the path. Quantitatively,
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Always in a direction that opposes the change of flux that created
it. That is, the induced current tends To keep the original magnetic
flux from changing by creating a magnetic field in a direction that
opposes The change in flux. As shown in Figure 1b, when the
north end of the bar magnet is moved toward the Loop, a current
is induced. This induced current creates a magnetic field that
counteracts the increasing Flux of the bar magnet. Thus, the
direction of induced current is such that its own (created)
magnetic field Is directed upwards. The direction of this field from
the induced current can be determined by the right Hand rule for
current loops: if the fingers of the right hand curl around the loop
in the direction of the Current, the thumb then points in the
direction of the magnetic field at the center of the loop.
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THEORY
Magnetic Flux
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FARADAY’S LAW
The most widely know version of Faraday’s law States :-
“The induced electromotive force in any closed Circuit is
equal to the negative of the time rate of Change of the
magnetic flux through the circuit.”
The stated version of Faraday’s law holds only when the Closed
circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire and is invalid in Other
circumstances. Meanwhile, a different version, the Maxwell-
faraday equation, is valid for all circumstances.
When the flux changes due to change in magnetic field or Due to
movement or deformation in the wire loop, or both,
The Faraday’s law of induction says that the wire loop Acquires an
EMF (ɛ), defined as the energy available per Unit charge that
travels once around the wire loop (unit of EMF is Volts(V)).
Equivalently, it is the voltage that would be Measured by cutting
the wire to create an open circuit and Attaching a voltmeter to the
ends
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CONCLUSION
After conducting all the experiments,
Faraday finally concluded that if relative
motion existed between a conductor and a
magnetic field, the flux linkage with a coil
changed and this change in flux produced
a voltage across a coil.
Faraday law basically states, “when the
magnetic flux or the magnetic field
changes with time, the electromotive force
is produced”. Additionally, Michael
Faraday also formulated two laws on the
basis of the above experiments.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• Class 12 NCERT Textbook
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Table of Contents
o Certificate
o Acknowledgement
o Aim of the Project
o Introduction
o Theory
o Apparatus Required
o Conclusion
o Bibliography
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AIM OF THE PROJECT
“To Determine
Faraday’s law of
Electromagnetic
Induction using a
Copper wire wound
over An iron rod using a
Strong magnet”.
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