Satya Prakash Public School

SPPS

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Topic : Study of various factors on which the
internal resistance/EMF of a cell
depends.
Submitted to . Mr. Rajesh Kaurav
Submitted by : Harsh Solanki [class- 12th]
 Certificate
This is to certifj' that Master Splenki, a
student of class has successfully
completed his project work under the guidance of
subjectteacher Mr, Rajesh Kagray during the year
from Satp in
partial fulfillment Q/'physics practicle examination
conducted by CBSE.

TeacherIn-charge ExternalExaminer

Principal SchoolRubberStamp
 Thesuccess andfinal outcome of this project required a
lot of guidance and assistancefrom manypeople and I am
extremelyfortunate to have got this all along the
completion of my project work. Whatever I have done is
only due to such guidance and assistance and I would not
forget to thank them.
I respect and thank Mr. Rajesh Kaurav,for giving me an
opportunity to do this project work and providing us all
support and guidance which made me complete the
project on time. I would like to express my gratitude
towards Mrs. Rakhi Mukherjeefor helping me in
conductingpracticalsfor project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank all myfriends
who supported me all the way and my parents who helped
mefinancially and encouraged me throughout in the
completion of project.
 INDEX
Topics

1. Introduction
Internal Resistance

2. Practical Analysis
• Objective
Apparatus
Theory
• Circuit Diagram
Procedure
Result & Inferences
precautions
• Sources Of error

3. Flowchart Conclusion
4. Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION
There is a great need of batteries in our daily use
electronic appliances and the use is increasing every day.
Thus , the batteries need to be made more powerful so
that their potential can be increased greatly .

Thus , this project report is based on practical analysis

for thefactors affecting the internal resistance of a
cell.
When the internal resistance ofthe cell is decreased
we can increase the potential difference across it , and
hence make it more reliable.
INTERNAL RESISTANCE
Internal resistanceis definedas the resistanceofferedby the
electrolyteOfthe cell to theflow Ofions.

• Its S.I. unitis Ohm (Q)

For a cell Ofe.m.f.(E) and internal resistance(r), connectedto

an externalresistance(R)suchthat (l) is the currentflowing
throughthe circuit,

E=V+1r
Internal Resistance
1
 • is inversely proportional tofacing surface area of the
electrodes in electrolyte.
• decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte.
• is inversely proportional to concentration of
electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is given by:

r = (E-V)/I

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Power Suppl y

Leclanche cell

R.B.

Shunt
PROCEDURE
l. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with
sand paper and make tight connections according
to the circuit diagram.
2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
3. Check the e.m:ß of the battery and of the cell and
make sure that e.m.f.'of the battery is more than that
of the cell, otherwise null or balance point will not
be obtained.
To study variation of internal resistance with distance of
separation
4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 cm.
5. Take maximum current from the battery, making
rheostat resistance small.
6. Without inserting a plug in key K2,adjust the
rheostat so that a null point is obtained on the last
wire Ofthe potentiometer.
7. Determine the position of the null point accurately
using a set square and measure the balancing length
between the null point and the end P.
8. Next introduce plugs in both keys K/ and [Link] the
same time, take out a small resistance (l —5 W)from
 the shunt resistance box connected in parallel with
the cell.
9. Slide thejockey along a potentiometer wire and
obtain the null point.
10. Measure the balancing length (12)from end P.
Record these observations.
11. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.
12. Then remove the plugs of keys KI and K2. Wait
for some time and repeat steps 7 to 10.
13. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain
another set of observations.
Tostudy variation of internal resistance with area of
electrodes
14. Keeping all other factors constant, increase
the area of electrodes in the electrolyte by dipping
them into the electrolyte at different depthsfor each
observation.
15. Obtain three such observations by
repeating steps 7 to 10. Record your readings.
To study variation of internal resistance with
concentration of electrolyte
 16. Keeping all otherfactors constant, decrease the
concentration ofelectrolyte by adding distilled water
for different observations.
17. Obtain three such observations by repeating step
7 to 10. Record your readings.

OBSERVATIONS

[Link]. Ammeter Position Ofnull point(cm) Shunt Internal

Reading Resistance Resistance
WithoutR

1. 0.3 660.5 35.5 1 0.94

2. 0.3 660.5 77.2 2 1.77
3. 0.3 660.5 108.3 3 2.51

Table for effect of separation between electrodes

[Link]. Separation Balancing Balancing Internal r/d
point point Resistance
electrodes Idem)
1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38
2. 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38
3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38
Table for effect of temperature
Sno. Temperature Il(cm) l: (cm) Resistance Internal Tr
R(Q) Resistance

1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38 301.44

320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38 291.96
3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38 283.87

RESULT & INFERENCES

• The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and
is equal to E = 0.98 Volt.
• The internal resistance of a cell is directly
proportional to the separation between the
electrodes.
• The internal resistance o/a cell is inversely
proportional to the area of the electrodes dipped in
electrolyte.
• The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the temperature of electrolytes.
• The internal resistance o/a cell is inversely
proportional to the concentration of the electrolyte.
RRECAIJTIONS
I. The connections should be neat , clean and tight.
2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only
when the observations are to be taken.
3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells El and
E2 should , all be connected to the terminal at the
zero of the wires.
4. Thejockey key should not be rubbed along the wire.
It should touch the wire gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a
particular set of observation. If necessary , adjust
the rheostat for this purpose.

SOURCES OF ERROR
I. The auxiliary battery may not befully charged.
2. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross-
section and material density throughout its length.
3. End resistances may not be zero.
 FLOWCHART
CONCLUSION
Factors Affecting Internal Resistance of a Cell

Area of Conc. of
Electrodes Electrolyte
Inversely inversely
proportional proportional

Distance Temperature
between of
Electrodes Electrolytes
Directly Inversely
proportional Proportional
 BIBLIOGRApHY
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