MALAYSIAN RED CRESCENT MIRI DISTRICT

TRAINING INSTITUTE

BASIC FIRST AID & CPR

Reference from:

By:
ELIZABETH

Safety Briefing

Smoking Zone Staircase

Store
Room Conference Conference Training
Room 1 Room 2 Office
Female
Toilet
Pantry
Training Room Lecture Hall Area
Laundry
Room
Lobby
Male
Toilet

Staircase Staircase

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Course Module

1 Responding to an Emergency

2 Adult Resuscitation

3 First Aid

4 Reaching & Moving Victim

5 Assessment

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1
 Assessment

Theory
• Section A – 25 true / false questions
• Section B – 25 multiple choice questions

Oral
• 10 questions will be asked by the
examiner

Practical
• 1 skill on bandaging or immobilization
• 1 skill on CPR

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Module 1: Responding to an Emergency

• Understanding on how to recognize an emergency

• List the three general steps in the emergency plan

• Call EMS and to provide the necessary information

• Demonstrate how to assess an unconscious and a conscious victim

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Why Learn First Aid?

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 Definition of First Aid

• First aid is an immediate assistance provided to someone

who is wounded or ill before the arrival of medical
assistance or admission to hospital

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Aims in First Aid

Preserve life
Aims

Promote recovery

Prevent further injury

Protect yourself & the casualty

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Deciding to Act & Taking Action

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 Barriers to Act

Panic or fear of Being unsure of Assuming

doing the person’s someone else
something condition and will take the
wrong what to do action

Type of injury Fear of catching

and illness a disease

Being unsure of
Fear of being
when to call
sued
999

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Taking Action

Check Scene Victim

Call EMS

Care Victim

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Making an Emergency Call

999
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 Making an Emergency Call

Name and
contact
number
Types /
Assistance
causes of
provided
incident

Conditions
of the Location
victim
Number of
victims

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Victim’s Assessment

Victim’s Primary Secondary

Assessment Assessment Assessment

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Victim’s Assessment
• Primary assessment is a quick, systematic assessment of a victim to
identify any life threatening conditions or injuries. (E.g. level of
consciousness, breathing, and severe / critical injuries)

• Secondary assessment is the detail head-to-toes assessment to look

for any other injuries that may not be critical. It should be proceed
only when the life threatening conditions or injuries has been
stabilized, or if there are none present.

• Sometimes there could be hidden life threatening injuries which can

only be found when performing the secondary assessment.

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 Victim’s Assessment (Primary Assessment)

Check D Danger

R Respond Breath Life Threatening Injury

Tap & shout Quick Scan (5-10 seconds)

Call EMS

Care First Aid

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Checking an Unconscious Victim

Main Objective: Maintaining an Open Airway

Closed Airway Opened Airway

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Checking an Unconscious Victim

Primary Assessment
1. Check the scene for any danger

2. Check the respond by using tap & shout

technique
(If no response)

3. Check for breathing and any life threatening

injury (between 5-10 seconds)
(Breathing present & no life threatening injury)

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 Checking an Unconscious Victim
4. Call 999 for assistance

Secondary Assessment
5. Perform head-to-toes assessment
(If no injury)

6. Care by positioning the victim into a

recovery position

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Checking an Unconscious Victim

7. Monitor vital signs every 2 minutes while
waiting help to arrive

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Recovery Position

2 3 1 Position the nearer arm

2 Position the further leg

1 3 Position the further arm

To maintain an To promotes
open airway drainage of fluids

C
A Position the leg 90°

B Position the elbow

A B
C Position the head
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 Checking a Conscious Victim

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Checking a Conscious Victim

Check the scene for any danger

Wear your gloves

Check for the

Provide treatment
(1) Respond
if any abnormality
(2) Breathing problem
found
(3) Life threatening injury

If needed, call 999

Position the victim into

Provide reassurance to the victim
a comfortable position

To look for any other

Head-to-toes assessment
injury

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Checking a Conscious Victim

If found or suspect
Prevent further movement
for any injury

Always suspect and

manage the injury
Provide treatment
as a severe case if you
are unsure of the injury

Send the victim to the nearest

Healthcare Centre

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 Module 2: Adult Resuscitation

• Understanding the signal of breathing emergency

• Assisting a choking victim

• Assisting a heart attack victim

• Understanding the risk factors associate with increased incidence of

cardiovascular disease

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When Seconds Count

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When Seconds Counts

Within 1 Within 4-6

minutes minutes
Breathing stops
Brain cells begin
Heart will soon 12
to be damaged
stop beating
9 3

More than 10 Within 6-10

minutes 6 minutes

Irreversible brain Brain cells damage

damage worsen

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 General Signs & Symptoms of Breathing Emergencies

Signs Symptoms

 Gasping for air / short of breath  Dizzy or light headed

 Slow or rapid breathing  Pain or discomfort over the chest

 Shallow or deep breathing  Tingling sensation in hands or

feet
 Wheezing or high-pitched noises

 Flushed, pale, or bluish skin

appearance

 Moist skin

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Choking
• Choking is the inability to breathe which may result from blocked,
constricted, or swollen shut airway

• If the blockage is mild, the victim should be able to clear it through

cough reflex;

• If it is severe, the victim will be unable to speak, cough, or breathe,

and will eventually lose consciousness

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News on Choking

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 Signs & Symptoms of Choking

Signs & Symptoms

 Hands clutched to the throat

 Difficulty or noisy breathing

 Inability to talk or cough

forcefully

 Skin, lips, nails turning bluish

 Lose of consciousness

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First Aid for Choking (Adult & Children)

INSTITUT LATIHAN
BSMM DAERAH MIRI

First Aid for Choking (Infant)

INSTITUT LATIHAN
BSMM DAERAH MIRI

11
 First Aid for Choking

1. Approach the
victim and ask
if he/she is
choking

2. Call EMS
immediately
(if needed)

3. Apply 5
Abdominal Thrust

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When To Stop Abdominal Thrust

When obstruction
has been cleared

When the
When medical
casualty becomes
team arrives
unconscious

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First Aid for Choking (Alone)

Thrust Towards Chair Apply thrust on your own

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 First Aid for Choking (Pregnant Woman / Obese Victim)

Chest Thrust

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First Aid for Infant Choking

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Heart Attack
• Heart attack occurs when blood supply to the heart is severely
reduced or cut off

• Lack of oxygen can damage heart and it will begin to die

• Cardiac arrest occurs when the heart suddenly stops beating,

preventing blood and oxygen from getting to vital organs

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 Risk Factors

Sedentary Lifestyles High Blood Pressure Unbalanced Diet

Smokers Overweight

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Signs & Symptoms of Heart Attack

Signs Symptoms

 Gasping for air / short of breath  Persistent chest pain &

discomfort
 Pale, or bluish skin appearance
 Tingling sensation in hands or
 Moist skin / sweat profusely feet

 Lose of consciousness

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First Aid for Heart Attack

1. Recognize the 4. Ask the
signs and victim if he /
symptoms of she carries
heart attack any
medication

2. Call EMS 5. Assist the

immediately victim with
his / her
medication

3. Put the 6. Standby to

victim in perform
sitting (back C.P.R if
support) victim
with knee becomes
raised unconscious
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 C.P.R

Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation

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C.P.R

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Chain of Survival
• Successful resuscitation following cardiac arrest requires an
integrated set of coordinated actions represented by the link in the
Chain of Survival.

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 C.P.R

Check D Danger

R Respond Breath Life Threatening Injury

Call EMS

Care C Compression

A Airway

B Breathing

D Defibrillator

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C.P.R
Primary Assessment
1. Check the scene for any danger

2. Check the respond by using tap & shout

technique
(If no response)

3. Check for breathing and any life threatening

injury (between 5-10 seconds)
(If no breathing)

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C.P.R
4. Call 999 for assistance (request for an A.E.D)

Commence C.P.R
5. Perform 30 chest compression
(Compression depth: At least 2 – 2.5 inches for adult)

6. Perform head tilt, chin lift to open the

airway

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 C.P.R
7. Give 2 rescue breaths (observe for visible chest
rise)

8. Alternately perform 30 chest compression

followed by 2 rescue breaths continuously
for 5 cycles
(5 cycles to be completed around 2 minutes duration)

9. Check for any signs of life

(If no: continue with CPR,
If yes: proceed to next step)

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C.P.R
Secondary Assessment
10. Perform head-to-toes assessment
(If no injury)

11. Position the victim into a recovery position

12. Monitor vital signs every 2 minutes while

waiting help to arrive

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Skill Station

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 When to Stop Performing C.P.R

Arrival of EMS
Personnel

Another trained
First Aider to take Scene is unsafe
over the CPR

First Aider is not Victim Return of

able to continue Spontaneous
anymore Circulation
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News on C.P.R

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News on C.P.R

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 Module 3: First Aid

• Understanding on the different types of injuries

• First aid treatment concept for bleeding, burn, and injuries related
to muscles, joints, and bones

• First aid treat for head & spinal cord injuries

• Basic transportation

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First Aid Kit / Bag Contents

Penlight Scissors (Blunted-end) Gallipot Dressing Forceps

Safety Pin Sterile Gauze Pad Cotton Wool W.O.W. Bandage

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First Aid Kit / Bag Contents

Triangular Bandage Roller Bandage Latex Gloves Micropore Tape

Zinc Oxide Tape Band Aid (Assorted Size) Antiseptic Solution Yellow Lotion

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 First Aid Kit / Bag Contents

Burn Pad Pocket Mask A.E.D. Emergency Blanket

Instant Cold Compress Alcohol Based Pen & Notebook Digital BP Monitor
Hand Sanitizers

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Triangular Bandage

Apex

Tail Base Tail

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Folding a Triangular Bandage

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 Folding a Triangular Bandage

Broad Bandage

Narrow Bandage

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Folding a Triangular Bandage

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Tying a Reef Knot

1 2

3 4

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 Shock
• Shock is a condition associated with
circulatory collapse whereby the arterial
blood pressure is too low to maintain an
adequate supply of blood to the body
tissues

• As the result, vital organs such as heart and

brain are deprived of oxygen

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Signs & Symptoms of Shock

Signs Symptoms

 Rapid & shallow breathing  Rapid but weak pulse

 Pale or bluish skin appearance  Weakness or fatigue

 Moist skin / sweat profusely  Altered conscious state

 Lose of consciousness  Nausea or vomiting

 Anxiety, agitation, confusion, or

changes in a person’s behaviour

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Types of Shock

Hypovolaemic Decrease in blood volume

Cardiogenic Reduce activity in the heart

Septic / Toxic Presence of harmful bacterial tissues (infection)

Anaphylactic Severe allergic reaction (over dosage of drugs)

Neurogenic Trauma towards nervous system or emotional shock

Respiratory Trauma towards respiratory tract

Metabolic Body’s homeostasis impairment

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 First Aid for Shock

1. Recognize the 4. Start CPR if

signs and necessary
symptoms of
shock

2. Call EMS 5. Treat any

immediately external
injury

3. Check for vital 6. Lay the victim

signs flat on the
floor

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First Aid for Shock

7. Keep the 10. Do not

victim warm provide any
food or drinks

8. Loosen any 11. Monitor vital

tight clothing signs while
or shoes waiting for
help to arrives

9. Elevate the 12. If the victim

legs about 12 vomits, place
inches him into a
Do not elevate the leg recovery
if it causes pain or any position
possible harm
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Wound / Bleeding
• Wound is defined as a break in the structure of an organ or tissue
caused by an external agent

• Your first aid objective in managing a

wound / bleeding will be:

1. To control and stop the bleeding

2. To clean the wound (only for minor

bleeding only) in order to avoid any
infection

3. If there is a foreign object: To secure

the foreign object and prevent further
bleeding
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 Types of Bleeding

Arteries Capillaries Veins

• Spurting blood
• Steady, slow flow
• Pulsating flow • Slow, even flow
• Dark red colour
• Bright red colour

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Common Types of Wound

Contusion Abrasion Laceration

Avulsion Puncture

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First Aid for Arm Bleeding

1. Put on your 4. Secure the

gloves gauze pad
using a
pressure
bandage

2. Apply direct 5. Check for feel,

pressure using warm, and
a gauze pad & colour of the
elevate the injured limb
injured limb again

3. Check for feel, 6. Apply

warm, and elevation
colour of the sling to
injured limb support the
injured limb

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 Skill Station

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Application of Tourniquet
• Do not apply tourniquet to control bleeding,
except as a last resort. Doing so may cause more
harm than good. It should be applied by an
experience person

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First Aid for Nose Bleeding

1. Compress the 4. Once bleeding

soft part of the stops, clean
nose & breath the nose and
through the rest
mouth

2. Lean the head 5. Seek medical

forward attention if
instead of you have
backward frequent nose
bleed

3. Do not put
anything
inside the
nose

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 First Aid for Amputated Parts

1. Wrap the 4. Send to

finger in a hospital
damp cloth or together with
bandage the victim

2. Place the
finger in a Remember:
plastic bag Your main priority is still to control and
(seal off) stop the bleeding from the victim

3. Place on the
surface of
iced water

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First Aid for Impaled Foreign Object

• Ring pad can be used to secure an
foreign object and with sufficient
pressure, it may help to control the
bleeding at the surrounding area

• Once applied, secure the ring pad with

a pressure bandage

• You may also use other bandages or

cloths as long it serves the two
purposes as mentioned above

Ring Pad

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Burn / Scald Injury

• Burn is an injury whereby the tissue is damaged by agents such as
heat, cold, chemicals, electricity, ultraviolet light, or nuclear
radiation

• Your first aid objective in managing a burn / scald injury will be:

1. To remove the victim from the source of heat

2. To cool down the injured site

3. To cover the injured site

4. To seek medical attention if the injury is severe

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 Burn / Scald Injury
• The severity of the burn injury are depending on the following
factors:

a) Age

b) Injury site

c) Size of injury

d) Medical condition

e) Duration of exposure

f) Source of the temperature

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Degrees of Burn Injury

Superficial Partial Thickness Full Thickness

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Rule of Nine
• Rule of Nine is used to estimate the total body surface area (BSA)
affected by a burn

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 First Aid for Burn
1. Check the 4. Cool the site by
safety of the using running
scene tap water for at
least 10 min

2. Check the 5. Remove any

severity of accessories
the burn
injury

3. Call 999 if the 6. Loosely cover

burn injury is the burn with a
severe sterile, non-
stick bandage

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Precaution

Do not apply any lotion Do not poke the blister Do not use ice

Do not use Do not remove any

adhesive material sticking cloth
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Fracture
• A fracture is a medical condition whereby the continuity of the
bone is broken. It may be due to high force impact or stress or
medical condition such as osteoporosis

• Your first aid objective in managing a

fracture will be:

1. To immobilize the injured part

2. For open fracture; control the

bleeding and immobilize the bone by
securing the area surrounding it

3. To seek medical attention

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 General Classification of Fracture

Close Open Greenstick

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Signs & Symptoms of Fracture

Signs Symptoms

 Sign of Shock  Pain

 Deformity  Numbness

 Swelling  “Pop” sound during the impact

 Discolouration

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Types of Splint

Uses padded boards, folded magazines or newspapers,

Rigid Splint
padded metal strips that do not have any sharp edges

Is used when the person’s body is the splint. (E.g. You

Anatomic Splint can splint an arm to the chest or an injured leg to an
uninjured leg
A soft splint prevents a body part from moving, but the
Soft Splint splint is made of soft material like tape, a bandage, a sling,
a pillow, or a towel

Rigid splint Anatomic Splint Soft Splint

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First Aid for Lower Arm Fracture (Rigid Splint)

1. Put on your 4. Support using

gloves a rigid splint
& secure with
two narrow
bandages

2. Position the 5. Check for feel,

victim in a warm, and
comfortable colour of the
position with injured limb
arm supported again

3. Check for feel, 6. Apply arm

warm, and sling to
colour of the support the
injured limb injured limb

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Skill Station

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Example of Improvised Arm Slings

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 First Aid for Lower Leg Fracture (Anatomic Splint)

1. Put on your 4. Insert 1

gloves narrow & 3
bandages
(minimum
requirement)

2. Lay the victim 5. Immobilize

down & both legs and
prevent place a soft
unnecessary padding in
movement between

3. Check for feel, 6. Check for feel,

warm, and warm, and
colour of the colour of the
injured limb injured limb

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Skill Station

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Sprain & Strain

Referring to injury to the ligament caused by over

Sprain
stretching
Referring to excessive stretching or tearing of
Strain
muscles / tendons

Example of Sprain Example of Strain

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 Signs & Symptoms of Soft Tissue Injury

Signs Symptoms

 Swelling  Pain

 Discolouration  Numbness

 Loss of function

 Limited range of motion

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First Aid for Ankle Sprain

REST ICE

COMPRESSION ELEVATION
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Head & Spinal Cord Injury

• Injuries to the spine can involve one or more parts of the back
and/or neck:
a) Bones (vertebrae)
b) Intervertebral Discs
c) Muscles
d) Ligaments
e) Spinal Cord & Nerves that branch off from it

• Damage towards the spinal cord can cause weakness, loss of

sensation and even complete paralysis depending on the severity of
the injury

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 First Aid Objective for Head & Spinal Cord Injury
• Your first aid objective in managing a head & spinal cord injury will
be:

1. To minimize the movement of the victim

2. To provide Basic Life Support if required

3. To maintain an open airway by applying a cervical collar

4. To seek medical attention

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Signs & Symptoms of Head & Spinal Cord Injury

If vertebrae are damaged If spinal cord is damaged

 Pain in the neck or back  Loss of control over limbs

 Deformity of the spine  Loss of sensation or abnormal

sensations
 Tenderness and/or bruising in
the skin over the spine  Loss of bladder and/or bowel
control

 Breathing difficulties

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First Aid for Head & Spinal Cord Injury

1. Recognition 4. Check for the

of head & vital signs
spinal cord
injury

2. Call EMS 5. Start CPR if

immediately necessary

3. Do not 6. Stabilize the

attempt to head &
simply move maintain an
the victim open airway

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 First Aid for Head & Spinal Cord Injury

6. Apply cervical 9. Prevent the

collar victim from
heat / cold

7. Treat any
external
injury

8. Monitor vital
signs every 2
minutes

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Reaching & Moving a Victim

• Transportation would be required when moving a victim from one
place to a safer place or ambulance

• Method of transportation would depends on the following factors:

1. Victim’s condition

2. Victim’s size

3. Type of injury

4. Equipment available

5. Location

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Types of Stretcher

Foldable Foldable Head Immobilizer

Carry Sheet
Stretcher Stretcher & Spinal Board

Paraguard Rescue
Scoop Stretcher Gurney
Stretcher
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 Transportation Method

Walk Assist Cradle Method

Pick-A-Back Fireman Lift

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Transportation Method

Two Man Carry Chair Carry

Cloth Drag
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Log Roll Technique

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

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 Questions & Answer Session

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First Aid Application

Download now from Apple or Google Play store

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End

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