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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Acknowledgment……………………………………………………….3
2. Objective of the Project………………………………………………4
3. Introduction……………………………………………………………..5
4. Apparatus Required…………………………………………………..6
5. Diagrams………………………………………………………………….7
6. Procedure…………………………………………………………………8
7. Observations…………………………………………………………….9
8. Graphical representation of Observations………………….12
9. Conclusion……………………………………………………………...13
10. Analysis & Interpretation………………………………………..14
11. Precautions…………………………………………………………….15
12. Applications…………………………………………………………..16
13. Bibliography…………………………………………………………..17
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would want to express my gratitude to everyone who helped make this
project possible and for their priceless efforts. I would want to take this
opportunity to thank each and every one of the people that helped make this
project a success.
I would want to express my profound gratitude to the esteemed Principal,
Mrs. Nigar Rasheed, whose unwavering encouragement and helpful
direction have served as a source of inspiration for us.
We especially thank Ms. Anju B. Nair, The Vice Principal, for her
constant support and direction during this endeavor.
I sincerely appreciate the outstanding assistance that Mr. Abid Al Lutfi,
Teacher in-charge of Physics, gave me when we carried out this project
in the school.
The success of this initiative has been made possible by the advice and
assistance of every member who has contributed and will continue to
participate. I am appreciative of their constant help and support.
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OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
“To investigate the dependence of the angle of deviation on
the angle of incidence using a hollow prism filled one by
one, with different transparent fluids.”
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INTRODUCTION
Light undergoes refraction when it passes through a prism, causing a change
in direction known as deviation. The angle of deviation is influenced by the
angle of incidence and the properties of the medium through which light
travels.
This investigatory project seeks to explore the dependence of the angle of
deviation on the angle of incidence by employing a hollow prism filled
sequentially with different transparent fluids.
The study involves the measurement of the angle of deviation for each fluid
at various angles of incidence. By systematically replacing the transparent
fluids within the prism, we aim to discern patterns and relationships that
shed light on the optical behavior of different media.
This investigation is crucial for understanding how the refractive properties
of transparent fluids affect the deviation of light and has potential
applications in optics and fluid dynamics.
The refractive indices of the fluids inside the prism can be mathematically
represented as follows:-
𝐴+𝐷
sin ( )
𝑛= 2
𝐴
sin ( )
2
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APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Hollow Glass Prism
2. Chemicals/Liquids:
(i) Benzaldehyde
(ii) Water
(iii) Dilute Sulphuric Acid
3. Bell Pins
4. Stiff Drawing Board
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DIAGRAMS
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PROCEDURE
1. Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing board with help of pins.
2. Keep the prism on the paper and draw its outline as ∆ABC
3. Drop a normal PQ on the side AB.
4. Draw the angle of incidence in accordance with the normal PQ and
place 2 pins so that they appear to be in the straight line.
5. Place the prism filled with given sample of liquid on the marked outline
ABC.
6. Now take the pins and place them on the side AC so that all the 4 pins
appear to be in same line.
7. Remove the prism and draw the line joining the points so obtained.
8. Mark the diagram as shown in the figure below.
9. Repeat this with different liquids and different angle of incidence.
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OBSERVATIONS
The following are the observation tables of each of the liquids used to find
out their respective refractive indicies:-
Benzaldehyde -
Refractive Index
Angle of Angle of Angle of
𝑨+𝑫
[Link] Prism Incidence Deviation 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )
(A) (𝖎) (D) 𝒏= 𝟐
𝑨
𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )
𝟐
1 60 30 45 1.58
2 60 35 42 1.55
3 60 37.5 40 1.53
4 60 39 42 1.55
5 60 40 45 1.58
Refractive Index of prism filled with Benzaldehyde = 1.558 (Average)
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Water –
Refractive Index
Angle of Angle of Angle of
𝑨+𝑫
[Link] Prism Incidence Deviation 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )
(A) (𝖎) (D) 𝒏= 𝟐
𝑨
𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )
𝟐
1 60 30 25 1.35
2 60 35 22 1.31
3 60 40 20 1.28
4 60 45 22 1.31
5 60 50 25 1.35
Refractive Index of prism filled with Water = 1.32 (Average)
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Dilute Sulphuric Acid –
Refractive Index
Angle of Angle of Angle of
𝑨+𝑫
[Link] Prism Incidence Deviation 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )
(A) (𝖎) (D) 𝒏= 𝟐
𝑨
𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )
𝟐
1 60 20 33 1.45
2 60 30 30 1.41
3 60 35 25 1.35
4 60 40 29 1.40
5 60 45 30 1.41
Refractive Index of prism filled with Dil. Sulphuric acid = 1.40 (Average)
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Graphical Representation of the Observations
DEPENDENCE OF ANGLE OF DEVIATION ON
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE
Benzaldehyde Water Dil. H2SO4
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
20 30 35 37.5 39 40 45
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CONCLUSION
The refractive indices change when the liquid used in the prism changes.
From the above experiment we can also conclude that refractive index of a
liquid depends on its optical density.
Refractive indices of the used liquids obtained, when compared with the
actual values are as follows
1. Benzaldehyde:
Actual = 1.5456
Obtained = 1.504
Deviation/Error = 0.0416
2. Water:
Actual = 1.33
Obtained = 1.306
Deviation/Error = 0.024
3. Dil. Sulphuric Acid
Actual = 1.43
Obtained = 1.351
Deviation/Error = 0.079
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ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
We can infer from the aforementioned data that the angle of deviation varies
based on the liquid in the prism.
For example, the angle of deviation varies at 30o (45o, 25o and 30o) degrees
for benzaldehyde, water, and diluted sulfuric acid correspondingly.
It is also evident that the angle of deviation and the angle of incidence are
related, as the two vary in response to changes in the incidence angle.
Theoretical values of all the angle of deviations for all liquids may change
because the experiment was conducted with different prisms and
concentrations. The temperature and humidity levels in the area could have
an impact on the findings as well.
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PRECAUTIONS
Aim for an angle of incidence between 35 and 60 to obtain more
precise readings and observations.
Since reading can vary, pins should be positioned vertically and kept
undamaged.
To reduce prism error, the same hollow prism should be used for every
observation.
The maximum error or divergence in the obtained refractive indices is
0.1.
There should be more than 10mm of space between each pin.
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APPLICATIONS
There are several uses for the refractive index, a few of them are:-
It is mostly used to determine the identity of a certain material, verify
its purity, or calculate its concentration.
It is typically used to calculate the solute concentration in an aqueous
solution. The refractive index can be used to calculate the amount of
sugar in a solution.
It can be applied to the pharmaceutical industry to ascertain the
concentration of a medication.
It is employed in the computation of lens focus power and prism
dispersing power.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. [Link]
technology
2. [Link]
3. NCERT Physics Textbook for Class XII
4. Halliday, David, and Resnick, Robert. "Fundamentals of Physics." John
Wiley & Sons, 2018.
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