General Education

I. FUNDAMENTALS OF MATH

Prepared by:
Tom Paulie M. Tongol
 ORDER OF OPERATIONS
PEMDAS
P – parenthesis
E – exponents
MD – multiply and divide from LEFT TO RIGHT
AS – add and subtract from LEFT TO RIGHT
Example #1
3
7 −4 + 17 3 ÷ 3 + 4 2 − 2
3
= 7(13)(3) ÷ 3 + 4 0

= 273 ÷ 3 + 0
= 91

ANSWER: 91
Example #2
3 2
−3 + 3 6 − 10 − 3(2 ∗ 5) +2
= −27 + 3 (-4) − 3 10 2 + 2
= −27 – 12 − 3 100 + 2
= −27 – 12 − 300 + 2
= –𝟑𝟑𝟕

ANSWER: –𝟑𝟑𝟕
Example #3
9 − 3(4) ÷ 6 + 3
8 ÷ 4 2 + 3 7 − 20
9 − 12 ÷ 6 + 3
=
2 2 + 21 − 20
9−2+3
=
4 + 21 − 20
10
= = 2 ANSWER: 2
5
Example:

5.31
33.2
5.31 + 33.2 + 150
+150
18 8.51

ANSWER: 188.51
Example:

402.10
402.10 − 243.86 − 243.86
15 8. 2 4

ANSWER: 158.24
Example:
1 1
6 5
3.77 (2 decimal places)
3.77 ∗ 2.8 ∗ 2.8 (1 decimal place)
3 0 16
754
1 0 .55 6 (3 decimal places)

ANSWER: 10.556
Example:
4.2
23 96.6
9.66 ÷ 2.3
92
46
96.6 23 46
0

ANSWER: 4.2
Example:

9.01 ÷ 1.7 + 2.22 ∗ 3.3 − 1.25

= 5.3 + 7.326 − 1.25

= 12.626 − 1.25

= 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟕𝟔

ANSWER: 11.376
Operations on Integers
Operations on Integers
Operations on Integers
Operations on Integers
 PRIME & COMPOSITE NUMBERS

• Prime number is a number that is only divisible

by one and the number itself. (has only 2 factors)

• Composite number is a number that has more

than 2 factors.
Try this!
Determine if the given number is prime or composite
number.

1.) 13 PRIME 5.) 27 COMPOSITE

2.) 33 COMPOSITE 6.) 51 COMPOSITE
3.) 19 PRIME 7.) 39 COMPOSITE
4.) 11 PRIME 8.) 2 PRIME
 PRIME FACTORIZATION
• It is the process of obtaining prime numbers that results to a
particular number when multiplied together.
Example #1: What are the prime factors of 72?
72
36 22
18 22

9 22
The prime factors of 72 is 3, 3, 2, 2,
33 33 and 2.
Example #2
What are the prime factors of 60?
a. 3 x 3 x 2 x 2 = 36
b. 5 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 40
c. 5 x 4 x 3 = 60
d. 5 x 33 xx22xx22 = 60
Example #3
What are the prime factors of 450?
a. 9 x 5 x 5 x 2 = 450
b. 5 x 5 x 3 x 2 = 150
c. 55 xx 5 x 33 xx33xx22 = 450
d. 5 x 5 x 3 x 2 x 2 = 300
 LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE (LCM)
• It is the smallest number divisible by all of the
numbers in a set.
Example #1: What is the LCM of 5 and 12?
Listing Method:
5 = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60
60, 65 ………………..
12 = 12, 24, 36, 48, 60,
60 74, 84, 96 ……………………………………..

The LCM of 5 and 12 is 60.

 LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE (LCM)
Example #2: What is the LCM of 5 and 12?
Tree Diagram (Using Prime Factors):

5 12 LCM
1x2x2x3x5
1 5 2 6
ANSWER: 60
2 3
 LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE (LCM)
Example #3: What is the LCM of 6 and 8?
Tree Diagram (Using Prime Factors):

6 8 LCM
2x2x2x3
2 3 2 4
ANSWER: 24
2 2
 LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE (LCM)
Example #4: What is the LCM of 3, 4 and 12?
Tree Diagram (Using Prime Factors):

3 4 12 LCM
2x2x3
1 3 2 2 2 6
ANSWER: 12
2 3
Example #5
What is the LCM of 3, 4, and 6?
a. 60 = divisible by 3, 4, and 6.
b. 30 = divisible by 3 and 6 but not divisible by 4
c. 12 = divisible by 3 ,4, and 6
d. 24 = divisible by 3, 4, and 6
TIPS: I-divide ang 3, 4, ug 6 sa tanang choices. Basta LCM ang
gipangita, pagstart sa pinakagamay.
Example #6
What is the LCM of 12, 15, and 18?
a. 90 = divisible by 15 and 18
b. 150 = divisible by 15 only
c. 180 = divisible by 12, 15, and 18
d. 240 = divisible by 12 and 15
GREATEST COMMON FACTOR (GCF)
• It is the highest number among the factors between
two or more numbers.
Example #1: What is the GCF of 12 and 16?
12 = 1x12, 2x6, 3x4
16 = 1x16, 2x8, 4x4

The GCF of 12 and 16 is 4.

 GREATEST COMMON FACTOR (GCF)
Example #2: What is the GCF of 12 and 16?
Tree Diagram (Using Prime Factors):
12 16
GCF
2 6 2 8 2x2
ANSWER: 4
2 3 2 4

2 2
GREATEST COMMON FACTOR (GCF)
Example #3: What is the GCF of 24, 32, and 40?
24 = 1x12,
1x24, 2x6,
2x12,3x4
3x8, 4x6
32 1x16, 2x16,
= 1x32, 2x8, 4x4
4x8
40 = 1x40, 2x20, 4x10, 5x8

The GCF of 24, 32, and 40 is 8.

Example #4: What is the GCF of 24, 32, and 40?
Tree Diagram (Using Prime Factors):
24 32 40
GCF
2 12 2 16 2 20 2x2x2

2 6 2 8 2 10 ANSWER: 8

2 3 2 4 2 5

2 2
Example #5
What is the GCF of 72 and 96?
a. 12
b. 15
c. 24
d. 30
TIPS: Tanang choices i-divide sa 72 ug 96. Basta GCF gipangita,
pagstart sa pinakadako nga number nga naa sa choices.
Example #6
What is the GCF of 126, 162, and 180?
a. 6
b. 18
c. 24
d. 54
 FRACTION
• It is a part of a whole.
• Can be expressed as quotient or ratio of any two numbers A and B
𝐴
represented as , where B ≠ 0.
𝐵

REMEMBER!
• Any number divided by ZERO is UNDEFINED.
• Zero divided by any number is always equal to zero.
 IMPROPER FRACTION TO MIXED NUMBER

STEP 1: Divide the numerator by the denominator.

STEP 2: The quotient is the whole number, the remainder is
the numerator, and the divisor is the denominator.
Example #1: Convert 15/4 into mixed number.
WHOLE
3 NUMBER
𝟏𝟓
4 15 𝟑
𝟒 𝟑
12 𝟒
DENOMINATOR
3 NUMERATOR
EXAMPLE #2
Convert 16/7 into mixed number.

SOLUTION:
WHOLE
2 NUMBER
𝟏𝟔
7 16 𝟐
𝟕 ANSWER: 𝟐
14 𝟕
DENOMINATOR
2 NUMERATOR
 MIXED NUMBER TO IMPROPER FRACTION
STEP 1: Multiply the denominator to the whole number.
STEP 2: Add the product to the numerator.
STEP 3: The sum is the new numerator, then copy the
denominator.

Example #1: Convert 2 3/5 to improper fraction.

𝟑 𝟓∗𝟐 +𝟑 𝟏𝟎+𝟑 𝟏𝟑
𝟐
𝟓
= = = (ANS)
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓
EXAMPLE #2
Convert 4 ¼ to improper fraction.

SOLUTION:

𝟏 𝟒∗𝟒 +𝟏 𝟏𝟔+𝟏 𝟏𝟕
𝟒
𝟒
= = ANSWER:
𝟒
𝟒 𝟒
 Addition of Fraction
Example:
3 1 3+1 4 𝟏
1. ) + = = 𝑂𝑅 (𝑨𝒏𝒔)
8 8 8 8 𝟐
11 2 11 + 8 𝟏𝟗
2. ) + = = (𝑨𝒏𝒔)
28 7 28 𝟐𝟖
Note: If the denominator or the two given fractions are
different, find their least common denominator (LCD).
 Subtraction of Fraction
Example:
4 1 4−1 3 𝟏
1. ) − = = 𝑂𝑅 (𝑨𝒏𝒔)
9 9 9 9 𝟑
5 3 20 − 9 𝟏𝟏
2. ) − = = (𝑨𝒏𝒔)
6 8 24 𝟐𝟒
Note: If the denominator or the two given fractions are
different, find their least common denominator (LCD).
 Multiplication of Fraction
𝒂 𝒄 𝒂𝒄
∗ =
𝒃 𝒅 𝒃𝒅
Example:
3 4 3∗4 𝟏𝟐
1. ) ∗ = = (𝑨𝒏𝒔)
11 7 11 ∗ 7 𝟕𝟕
3 10 3 ∗ 10 3∗2∗5 𝟏𝟓
2. ) ∗ = = = (𝑨𝒏𝒔)
8 11 8 ∗ 11 2 ∗ 4 ∗ 11 𝟒𝟒
 Division of Fraction
𝐚 𝐜 𝐚 𝐝
÷ = ∗
𝐛 𝐝 𝐛 𝐜
Example:
2 3 2 8 𝟏𝟔
1. ) ÷ = ∗ == (𝑨𝒏𝒔)
7 8 7 3 𝟐𝟏
24 8 24 15 8∗3∗5∗3 9
2. ) ÷ = ∗ = = 𝑂𝑅 𝟗 (𝑨𝒏𝒔)
5 15 5 8 5∗8 1
 DIVISIBILITY RULES

1.) A number is divisible by 2 if it ends in 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8

OR ends in even number.

2.) A number is divisible by 5 if it ends in 0 or 5.

3.) A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of all digit is
divisible by 3.
Example:
459 is divisible by 3 because 4 + 5 + 9 = 18 which is
divisible by 3.

4.) A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of all digit is

divisible by 9.
Example:
45,927 is divisible by 9 since 4+5+9+2+7=27 which is
divisible by 9.
5.) A number is divisible by 6 if it is divisible by 2 and 3.

Example:
32,478 is divisible by 2 since the last digit is an even
number and divisible by 3 since 3+2+4+7+8=24
which is divisible by 3.
6.) A number is divisible by 4 if the number formed by the
last two digit is divisible by 4.
Example:
48,324 is divisible by 4 since the last two digit is 24
which is divisible by 4.

7.) A number is divisible by 8 if the number formed by the

last three digit is divisible by 8.
Example:
11,648 is divisible by 8 since the last three digit is 648
which is divisible by 8.
Try this!
1.) Which of the following is divisible by 9?

a. 498,238 = sum of all digit is 34 (NOT divisible by 9)

b. 82,358 = sum of all digit is 26 (NOT divisible by 9)
c. 3,124,669 = sum of all digit is 31 (NOT divisible by 9)
d. 516,726 = sum of all digit is 27 (divisible by 9)
Try this!
2.) Which of the following is divisible by 8?

a. 94,838 = last three digit (838) is NOT divisible by 8

b. 282,583 = last three digit (583) is NOT divisible by 8
c. 4,312,696 = last three digit (696) is divisible by 8
d. 16,276 = last three digit (276) is NOT divisible by 8
Try this!
3.) Which of the following is divisible by 4?

a. 349,188 = last two digit (88) is divisible by 4

b. 72,594 = last two digit (94) is NOT divisible by 8
c. 2,962 = last two digit (62) is NOT divisible by 8
d. 1,916,274 = last two digit (74) is NOT divisible by 8
 RATIO & PROPORTION
• RATIO – comparison of two quantities by division.
• You can write a ratio in different ways.

Example:
In words - A is to B
In a colon form - A:B
𝐴
In fraction form -
𝐵
Example
In Mr. Quino’s farm, there are 50 goats, 40 cows, and 100
chickens. What is the ratio of goats and chicken?
SOLUTION:
In colon form: 50:100 OR
In fraction form: 1:2
𝑮𝒐𝒂𝒕 𝟓𝟎 𝟏
𝑪𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒆𝒏
= = In words:
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟐 50 is to 100 OR 1 is to 2
 RATIO & PROPORTION
• PROPORTION – an equality of two ratios.
Example:
𝟔 𝟏𝟒
=
𝟗 𝟐𝟏
• Direct Proportion
• Inverse Proportion
• Partitive Proportion
 DIRECT PROPORTION
𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐
• Both quantity increase or decrease. FORMULA: =
𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐
Example #1: If twelve candies cost 9 dollars, how many candies can
you buy with 1.50 dollars?
SOLUTION: Let X be the unknown number of candies.
𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝐆𝐈𝐕𝐄𝐍:
𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐔𝐋𝐀: 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙
𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐
𝒚𝟏 = $𝟗 𝒚𝟐 = $𝟏. 𝟓
SUBSTITUTION:
12 𝑥 18 = 9x
= (12) (1.5) = (x) (9) x=2
9 1.5 9 9
Example #2
Rica earns 450 pesos in selling mangoes on 4 Sundays.
How much will she earn if she sells mango for 6
Sundays?

SOLUTION:
Let X be the unknown earnings of mango.

450 𝑥
= (450) (6) = (4) (x)
4 6
Example #2
Rica earns 450 pesos in selling mangoes on 4 Sundays.
How much will she earn if she sells mango for 6
Sundays?
SOLUTION: Let X be the unknown number of candies.
𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝐆𝐈𝐕𝐄𝐍:
𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐔𝐋𝐀: 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝒑𝒆𝒔𝒐𝒔 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙
𝒚𝟏 = 𝟒 𝑺𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒚𝒔 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟔 𝑺𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒚𝒔
SUBSTITUTION:
450 𝑥 2700 = 4x
= (450) (6) = (x) (4) x = 675
4 6 4 4
 INVERSE PROPORTION
• One quantity increases, the other quantity decreases or vice
versa. FORMULA : 𝒙𝟏 ∗ 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒙𝟐 ∗ 𝒚𝟐
Example #1: It takes 4 men 6 hrs to repair a road. How long will it
take for 12 men to do job if they work at the same rate?
SOLUTION: Let X be the unknown number of candies.
𝐆𝐈𝐕𝐄𝐍:
𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐔𝐋𝐀: 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟒 𝒎𝒆𝒏 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐 𝒎𝒆𝒏
𝒚𝟏 = 𝟔 𝒉𝒓𝒔 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒙
SUBSTITUTION:
24 = 12x
(4) (6) = (12) (x)
12 12
x=2
Example #2
Three pipes take 60 minutes to water the field. How
much time will it take to water the field with 5 pipes?
SOLUTION: Let X be the unknown number of candies.
𝐆𝐈𝐕𝐄𝐍:
𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐔𝐋𝐀: 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟑 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆𝒔 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟓 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆𝒔
𝒚𝟏 = 𝟔𝒐 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒔 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒙

SUBSTITUTION:

(3) (60) = (5) (x) 180 = 5x

5 5
x = 36
 PARTITIVE PROPORTION
• One quantity is being partitioned into different
portions.
Example #1: In a class of 40 students, the ratio of boys
to girls is 3:5. How many are girls?
SUBSTITUTION:
SOLUTION: 3x + 5x = 40
Girls = 5x
8x = 40 Girls = 5(5)
Let: 3x = number of boys 8 8
5x = number of girls Girls = 25
X=5
Example #2
Mrs. Jamil gave to her children their allowance in the
ratio of 2:3:7. If the total amount of their allowance is
1,440, how much is the smallest allowance?
SOLUTION:
2x + 3x + 7x = 1440 SUBSTITUTION:
Let:
2x = smallest allowance
Smallest = 2x
12x = 1440
3x = smaller/larger allowance Smallest = 2(120)
12 12
7x = largest allowance
x = 120 Smallest = 240
 PERCENTAGE, BASE, & RATE
Percentage (P) – a part of the
whole
P Base (B) – the whole

B R Rate (R) – the number usually in

percent

𝑷 𝑷
P=B*R B=
𝑹
R=
𝑩
Example
1. 87 is 12% of what number?
Given: Solution:
P = 87 B=
P
R = 12% R

B=? 87
B=
0.12

B = 725
Example
2. What percent of 96 is 24?
Given: Solution:
P
P = 24 R=
B
R=?
24
B = 96 R=
96
R = 0.25 x 100
R = 25%
Example
3. What is 45% of 500?
Given: Solution:
P=?
R = 45% P=B*R
B = 500 P = 500 * 0.45
P = 225
 Mathematics of Finance
• INTEREST – the amount paid for the use of money.

• PRINCIPAL – the amount deposited in a bank or

borrowed from a bank.

• INTEREST RATE – the percent used to determine the

amount of interest.

• TIME – the duration of deposit or loan.

 SIMPLE INTEREST
FORMULA: I = Prt

I = simple interest I
P = principal amount
r = interest rate
t = time P r t
 SIMPLE INTEREST

I = Prt
𝑰
I r=
𝑷𝒕
𝑰
P=
P r t 𝒓𝒕
t=
𝑰
𝑷𝒓
Example #1
Samantha borrowed an amount of 2,000, at an annual
rate of 7% in 2 years. What is the simple interest of the
money she borrowed after 2 years?
Example #1
Samantha borrowed an amount of 2,000, at an annual
rate of 7% in 2 years. What is the simple interest of the
money she borrowed after 2 years?
Given: Solution:
P = 2000 I = Prt
r = 7% I = (2000)(0.07)(2)
t=2
Formula: I = 𝑷𝒓𝒕 I = 280
I=?
Example #2
Harley’s savings deposit of Php 7,000 earns a simple
interest of 5%. How much is the interest for 9 months?
Example #2
Harley’s savings deposit of Php 7,000 earns a simple
interest of 5%. How much is the interest for 9 months?

Given: Solution:
P = 7000 I = Prt
r = 5% I = (7000)(0.05)(0.75)
t = 9/12
Formula: I = 𝑷𝒓𝒕 I = 262.50
I=?
Example #3
How much money was invested at 6% annual simple
interest for 3 years to earn $3,870?
Example #3
How much money was invested at 6% annual simple
interest for 3 years to earn $3,870?
Given: Solution:
𝐼
P=? P=
𝑟𝑡
r = 6% 3870
P=
t=3 (0.06)(3)
𝑰
I = 3,870 Formula: P = 3870
𝐫𝒕
P= P = 𝟐𝟏, 𝟓𝟎𝟎
0.18
Example #4
Determine the loan amount of the simple interest of
Php 2,400 due on a 6-month period, if the annual
interest rate is 4%.
Example #4
Determine the loan amount of the simple interest of
Php 2,400 due on a 6-month period, if the annual
interest rate is 4%.
Solution:
𝐼
Given: P=
𝑟𝑡
P=?
r = 4% 2,400
P=
t = 6/12 (0.04)(0.5)
𝑰
I = 2,400 Formula: P = 2,400
𝐫𝒕
P=
0.02
= 𝟏𝟐𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
Example #5
What is the interest rate if a deposit of Php
12,000 earns a simple interest of Php 360 for
9 months?
 Example #5
What is the interest rate if a deposit of Php
12,000 earns a simple interest of Php 360 for
9 months? Solution:
Given: 𝐼
r=
𝑃𝑡
P = 12000
360
r=? r=
(12000)(0.75)
𝟗 𝟑
t = 𝒐𝒓 Formula: r =
𝑰
360
𝟏𝟐 𝟒 𝑷𝒕
I = 360 r= = 0.04 or 𝟒%
9000
Example #6
The interest charged on a 6-month loan of Php 8,000 is
Php 800. Find the simple interest rate?
Example #6
The interest charged on a 6-month loan of Php 8,000
is Php 800. Find the simple interest rate?
Solution:
Given: 𝐼
r=
P = 8,000 𝑃𝑡
r=? 800
t = 6/12
r=
𝑰 (8,000)(0.5)
I = 800 Formula: r =
𝑷𝒕 800
r=
4,000
= 0.2 𝐨𝐫 𝟐𝟎%
Example #7
Rob deposits 3,000 php in State Bank of the Philippines
that offers 8% simple interest rate. How long would it take
to earn an interest of 2,160 php?
Example #7
Rob deposits 3,000 php in State Bank of the Philippines
that offers 8% simple interest rate. How long would it take
to earn an interest of 2,160 php?
Solution:
Given: 𝐼
P = 3,000 t=
𝑃𝑟
r = 8% 2,160
t=? t=
𝑰
(3,000)(0.08)
I = 2,160 Formula: t =
𝐏𝐫 2,160
t=
240
= 9 years
Example #8
For how long must P45,000 be invested at 8% simple
interest rate to become P46,800?
Example #8
For how long must P45,000 be invested at 8% simple
interest rate to become P46,800?

Solution:
𝐼
Given: t=
𝑃𝑟
P = 45,000 1,800
r = 8% t=
(45,000)(0.08)
t=? 𝑰
Formula: t = 1,800
I = 1,800 𝐏𝐫 t= = 0.5 or 6 months
3,600
Future Value for Simple Interest
• It is the sum of the principal amount and the interest.

FORMULA: A = P + I or A = P + Prt or A = P(1+rt)

If we are looking for the principal amount: 𝑨

𝐏=
𝟏 + 𝒓𝒕
Example #1
A cooperative released a Php 9,000-emergency loan to
Annie with a simple interest of 4.5%. If she intends to
pay it in 2 years, what amount will she pay back to the
cooperative?
Example #1
A cooperative released a Php 9,000-emergency loan to
Annie with a simple interest of 4.5%. If she intends to
pay it in 2 years, what amount will she pay back to the
cooperative?
Given: Solution:
P = 9,000 A = P + Prt
r = 4.5% A = 9000 + (9000)(0.045)(2)
t=2 A = 9000 + 810
I=?
A=? A = 9,810
Example #2
Find the maturity value of a 150,000 peso investment
from May 4, 2011 to May 4, 2014 at 7.25% simple
interest.
Example #2
Find the maturity value of a 150,000 peso investment
from May 4, 2011 to May 4, 2014 at 7.25% simple
interest.
Solution:
Given: A = P + Prt
P = 150,000
A = 150,000 + (150,000)(0.0725)(3)
r = 7.25%
t=3 A = 150,000 + 32,625
I=? A = 182,625
A=?