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Chapter 5:
Wind Load Design
Introduction
As the wind blows against a building, the resulting force acting on the
elevations is called the 'wind load'. The building's structural design must
absorb wind forces safely and efficiently and transfer them to the foundations
in order to avoid structural collapse.
When analysing tall buildings using wind engineering, wind is usually found to
be the dominant load and is primarily a horizontal force.
Wind loads will typically depend on the wind velocity and the shape (and
surface) of the building, and is why they can be difficult to predict accurately.
The building shape may intensify any over-pressure or under-pressure effects.
On the windward side (facing the wind), wind overpressures may blow
windows in, while on the leeward side (sheltered from the wind) under-
pressure (suction) may blow windows out. A glass-clad building with a very
smooth profile will tend to deflect the wind far more effectively than a
textured profile, as will a circular building compared to a square shape.
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Introduction
Environment Load – Wind load
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Introduction
Buildings, especially if they
are super tall (over 250m
high) are usually designed to
withstand very strong winds,
taking into account factors
such as design wind speed –
which will depend on
location and meteorological
records (average wind
velocities). Tall buildings
may resolve wind forces by
transferring them through
their floorplates to the
structural core, and then
down to the foundations.
Site wind speed, Vsit
Site exposure – Terrain /high multiplier
Site exposure – Shielding Multiplier
Zoning
wind speed
Site exposure – Hill shape Multiplier
Design wind speed, Vdes Wind Pressure, P Wind Force
= Vsit x Important Factor = Vdes x Aerodynamic x Air Pressure = P x Area
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Calculation of Wind
Pressure(MS 1553: 2002)
Simplified Procedure
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Determination of design wind
pressure using simplified
procedure
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Environment Load – Wind load
Site wind speed (Simplified Procedures)
Site wind speed
Figure 3.1
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Environment Load – Wind load
Site wind speed
SECTION 4 : SITE EXPOSURE MULTIPLIERS
4.2 Terrain/height multiplier, Mz,cat
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External pressures for
enclosed buildings
Parameters for
rectangular
enclosed building
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Calculation of Wind Pressure
Wind Tunnel Test
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WIND TUNNEL TEST
Building codes typically, but not in all cases, provide wind
loads that are higher than what would occur in reality.
Though most often define minimum design loads, the loads
derived from building codes represent the upper envelope
covering the majority of building cases. As a result, buildings
are commonly over designed resulting higher overall project
costs due the inability to more accurately optimise the design
of the structure and facade system.
As wind tunnel testing relies on physical testing
incorporating the particular site conditions, unnecessary
over design is avoided. Wind tunnel testing accurately
accounts for various project specific factors which affect the
results and can be modelled in detail.
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Strategies Could Be Made To Reduce Wind Excitation
ü Softened corners
ü Tapering and setbacks
ü Varying cross-section shape
ü Spoilers
ü Porosity or opening
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Characteristic of Wind
Wind has two important characteristics—direction and speed. The direction
of wind can be gauged using an instrument called the wind vane. It is also
called a weather vane. Every wind vane has two parts, the front and the
rear.
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WIND TUNNEL TEST
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Wind Effect On Structure Could Be Determine
Through Wind Tunnel Test
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Wind Effect On Structure Could Be Determine
Through Wind Tunnel Test
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Wind Effect On Structure Could Be Determine
Through Wind Tunnel Test
Chicago Spire
Very long Period
Higher Mode Effects
Burj Khalifa – 828m
Set backs, changing cross-section, orientation
Scale 1:500
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Wind Effect On Structure Could Be Determine
Through Wind Tunnel Test
Petronas Tower
Taper effect - the exterior surface area where
the wind load is applied is reduced at higher
levels, and increased at lower levels.
Shanghai Centre – 632m
Twisting and Tapering
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Wind Effect On Structure Could Be Determine
Through Wind Tunnel Test
Taipei 101
Corner softening and Shape effect
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WIND TUNNEL TEST TO CIVIL ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
• Accurate results to minimize assumptions.
• Aerodynamic influences associated with building shape.
• Directionality of wind associated with regional wind
climate.
• Influence of neighboring buildings and land topography.
• Interaction between building motion and wind flow.
• Opportunity for architectural expression.
• Construction savings for the owner.
• Improve earning potential with maximum floor space.
• Assurance – often recommended by code.
• Increased litigation protection.
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Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
CFD provides a numerical approach to model a virtual wind tunnel. It allows
engineers to perform a cost-effective analysis for wind pressure loads and
dynamic wind loads.
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Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
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Will CFD ever replace wind tunnels for building
wind simulations?
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a strong candidate for replacing wind tunnel testing in
many wind engineering applications. The use of CFD for structural engineering applications is
limited, however, by its prohibitive computational resource requirements.
One area where wind tunnel
testing has a significant
advantage is in resolution of
unsteady or turbulent effects.
While CFD also resolves this
turbulence, it is done so in an
abstract way, whereas wind
tunnels will resolve unsteady
gusts and eddies directly
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