Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY

Don Severino delas Alas Campus
Indang, Cavite

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

1ST Semester Academic Year 2023-2024

PLANNING III - REPORTING

GROUP 1

SUBMITTED BY:

BACAL, RONNIELENE|201910081
BARSAGA, ALEXANDER STEVEN|201910865
BLANQUERA, CLARIBELLE|201910666
CRUZ, PANTALEON III|201911066
PABLO, NILO|201910158
VELLA, MARJORIE JANE|201911110

SUBMITTED TO:

AR. KATHLEEN NUNEZ-BESCASER, uap

OCTOBER 2023
 HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING

INTRODUCTION
Urban planning is a design and regulation of the uses of space that focus on the physical
form, economic functions, and social impacts of the urban environment and on the location of
different activities within it. Because urban planning draws upon engineering, architectural, and
social and political concerns, it is variously a technical profession, an endeavor involving political
will and public participation, and an academic discipline.
Urban planning concerns itself with both the development of open land (“Greenfields Sites”)
and the revitalization of existing parts of the city, thereby involving goal setting, data collection and
analysis, forecasting, design, strategic thinking, and public consultation.

BEHIND THE SUCCESSFUL URBAN PLANS THAT SHAPE OUR CITY TODAY
An urban planner works to create and implement plans for the development of cities, towns,
and other urban areas. Urban planners use their knowledge of land use, zoning laws, transportation
systems, and other urban infrastructure to help guide the growth and development of communities.
They often work with government officials, developers, and community members to create plans
that meet the needs of both the community and the environment.
Urban planners play an important role in shaping the cities and communities we live in. By
developing comprehensive plans and policies, they guide the growth and development of cities
while addressing challenges such as urban sprawl, congestion, social inequality, and environmental
degradation. Their work contributes to creating vibrant, inclusive, and resilient communities that
enhance quality of life, promote economic vitality, preserve cultural heritage, and ensure a
sustainable future for generations to come.
TYPES OF URBAN PLANNERS
• Transportation Planners: Transportation planners focus on the development and
management of transportation systems, including roads, highways, public transit, and bike
lanes. They may also work on issues related to parking, traffic flow, and pedestrian safety.
• Environmental Planners: Environmental planners focus on the impact of development on the
natural environment. They may work to develop plans that minimize the impact of
development on natural resources, such as water and air quality.
• Land Use Planners: Land use planners are responsible for developing plans that guide the
use of land in urban areas. This may include zoning laws, building codes, and other
regulations that govern how land is used and developed.
• Economic Development Planners: Economic development planners work to promote
economic growth and development in urban areas. They may work to attract new
businesses, support small businesses, and create job opportunities for residents.
• Urban Design Planners: Urban design planners focus on the aesthetics and functionality of
urban spaces. They may work on issues related to public space design, streetscape design,
and other aspects of urban design.
• Community Planners: Community planners work to engage with community members and
stakeholders in the planning process. They may hold public meetings, conduct surveys, and
work to gather input and feedback from residents to ensure that the plans they develop
reflect the needs and desires of the community.

IMPORTANCE OF URBAN PLANNING

Urban planning is the design and control of land use in towns, cities, and other human
settlements. It continues to be a hot topic in modern-day society with climate change, rapid
population growth, and technological development. It is a new discipline whose need has been
arisen due to the rising health issues because of overpopulation, poor sanitation, and pollution. The
way the cities were designed earlier, it had become tough for citizens to reside, walk or use public
transport. For the first time in the year 2010, over 50% of the world’s population was living in cities. At
that time, the United Nations predicted that by 2015, there will be 358 cities in the world having
more than 1 million population and 27 megacities with more than 10 million people. Much of this
will be seen in developing countries. That’s why the need for urban planning came into the picture.
With this, let’s understand why urban planning has become crucial in today’s world.
• Helps the Cities to Grow

Due to more work opportunity, better education facility, and many other reasons, the population
in the cities of developing countries is increasing more and more. In order to accommodate a large
population, there have to be some early plans. That’s why authorities should always make proper
planning. This will be made by keeping certain factors in mind, such as the needs of citizens,
appropriate expansion of infrastructure, and efficient measures during emergency situations.
• Improves Quality of Life
Quality of life is the major concern of every human being when they move to a city. The other two
issues are employment and accommodation. Though the cost of living is higher, the opportunities
are also great. To make it easier, the city manager must have rules and regulations for the proper
distribution of land, public spaces, and the infrastructures. Due to increasing density in nearby cities,
city management is creating several attractive points of interest in the city. The authorities are also
regularly updating the traffic regulations due to constantly increase in the number of vehicles. All
these measures are ultimately improving the quality of life of the people.
• Predict Disasters

Global warming has created some major issues for our planet and the inhabitants. Having an early
idea of natural calamities has become very important for those who do city management. They
are trying to have the prediction of all such calamities to make long-term strategies and later
achieve them by making short-term actions. They keep the citizens as well as the visitors safe from
all possible disasters that the world is facing today. Minimizing the risks for the betterment of
everyone has only become possible because of urban planning.

• Positive Impact on Economy

We all know that as the cities grow, economic requirements increase too. The financial measure is
one of the most important aspects of urban planning and if not taken properly, there would be a
severe impact on the economy of the city. It takes care of more and more job openings as well as
reducing the cost of living. The major problem cities are facing nowadays is the migration of
inhabitants due to the reduced number of work opportunities and expensive living conditions.
Urban planning also does the expansion of neighboring rural areas. It takes all the required measures
for further development and utilization of the rural areas to bring economic growth to the city.

• Safe and Healthy Lifestyle for Everyone

By constantly following the advice provided by the World Health Organization, urban planners
ensure that the citizens live a safe and healthy life. They suggest the inhabitants pay attention to
their lifestyle. Authorities create a better environment and provide sufficient areas in the public park
for senior citizens to exercise and have leisure time. They keep machines to collect garbage and
unwanted materials to keep the city clean and healthy for the citizens.

• Develop the Nation

According to the reports of the UN, the world will be likely to have more 3 billion population moving
to cities by 2050. This report suggests that this continuous growth in urban population could cause
severe harm to biodiversity. Each country is putting efforts to minimize the impact of increasing
urbanization on the environment. The management is planting more and more trees. They are
raising awareness among the citizens to use more and more public transport and decrease the rate
of fuel consumption per person. With all these measures, who will grow? Of course, THE NATION.

URBAN PLANNING FACES SEVERAL CRITICAL CHALLENGES

Urban planning is a complex and dynamic field that faces several critical challenges. However, one
of the most important and pressing problems in urban planning is the issue of urbanization and its
associated challenges:
• Rapid Urbanization: Many regions are experiencing rapid population growth, leading to
unplanned urban expansion, increased pressure on infrastructure, and inadequate housing.
As people migrate from rural to urban areas in search of better opportunities, cities are
struggling to accommodate the influx.
• Housing Affordability: Urban centers often face a housing affordability crisis, with skyrocketing
property prices and rents that many residents cannot afford. This situation leads to housing
insecurity and homelessness.
• Infrastructure Strain: Urban areas may lack sufficient infrastructure to support their growing
populations adequately. Issues such as transportation congestion, inadequate water and
sanitation systems, and overburdened public services become prevalent.
• Environmental Concerns: Urban planning needs to address sustainability and environmental
impact. This includes reducing carbon emissions, implementing green spaces, promoting
sustainable transportation, and managing waste effectively.
• Social Inequality: Urban planning should aim to reduce social inequalities within cities. Low-
income neighborhoods may lack access to essential services, education, healthcare, and
economic opportunities.
• Resilience to Climate Change: Cities are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, such
as rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and heatwaves. Urban planning needs to
incorporate measures to enhance resilience and adaptability.
• Gentrification and Displacement: As neighborhoods undergo revitalization, long-term
residents may face displacement due to rising property values and changing demographics.
Balancing urban renewal with the preservation of community identity is a challenge.
• Public Participation: Ensuring meaningful public participation in the urban planning process
is essential for developing inclusive, people-centric cities that reflect the needs and
aspirations of all residents.
• Data Management and Technology: With the increasing availability of data and technology,
urban planners need to effectively leverage this information to make informed decisions and
create smart cities that are efficient and responsive.
• Global Pandemics and Health: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of
public health considerations in urban planning, such as designing spaces for social
distancing, ensuring access to healthcare, and improving urban sanitation.

TIMELINE OF HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING AROUND THE WORLD

ANCIENT CIVILIZATION (4000 BC- 476 AD)

Urban planning existed in various forms in the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, the Indus
Valley, and China. The Greeks and Romans also made significant contributions to urban planning,
with Hippodamus often considered the “father” of urban planning.
1. EGYPT

People had thought that the Greeks were responsible for the invention of the grid system
and urban planning, but we actually have evidence of urban planning going back to the end
of the Fourth Dynasty in the Old Kingdom, about 2500 B.C.,” she said. That Old Kingdom
settlement shows identically laid out houses along a main street and follows an L-shaped plan.
It was intended to house a community of priests and staff members responsible for the upkeep
of the funerary cult of Queen Khentkawes whose tomb is adjacent to this settlement.
Two types of Cities in Egypt:
• NWT- These are the cities that grew and formed naturally under the influence of nature
and climatic conditions, they are the unplanned cities. Thebes City, Heliopolis City,
Memphis City and Abydos City are some of the NWT Cities in Ancient Egypt.
• DMJ- Towns that were laid out along a plan, they are planned according to the fixed
plan for a city.

2. MESOPOTAMIA

Urban planning in ancient Mesopotamia is a topic of great historical interest. The cities of
Mesopotamia were well-planned and organized, showcasing the advanced town planning
techniques of the time.
Urban Planning in Mesopotamia
• Grid Layout:
Mesopotamian cities were laid out in a grid-like pattern, with streets and buildings aligned in
straight lines. The city was divided into square or rectangular blocks, creating a system of city
blocks similar to modern urban planning.
• Defensive Walls:
Mesopotamian cities were often surrounded by defensive walls made of mud-brick or stone
to protect against invasion and ensure the safety of the inhabitants. These walls were thick
and sturdy, providing a strong defense against external threats.
• Ziggurats:
One of the prominent features of Mesopotamian cities was the presence of ziggurats, large
stepped pyramid-like structures. Ziggurats were multi-tiered and served as religious centers,
with temples dedicated to various gods and goddesses. These monumental structures were
often located at the center of the cities, acting as a focal point and symbolizing the city's
connection with the divine.
• Main Streets and Canals:
Mesopotamian cities had main streets that ran longitudinally and latitudinally, intersecting at
right angles. Along these streets, there were shops, houses, and public buildings, creating a
bustling urban environment. Canals were also an integral part of city planning, providing the
necessary irrigation for agriculture and facilitating transportation and trade.
• Residential Areas:
The cities were divided into various residential areas, with different sections designated for
different social classes. Wealthier individuals lived closer to the city center, while lower-class
citizens resided in the outskirts. Houses were typically made of mud-brick and had flat roofs,
featuring inner courtyards for privacy.
• Public Buildings:
Mesopotamian cities had several public buildings, such as palaces, administrative centers,
and assembly halls. These structures were often grand in scale, reflecting the power and
wealth of the ruling elites. Public squares and marketplaces were also common, serving as
centers of commerce and social interaction.
• Sanitation Systems:
 Mesopotamian cities had advanced sanitation systems for their time, with well-designed
drainage and sewage systems. Canals and drains were used to carry wastewater away from
residential areas, preventing the spread of diseases.
3. INDUS VALLEY

Remarkable for their town planning and excellent system of drainage and sanitation.
Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa (c. 2500-1700 BC): These two cities in the Indus Valley Civilization
were laid out on a grid plan, with a central citadel and public spaces. They also had
sophisticated water supply and sanitation systems.
Urban Planning in Indus Valley
• Large cities divided into two parts
The ‘Citadel’ mound built on the high podium of mud-brick to the west. The town to the east
was the main hub of the residential area, which was also surrounded by a massive brick wall
• Street
Fine drainage system, Well-arranged water supply system, the street lights system, Watch and
ward arrangement during the night to oust the lawbreakers, Particular places to throw thrash
and waste material, Public wells in every street, well in every house. Main streets varying for
9 feet to as wide as 30-34 feet and were divided into networks of narrow lanes with great skills
of dividing the cities.
• Building Materials
No stone-built house in the Indus cities and the staircases of big buildings were solid; the roofs
were flat and were made of wood.
Common Material Used: Burnt bricks and Sun-dried bricks

• Advanced drainage and sanitation system

Each house had horizontal and vertical drains and the house drains were connected with
road drains. There were underground drains for the streets and their drains were shielded by
stone slabs. Bricks were used to make the soak pits.

ANCIENT GREEK (800 BC- 500 AD)

Many ancient Greek cities, such as Miletus, were laid out on a grid plan with a central agora
(market square). The Greeks also emphasized the importance of public spaces and civic
engagement.
Urban Planning in Ancient Greece
• Urban Centers
Ancient Greek cities shared a number of features in common with earlier developments in
Mesopotamia and the Near East, including an urban center, a tutelary deity worshipped at a
central sanctuary, and dependence on a rural hinterland for sustenance
• Geography and Location
The earliest Greek cities were located on or near the coast, reflecting the importance of
maritime trade as a factor for urbanism. The many isolated valleys that formed natural barriers
between cities encouraged attitudes about control of resources that ultimately enabled
urbanism
• City Structure
 Ancient Greek cities are distinguished by settlement size, density and structure, as well as by
topographical organization, occupational pattern, and architecture as an expression of power,
identity, and culture
• Agora
The agora was originally an all-purposes place of assembly. It was a common meeting-place for
social intercourse, festivals, political assemblies, the administration of justice, and retail trade. As
civic life in the Hellenic World decayed, the architecture of the agora became more elaborate
and pretentious
• Grid Planning System
When the grid planning system eventually came into effect it rapidly increased the speed at
which new Greek cities were built. This organized system was attained through a combination
of wide avenues and narrow cross streets which created the block pattern.

HIPPODAMUS OF MILETUS (498-408 BC)

Hippodamus of Miletus was an ancient Greek architect, urban planner, physician,
mathematician, meteorologist and philosopher, who is considered to be “the father of European
urban planning”. He was born in Miletus and lived during the 5th century BC, on the spring of the
Ancient Greece classical epoch. He is known for devising an ideal city to be inhabited by 10,000
men (free male citizens), while the overall population (including women, children, and slaves) would
reach 50,000.
Hippodamus is credited with developing the “Hippodamian plan” (grid plan) of city layout.
His plans of Greek cities were characterized by order and regularity in contrast to the intricacy and
confusion common to cities of that period, even Athens. He is seen as the originator of the idea that
a town plan might formally embody and clarify a rational social order.

ANCIENT ROME (753 AD- 476 BC)

Ancient Rome began as an Italic settlement, traditionally dated to 753 BC, beside the River Tiber
in the Italian Peninsula. Ancient Rome was a powerful and important civilization that ruled much of
Europe for nearly 1000 years. The culture of Ancient Rome was spread throughout Europe during its
rule. As a result, Rome's culture still has an impact in the Western world today. The basis for much of
Western culture comes from Ancient Rome, especially in areas such as government, engineering,
architecture, language, and literature.
Urban Planning in Ancient Rome
• Orthogonal Town Planning
The Romans used more than one type of city plan, but one of the most common was the
orthogonal or grid plan, derived directly from the Hippodamean City. This involved creating a
rectangular grid of streets, which was particularly evident in the city of Norba.
• City Structure
The physical definition and subdivision of a new urban space was to prepare it for construction:
its fortifications, paved streets, or buildings. The study of Roman urban planning and the study of
Roman urban architecture are partly intertwined.
• Building Techniques
The Romans adapted previous planning practices for their own purposes and created thriving
cities with the use of new materials (particularly concrete), the introduction of new building
techniques, the development of innovative architectural forms and assemblages such as market
places, administration and court buildings, arenas, amphitheaters, temple precincts, baths and
engineering marvels as evident in their road system, bridges and aqueducts3.
• Infrastructure
The Roman Empire is highly regarded for their architectural splendor and advanced use of sound
urban planning techniques to make their cities livable spaces. From the grand stadiums and parks,
to public bathing houses and sewer systems, these cities advocated for hygiene and health that
would surely improve the public health4.
• Roads and Aqueducts
Roads were paved with stones. An advanced system of water supply (Aqueducts & water
reservoirs), sewage system and drainage system through ducts and underground sewers in semi-
circular vaulted form were used.

MIDDLE AGES (5TH -15TH CENTURY)

Urban planning during the Middle Ages was characterized by a shift from the Roman grid system
to a more organic growth pattern. Urban planning in the Middle Ages was characterized by the
development of fortified towns and cities, which were often built around a castle or monastery. The
urban landscape was dominated by the church, which played a central role in the development
of medieval towns and cities.
The layout of medieval towns and cities was often irregular, with narrow streets and alleys that
followed the contours of the land. The buildings were typically made of wood and were closely
packed together, which made them vulnerable to fire.
Urban Planning in Medieval Times
• City Structure
Urban development in the early Middle Ages often focused on a fortress, a fortified abbey, or a
(sometimes abandoned) Roman nucleus. The growth of these cities occurred “like the annular rings
of a tree”, whether in an extended village or the center of a larger city. One important principle
was defense. Medieval cities were often surrounded by walls and towers to protect them from
invaders. The city gates were also carefully controlled.
• Concentric planning
This involved building the city around a central point, such as a castle or cathedral. The streets
radiated out from the center in a concentric pattern.
• Divided into Different Districts
Medieval cities were also divided into different districts, each with its own purpose. there might
be a merchant district, a craft district, and a residential district. This helped to keep the city
organized and efficient.
• Organic Growth
The newly founded towns often show a marked regularity in their plan form, in the sense that
the streets are often straight and laid out at right angles to one another, and that the house lots are
rectangular, and originally largely of the same size1. However, many medieval cities also developed
organically over time.

RENAISSANCE (14TH-17TH CENTURY)

The Renaissance saw a renewed interest in urban planning, with architects like Filippo
Brunelleschi and Leon Battista Alberti making significant contributions. Urban planning during the
Renaissance period was characterized by the development of wide streets, underground
waterways on two levels, and the creation of new public spaces such as piazzas and parks. The
Renaissance saw a renewed interest in classical architecture and urban planning, which led to the
development of new towns and cities across Europe.
During the Renaissance, there was a revival of interest in classical urban planning principles.
Many new cities were built in Italy and other parts of Europe with grid plans and grand public
spaces. Some notable examples include Florence, Venice, and Rome.
Urban Planning in Renaissance Period
• The ideal city
Renaissance architects and planners envisioned an ideal city that was based on classical
principles. This ideal city was typically circular or octagonal in shape, with a central square
surrounded by concentric rings of buildings. The city was divided into different districts, each with its
own purpose.
• Symmetry and proportion
Renaissance planners believed that a well-ordered city should be symmetrical and balanced.
This was reflected in the layout of streets and buildings, as well as in the design of public spaces.
• Health and sanitation
Renaissance planners emphasized the importance of health and sanitation. They designed
cities with wide streets, clean water supplies, and efficient drainage systems. This helped to reduce
the spread of disease and improve the quality of life for residents.
• Aesthetics
Renaissance planners also considered the aesthetic appeal of cities. They designed cities with
beautiful buildings, public spaces, and works of art. This helped to create a sense of civic pride and
community.
• The development of new technologies
New technologies, such as surveying and perspective drawing, helped Renaissance planners to
design cities more precisely and efficiently.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (18TH-19TH CENTURY)

During the Industrial Revolution, which took place from the mid-18th to mid-19th century, rapid
population growth, unfettered business enterprise, great speculative profits, and public failures in
managing the unwanted physical consequences of development led to the development of giant
sprawling cities. The slums, congestion, disorder, ugliness, and threat of disease provoked a reaction
in which sanitation improvement was the primary goal.
Urban planning during this era was characterized by a focus on improving public health by
designing cities with better sanitation and more green spaces. The era of industrialization saw the
rise of modern urban planning as we know it today.
Urban Planning in Industrial Revolution
• Zoning
Zoning regulations were introduced to separate different types of land uses, such as residential,
commercial, and industrial. This helped to reduce congestion and pollution, and to create more
livable neighborhoods.
• Grid planning
 The gridiron plan became the dominant urban planning system during the Industrial Revolution.
This involved laying out the city in a grid pattern, with straight streets intersecting at right angles. This
was a more efficient use of space and made it easier to get around.
• Public parks and gardens
Public parks and gardens were created to provide green spaces for people to enjoy and to
improve public health.
• Public transportation
Public transportation systems, such as railways and buses, were developed to help people
get around the city more easily.

POST- WAR PERIOD (1945- 1980)

During the postwar period, European governments launched massive housing and rebuilding
programs within their devastated cities. These programs were guided by the principles of modernist
planning promulgated through the Congrès International d’Architecture Moderne (CIAM), based
on the ideas of art and architectural historian Siegfried Giedion, Swiss architect Le Corbusier, and
the International school rooted in Germany’s Bauhaus. High-rise structures separated by green
spaces prevailed in the developments built during this period. Their form reflected both the need to
produce large-scale, relatively inexpensive projects and the architects’ preference for models that
exploited new materials and technologies and could be replicated universally.
Urban Planning in Industrial Revolution
• Modernism
Modernist urban planning was based on the belief that cities could be designed in a rational
and efficient way. Modernist planners emphasized the use of grids, high-rise buildings, and open
spaces.
• Urban renewal
Urban renewal was a government program that aimed to revitalize blighted urban areas. It
involved demolishing old buildings and replacing them with new ones, often in the form of high-rise
apartments and office towers.
• Suburbanization
Suburbanization is the process of people moving from cities to the suburbs. This was driven by a
number of factors, including the rise of the automobile, the availability of affordable housing in the
suburbs, and the desire for a better quality of life.

LATE 20TH CENTURY (1980- 2000)

Urban planning in the late 20th century was characterized by a focus on sustainability, livability,
and social equity. The era saw a shift away from the modernist planning principles of the mid-20th
century towards more participatory and community-based approaches.
One of the most significant developments in urban planning during this period was the rise
of “smart growth” policies, which aimed to promote compact, walkable communities with mixed-
use development and access to public transportation. Another important trend was the
emergence of “new urbanism,” which sought to create traditional, pedestrian-friendly
neighborhoods with a mix of housing types and a strong sense of community.
Urban Planning in Late 20th Century
• New Urbanism
 New Urbanism is a movement that advocates for walkable, mixed-use neighborhoods with
a strong sense of community. It is a reaction to the suburban sprawl that characterized much of the
post-war period.
• Smart growth
Smart growth is a planning approach that focuses on concentrating development in existing
urban areas and creating more livable and sustainable communities.
• Transit-oriented development
Transit-oriented development is a planning approach that focuses on developing high-
density, mixed-use neighborhoods around public transportation hubs.

MODERNISM (20TH CENTURY)

Urban planning during the 20th century was characterized by the development of modernism,
which emphasized functionality, order, and zoning. The modernist movement in urban planning
began in the 1920s and was influenced by the ideas of modernist architects such as Le Corbusier.
The influential modernist architect presented his scheme for a “Contemporary City” for three million
inhabitants (Ville Contemporaine) in 1922.
The clearest and most concise expression of the principles of modernist urbanism can be found
in the so-called Athens Charter which came out of the 4th CIAM Congress, held in Athens in 1933.
The Athens Charter consecrated “functionalist urbanism” as it is understood in the language of
international urbanism.
The modernist movement in the early 20th century brought new ideas to urban planning,
including the Garden City movement and Le Corbusier’s Radiant City.

GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT

• Self-containment: Garden Cities would be self-contained communities, with their own
housing, industry, and agriculture. This would reduce the need for people to travel long
distances, and make it easier to create a sustainable community.
• Greenbelts: Garden Cities would be surrounded by greenbelts. These greenbelts would
provide a buffer between the city and the surrounding countryside, and provide space
for recreation and agriculture.
• Mixed land use: Garden Cities would have a mix of land uses, including residential,
commercial, industrial, and agricultural. This would create a more vibrant and diverse
community, and make it easier for people to live, work, and shop locally.
• Pedestrian-friendly design: Garden Cities would be designed to be pedestrian-friendly.
This would encourage people to walk and cycle, which would reduce traffic congestion
and air pollution.
• Public spaces: Garden Cities would have a variety of public spaces, such as parks, plazas,
and playgrounds. This would provide places for people to gather and socialize, and
promote a sense of community.

21ST CENTURY
Urban planning in the 21st century is characterized by a focus on sustainability, livability, and
social equity. The era has seen a shift away from the modernist planning principles of the mid-20th
century towards more participatory and community-based approaches.
One of the most significant developments in urban planning during this period is the rise of “smart
growth” policies, which aim to promote compact, walkable communities with mixed-use
development and access to public transportation. Another important trend is the emergence of
“new urbanism,” which seeks to create traditional, pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods with a mix of
housing types and a strong sense of community.
The 21st century has also seen a growing awareness of the environmental impacts of urban
development, which has led to the development of sustainable urban planning practices. These
practices focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting renewable energy, and
protecting natural resources.
Today, urban planning is increasingly focused on creating sustainable, resilient, and livable cities.
Key issues include climate change adaptation, urban regeneration, and smart growth.
• A focus on sustainability
Urban planners are now focused on creating more sustainable cities. This involves considering
issues such as climate change, environmental protection, and social equity.
• A focus on resilience
Urban planners are also focused on creating more resilient cities. This involves designing cities
that can withstand and recover from shocks and stresses, such as natural disasters and economic
crises.
• A focus on equity
Urban planners are also focused on creating more equitable cities. This involves ensuring that all
residents have access to the resources and opportunities they need to thrive.

HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING IN THE PHILIPPINES

The history of urban planning in the Philippines is a multifaceted journey that has been
shaped by various colonial influences, political changes, and the country's unique geographic and
social challenges. Here is a brief overview of the history of urban planning in the Philippines:

PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
Before the arrival of Spanish colonizers in the 16th century, the Philippines had indigenous
communities with their own localized forms of urban organization and planning. Settlements were
typically clustered around rivers and coastal areas, and they had a communal approach to land
use and resource management.
Urban Planning in Philippines on Pre-Colonial Period
• Barangay settlements: The barangay was the basic unit of social and political
organization in the pre-colonial Philippines. Barangays were typically small, self-sufficient
communities that were led by a Datu or chieftain.

• Barter and Trade Centers: Many pre-colonial settlements were strategically located along
coastlines, rivers, and other natural transportation routes to facilitate trade. These
settlements often served as trading hubs for various goods, including agricultural
products, metals, and handicrafts.

• Terraced Agriculture: In hilly or mountainous areas, terraced farming was a common

feature of urban planning. Terraces allowed for efficient cultivation of crops like rice and
other staples in areas with limited flat land.
 • Bamboo and Nipa Palm Construction: The traditional houses and structures in pre-colonial
Filipino communities were typically made from bamboo and nipa palm leaves. These
materials were readily available and well-suited to the tropical climate.

• Plaza and Community Center: Many communities had a central plaza or gathering area
where social and economic activities took place. These plazas were often surrounded by
important structures like the Datu's house, a communal house, and a place for religious
ceremonies.

• Hill Forts and Coastal Settlements: In some regions, particularly in areas prone to conflicts
or piracy, hill forts and fortified coastal settlements were built to provide protection for the
inhabitants. These forts included defensive walls and watchtowers.

• Irrigation Systems: Some pre-colonial societies developed sophisticated irrigation systems

to support agriculture. These systems helped regulate water flow for rice terraces and
other crops.

• Roads and Pathways: Footpaths and sometimes more developed road networks
connected various communities. These pathways were essential for trade and
communication.

• Organic Growth: Unlike the rigid grid layouts common in many colonial-era towns, pre-
colonial communities often had an organic and flexible approach to expansion. Buildings
and structures were constructed as needed, and settlements grew over time based on
the community's evolving needs.

• Social Hierarchy: The layout of pre-colonial communities often reflected social

hierarchies, with the most important structures located in the center or on elevated
ground. The homes of leaders and nobility tended to be more prominent and better
constructed.

• Sacred Spaces: Many pre-colonial communities had designated areas for religious or
spiritual activities. These spaces included shrines, temples, or places for animist rituals.

SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD (16TH-19TH CENTURIES)

The Spanish colonial authorities introduced the gridiron street layout and the plaza complex,
which are characteristic features of many Philippine towns. The plaza served as the town center
and was surrounded by important buildings like the church and municipal hall. Spanish colonial
towns often followed a radial street pattern with the church as the focal point.
Urban Planning in Philippines on Spanish Colonial Period

• Plaza Complex: The focal point of Spanish colonial towns and cities in the Philippines was the
"plaza complex." This complex typically consisted of a central plaza surrounded by important
structures. The central plaza often served as a public gathering place for various activities,
including religious ceremonies, markets, and social events. Key buildings around the plaza
included the church, municipal hall, and sometimes a school or convent.

• Barrio System: Spanish authorities implemented a barrio system, dividing towns and cities into
smaller administrative units known as "barrios." Each barrio had its own chapel or church,
plaza, and local government structure.

• Grid Pattern: Many towns established during the Spanish colonial period followed a grid
pattern for streets and roadways, often radiating outward from the central plaza. This grid
layout was efficient for both administration and defense.

• Churches and Cathedrals: The centerpiece of any Spanish colonial town was the church or
cathedral. These structures were usually made of stone or coral, reflecting the Spanish
 architectural influence. The layout and design of these churches often followed a Latin cross
plan, with intricate facades and bell towers.

• Fortifications: In response to threats from pirates and foreign invaders, Spanish colonial
authorities constructed fortifications and watchtowers in coastal towns. These structures
played a crucial role in the defense of the settlements.

• Stone and Adobe Construction: Spanish colonial architecture in the Philippines often utilized
locally available materials like stone and adobe for construction. The use of these materials
not only provided durability but also contributed to the distinct architectural style of the
period.

• Intramuros: Intramuros, located in present-day Manila, is a well-known example of Spanish

colonial urban planning. It was a walled city within a city, housing government offices, the
governor's palace, churches, and military installations. Intramuros was designed to withstand
attacks and served as the center of Spanish power in the Philippines.

• Plaza Mayor: In larger cities and capitals, the central plaza was known as the "Plaza Mayor"
and was typically larger and more grandiose than those in smaller towns. It often featured a
monument or fountain in the center.

• Zoning and Land Use: Spanish authorities imposed a zoning system to separate residential,
commercial, and government areas. This separation of land use was a characteristic feature
of Spanish colonial urban planning.

AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD (LATE 19TH-EARLY 20TH CENTURIES)

American colonial planners made significant contributions to urban planning in the Philippines.
They introduced the concept of the "City Beautiful" movement, emphasizing parks, boulevards, and
organized street systems. During this period, several cities in the Philippines were redesigned and
modernized, including Manila and Baguio.
Urban Planning in Philippines on American Colonial Period

• City Beautification and Improvement: The American colonial administration launched

initiatives to beautify and modernize Philippine cities. This included road and street
improvements, urban sanitation projects, and the installation of streetlights and other urban
amenities.

• Grid Layout and Streets: Many cities and towns in the Philippines were redesigned or
expanded using a grid layout. This grid system involved the widening and straightening of
streets to improve traffic flow and urban aesthetics. The introduction of street names and
house numbering also helped with navigation.

• Public Health and Sanitation: American colonial authorities implemented public health
programs, including sewer systems, waterworks, and waste disposal facilities. This helped
address issues related to disease and unsanitary conditions in urban areas.

• Master Plans: The American colonial government introduced master plans for cities and
towns to guide their growth and development. One of the most famous examples is the
Burnham Plan for Baguio City, developed by American architect and urban planner Daniel
Burnham.

• Parks and Recreation: The development of public parks and recreational areas was
encouraged. Rizal Park in Manila, for example, was redesigned and expanded during this
period.

• Public Buildings: American colonial architecture had a distinctive style that influenced
government buildings, post offices, and schools constructed during this time. These buildings
often featured neoclassical and beaux-arts architectural elements.
 • Transportation Infrastructure: The American colonial government invested in transportation
infrastructure, including the construction of roads, bridges, and ports. This improved
connectivity within the Philippines and facilitated trade and commerce.

• Schools and Education: The American colonial administration expanded the educational
system, resulting in the construction of schools and universities in urban areas. This contributed
to the development of a more literate and educated population.

• Urban Planning for Subdivisions: The American colonial period witnessed the introduction of
residential subdivisions and housing projects. These developments often followed modern
planning principles with designated spaces for homes, parks, and utilities.

• Zoning Regulations: The American colonial authorities introduced zoning regulations to

separate land use for residential, commercial, and industrial purposes, contributing to more
orderly and efficient land use.

• Historical Preservation: Efforts were made to preserve and restore historic buildings and
landmarks, particularly those with cultural or historical significance.

• Expanding Urban Centers: During this period, several urban centers in the Philippines
experienced growth and expansion, such as the development of new districts and suburbs.

POST-WORLD WAR II AND INDEPENDENCE

After World War II and the Philippines' independence in 1946, urban planning continued to
evolve. Rapid urbanization and population growth posed significant challenges, leading to issues
such as informal settlements and congestion in urban areas. Government agencies like the Housing
and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB) were established to address these concerns and develop
comprehensive urban planning strategies.
Urban Planning in Philippines on Post-World War II and Independence

• Reconstruction and Rehabilitation: After World War II, there was a need for extensive
reconstruction and rehabilitation of cities and towns that had suffered significant damage.
The government, along with international aid agencies, initiated programs to rebuild and
modernize urban infrastructure.
• The People's Homesite and Housing Corporation (PHHC): The PHHC was a government
agency that was created to provide housing for low-income families. The PHHC built a
number of housing projects throughout the country, which helped to address the housing
shortage.

• Housing Projects: The post-war period saw the development of housing projects and low-
cost housing programs to address housing shortages and accommodate the increasing
urban population. One of the most notable housing projects is the Tondo Foreshore Project
in Manila.

• Rural-Urban Migration: The years following World War II and Philippine independence were
characterized by significant rural-urban migration. People moved to cities in search of better
economic opportunities, leading to rapid urbanization and the growth of informal
settlements.

• Metropolitan Planning: In response to urbanization and regional development, metropolitan

planning became a focus. The establishment of metropolitan development authorities
aimed to coordinate planning and development efforts across multiple cities and
municipalities in metropolitan areas.

• Infrastructure Development: Post-independence governments invested in infrastructure

projects, including the construction and improvement of roads, bridges, ports, and airports
to support economic growth and urban development.
 • Land Reform and Urban Land Use Planning: Initiatives for land reform and land use planning
were implemented to address issues related to land distribution, tenure, and land use
regulation. This helped manage urban sprawl and land conflicts.

• Public Transport: The development and improvement of public transportation systems,

including buses, railways, and light rail systems, were prioritized to address traffic congestion
and improve mobility in urban areas.

• Environmental Planning: As urbanization continued, there was a growing awareness of

environmental issues. Urban planning began to incorporate environmental considerations,
leading to initiatives like tree planting, green spaces, and urban sustainability projects.

• Local Government Empowerment: The Local Government Code of 1991 decentralized

powers to local governments and granted them greater control over land use planning,
zoning, and development permits. This allowed local governments to adapt planning to their
specific needs.

• Heritage and Cultural Preservation: Efforts were made to preserve and protect historical and
cultural landmarks in urban areas. Heritage conservation became an important aspect of
urban planning.

• Master Plans and Comprehensive Land Use: Various cities and regions developed master
plans and comprehensive land use plans to guide urban development and zoning
regulations. These plans were intended to promote orderly and sustainable growth.

• Social Housing Programs: The government introduced social housing programs to provide
affordable and decent housing for low-income families and informal settlers.

• Economic Zones and Development Corridors: The creation of economic zones and
development corridors aimed to attract investments and promote industrial and commercial
growth in specific urban areas.

MARTIAL LAW ERA (1970s)

The era of martial law under President Ferdinand Marcos brought about the declaration of "New
Society" and significant urban planning projects in cities like Quezon City. However, some of these
projects faced controversy and criticism due to alleged corruption and forced evictions.
Urban Planning in Philippines on Martial Law Era

• Centralized Control: The government, under President Marcos, exercised significant

centralized control over urban planning and development. Key urban planning decisions
were made at the national level, often bypassing local governments.

• Master Planning: The Marcos administration introduced master planning for several cities,
including Manila, Cebu, and Davao. These master plans aimed to modernize and expand
urban infrastructure, often with a focus on large-scale projects.

• Infrastructure Development: The government invested heavily in infrastructure projects,

including highways, bridges, and public buildings. Notable examples include the
construction of the San Juanico Bridge, the Cultural Center of the Philippines, and the
development of the North Luzon Expressway.

• New Urban Centers: The Martial Law period saw the establishment of new urban centers and
development zones, such as the creation of the Quezon City Central Business District and the
Baguio City Economic Zone. These were intended to decentralize economic activities from
Metro Manila.
 • Urban Renewal: Urban renewal projects aimed to modernize older areas of cities and towns.
However, these projects often involved the displacement of residents and informal settlers,
leading to social and housing issues.

• Military Campuses: During this era, the government allocated significant resources to the
development of military and police campuses, which sometimes had an impact on urban
planning in the surrounding areas.

• Zoning and Land Use: The Marcos administration introduced zoning regulations and land use
planning. These regulations were sometimes used to control urban expansion and
development.

• Control of the Media and Information: Urban planning discussions and public information
about projects were often controlled and managed by the government. Opposition to
government projects or policies was limited, and dissenting voices were suppressed.

• State-Sponsored Architecture: Government-sponsored architectural projects were

characterized by a particular architectural style, which often featured grandiose designs,
monumental structures, and a sense of state power and authority.

• Displacement of Informal Settlers: Urban renewal projects and clearing operations often led
to the displacement of informal settlers, who were relocated to government housing
projects.

• Censorship and Control: The government tightly controlled media and information, which
limited public discourse and criticism of urban planning decisions.

CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
In recent years, urban planning in the Philippines has focused on sustainable and resilient
development. The government has been working on improving transportation, infrastructure,
disaster preparedness, and housing, while also addressing issues such as informal settlements and
traffic congestion. Local governments and urban planners continue to adapt to the changing
urban landscape and the unique challenges faced by Philippine cities.
Urban Planning in Philippines on Contemporary Period

• Decentralization of Planning: A significant shift in urban planning has been the

decentralization of power and planning authority to local governments. The Local
Government Code of 1991 granted local government units’ greater autonomy in urban
planning and development, enabling them to create and implement their land use plans
and zoning regulations.

• Participatory Planning: Contemporary urban planning emphasizes the inclusion of

communities and stakeholders in the planning process. Participatory approaches seek to
ensure that the needs and voices of residents are considered when making urban planning
decisions.

• Sustainability and Environmental Planning: There is an increased focus on sustainability and

environmental concerns in urban planning. Initiatives include the development of green
infrastructure, sustainable transportation options, and strategies to mitigate climate change
impacts.

• Public Transportation and Traffic Management: The Philippine government has worked to
address traffic congestion and transportation issues in major urban areas. Projects have
included the expansion of mass transit systems like the LRT and MRT, as well as the
development of bus rapid transit (BRT) systems.
 • Social Housing and Informal Settlements: Efforts to address housing shortages and improve
living conditions for informal settlers continue. Social housing programs aim to provide
affordable and decent housing for low-income families.

• Economic Development Zones: The establishment of economic zones and development

corridors remains a part of urban planning, with the aim of attracting investments and
promoting economic growth in specific urban areas.

• Heritage Conservation: The preservation of historical and cultural landmarks in urban areas
continues to be a priority, with heritage conservation projects and guidelines in place to
protect these valuable assets.

• Disaster Risk Reduction and Management: The Philippines, being prone to natural disasters,
has incorporated disaster risk reduction and management into urban planning. Efforts are
made to enhance the resilience of urban areas and communities.

• Smart Cities: Some cities in the Philippines are exploring smart city initiatives, utilizing
technology to improve urban services, enhance public safety, and streamline city
operations.

• Land Reform and Land Use Planning: Initiatives for land reform and land use planning have
evolved to address land tenure issues and regulate land use to manage urban sprawl.

• Tourism and Urban Development: Given the importance of tourism in the Philippines, urban
planning has included initiatives to enhance tourism infrastructure and the overall visitor
experience.

• Affordable Housing Initiatives: To address the housing affordability crisis, the government has
introduced programs to make homeownership more accessible to low and middle-income
families.

• Community Resilience: In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, urban planning efforts have
included strategies to enhance healthcare infrastructure and promote community resilience
and safety.

• Waste Management and Environmental Sustainability: There is a growing focus on proper

waste management and the promotion of environmental sustainability in urban areas.

STATUS OF URBAN PLANNING IN TODAY’S PERIOD

Urban planning is constantly evolving to meet the changing needs of cities. In recent years,
there has been a growing focus on sustainable urban planning, which aims to create cities that are
environmentally, socially, and economically sustainable. This has led to a number of changes in
urban planning practice, such as a greater emphasis on public transportation, walking, and cycling,
the development of more compact and mixed-use cities, the use of green infrastructure to manage
stormwater and improve air quality, and the promotion of energy-efficient buildings and renewable
energy sources. These changes are being driven by a number of factors, including the growing
awareness of the impacts of climate change, the increasing cost of energy, and the changing
demographics of cities. As cities continue to grow and change, urban planners will need to
continue to adapt their practices to meet the challenges of the 21st century.

STATUS OF URBAN PLANNING IN DIFFERENT CONTINENTS:

NORTH AMERICA: MIXED
 Urban planning in North America varies widely. Some cities have embraced sustainable
development, efficient public transportation, and green spaces, while others face challenges
related to urban sprawl and inadequate infrastructure.
• Cities with Good Urban Planning:
1. Vancouver, Canada: Vancouver excels in sustainable urban planning with a focus on green
spaces, public transit, and environmental initiatives.
2. Portland, USA: Known for its bike-friendly infrastructure, efficient public transportation, and
urban growth boundaries to prevent sprawl.
3. Seattle, USA: Invests in public transport, promotes green building practices, and has initiatives
to combat climate change.

• Cities with Bad Urban Planning:

1. Los Angeles, USA: Infamous for urban sprawl, heavy traffic, and reliance on cars, leading to
air pollution and congestion.
2. Houston, USA: Limited zoning regulations have led to sprawling development, traffic
congestion, and lack of public transportation options.
3. Phoenix, USA: Rapid population growth has resulted in urban sprawl, traffic congestion, and
challenges related to water supply.

EUROPE: GENERALLY GOOD

Europe boasts many cities with well-preserved historical areas, efficient public transportation,
and sustainable development. However, challenges exist in managing growing populations and
preserving cultural heritage.
• Cities with Good Urban Planning:
1. Copenhagen, Denmark: Known for its bike-friendly infrastructure, efficient public transport,
and commitment to renewable energy.
2. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Emphasizes cycling, pedestrian-friendly streets, and well-
integrated public transport systems.
3. Stockholm, Sweden: Focuses on sustainable urban development, green spaces, and eco-
friendly transportation options.

• Cities with Bad Urban Planning:

1. Athens, Greece: Faces challenges of traffic congestion, air pollution, and inadequate public
transport.
2. Naples, Italy: Struggles with traffic congestion, lack of green spaces, and informal
settlements.
3. Bucharest, Romania: Rapid urbanization has led to issues like traffic congestion, inadequate
infrastructure, and pollution.

ASIA: MIXED
Asia experiences rapid urbanization, leading to both well-planned modern cities and challenges
like overcrowding, traffic congestion, and inadequate infrastructure in some areas.
• Cities with Good Urban Planning:
1. Singapore: Known for efficient public transport, urban greenery, and sustainable initiatives
promoting environmental conservation.
2. Tokyo, Japan: Organized urban layout, efficient public transportation, and earthquake-
resistant buildings.
3. Seoul, South Korea: Emphasizes public transport, green spaces, and smart city technologies.

• Cities with Bad Urban Planning:

 1. Mumbai, India: Faces challenges of slums, traffic congestion, and inadequate public services
due to rapid population growth.
2. Jakarta, Indonesia: Deals with issues like traffic jams, flood-prone areas, and inadequate
waste management.
3. Manila, Philippines: Traffic congestion, informal settlements, and inadequate public transport
infrastructure are significant concerns.

AFRICA: MIXED
African cities experience diverse urban planning challenges, including informal settlements,
inadequate infrastructure, and population growth.
• Cities with Good Urban Planning:
1. Kigali, Rwanda: Emphasizes cleanliness, green spaces, and organized urban development.
2. Cape Town, South Africa: Works on inclusive urban planning, improving public transport, and
addressing social inequalities.

• Cities with Bad Urban Planning:

1. Lagos, Nigeria: Rapid population growth leads to slums, traffic congestion, and inadequate
infrastructure.
2. Nairobi, Kenya: Challenges include informal settlements, traffic congestion, and inadequate
waste management.

AUSTRALIA: MIXED
Australian cities generally prioritize urban livability, green spaces, and efficient public
transportation.
• Cities with Good Urban Planning:
1. Melbourne: Emphasizes public transport, cultural initiatives, and green spaces.
2. Sydney: Sustainable urban development, efficient public transport, and focus on waterfront
revitalization.
3. Adelaide: Adelaide is another Australian city with a strong reputation for urban planning. It is
known for its grid-like street layout, its abundance of parks and green spaces, and its focus
on sustainable development.
4. Perth: Perth is a rapidly growing city, but it has managed to maintain a high quality of life
through careful urban planning. The city has a strong focus on public transportation, and it
has invested heavily in infrastructure to support its growing population.

• Cities with Bad Urban Planning:

1. Brisbane: Faces issues related to flooding, traffic congestion, and inadequate public
transport in some areas.
2. Gold Coast: The Gold Coast is a popular tourist destination, but it is also a city with a poor
record of urban planning. The city's development has been largely unplanned, and this has
led to problems such as traffic congestion, environmental degradation, and social isolation.

STATUS OF URBAN PLANNING IN THE PHILIPPINES

The status of urban planning in the Philippines is a mixed bag. On the one hand, there is a
growing recognition of the importance of urban planning in addressing the challenges of rapid
urbanization. The National Urban Development and Housing Framework (NUDHF) provides a
comprehensive framework for urban planning in the country. The Local Government Code of 1991
also mandates local governments to prepare comprehensive land use plans (CLUPs).
MANILA CITY AND DANIEL BURNHAM’S PLAN
In 1904, American architect and urban planner Daniel Burnham was commissioned by the
Philippine Commission to create a plan for the development of Manila, the capital of the Philippines.
Burnham's plan was ambitious and comprehensive, and it envisioned a Manila that was both
modern and beautiful.
The Burnham Plan for Manila is something a lot of architects, urban planners, and map
enthusiasts look at with a heavy heart. It's often considered "paradise lost" as it championed streets,
parks, railroads, and public buildings. The plan would adapt Manila to modern needs much like
Georges-Eugène Haussmann's renovation of Paris. Unfortunately, it didn't fully come to fruition.

Burnham's plan for Manila was based on a number of key principles, including:
• Order and symmetry: Burnham believed that cities should be laid out in an orderly and
symmetrical manner. This would create a sense of grandeur and beauty, and it would also
make it easier for people to navigate the city.
• Beauty and grandeur: Burnham wanted Manila to be a beautiful city, and he incorporated
a number of features into his plan that were designed to enhance the city's appearance.
These features included wide boulevards, parks, and plazas, as well as monumental
buildings.
• Functionality: Burnham also wanted Manila to be a functional city, and he included a
number of features in his plan that were designed to improve the city's transportation system
and other infrastructure. These features included a new port, a new railroad station, and a
new system of roads.
• Public health: Burnham was also concerned about public health, and he included a number
of features in his plan that were designed to improve the city's sanitation and water supply.
These features included a new sewer system, a new water filtration plant, and a new
garbage disposal plant.
Burnham's plan for Manila was never fully implemented, but it did have a significant impact on
the development of the city. A number of the features that Burnham proposed were eventually
built, including the Jones Bridge, the Manila Central Post Office, and the Legislative Building.
If Manila City and Daniel Burnham’s plan was followed, the city would have been patterned
after Paris, Venice, and Naples. The plan would have adapted Manila to modern needs much like
Georges-Eugène Haussmann’s renovation of Paris. The Burnham Plan for Manila featured wide
radial avenues, plenty of greenery, and a government center.
Burnham's plan for Manila is a reminder of the importance of urban planning. By carefully
considering the needs of the city and its residents, urban planners can create cities that are both
livable and beautiful.