Statement 1: T instituted X as an heir, provided he pass the Bar exams in 2024.

If X does not pass the Bar

Explanation:

This statement is true because a suspensive condition is attached to X's institution as an heir. A
suspensive condition postpones the effectiveness of a disposition until the occurrence of a future and
uncertain event. In this case, the event is X passing the Bar exams in 2024. If X does not pass the Bar
exams in 2024, his institution as an heir will not take effect, and he will not inherit anything from T.

Statement 2: T's heir is his only son X. In his will, T instituted X as heir to the entire estate. But X's
institution as an heir is subjected to the condition that X shall finish a college course within five years
from the testator's death. If X is unable to finish a college course within the given period, X shall not
inherit anything from T.

Explanation:

This statement is true because a resolutory condition is attached to X's institution as an heir. A resolutory
condition terminates the effectiveness of a disposition upon the occurrence of a future and uncertain
event. In this case, the event is X failing to finish a college course within five years from the testator's
death. If X does not finish a college course within the given period, his institution as an heir will be
terminated, and he will not inherit anything from T.

Statement 3: When the surviving spouse is the only heir of the testator, his or her legitime is always ½ of
the estate.

Sure, here is a further explanation of Statement 3:

Statement 3: When the surviving spouse is the only heir of the testator, his or her legitime is always ½ of
the estate.

Explanation:

This statement is false because the surviving spouse's legitime can be ½, ⅓, or ¼ of the estate, depending
on the circumstances. The legitime is the compulsory share of the inheritance that is reserved for certain
heirs, known as compulsory heirs. The compulsory heirs are typically descendants of the deceased, such
as children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren. However, the surviving spouse is also a compulsory
heir, and their legitime is determined by the following rules:

 If there are no legitimate children or descendants, the surviving spouse's legitime is ½ of the
estate. This is the most straightforward case, as the surviving spouse is the only compulsory heir.

 If there is only one legitimate child, the surviving spouse's legitime is ½ of the estate. This is
because the legitimate child is also entitled to legitime, and the two compulsory heirs share the
estate equally.
  If there are two or more legitimate children, the surviving spouse's legitime is ⅓ of the estate.
This is because the legitimate children are entitled to legitime, and the surviving spouse shares
the remaining portion of the estate with them.

 If there are legitimate children and descendants, and the surviving spouse is also a parent of one
of the testator's legitimate children, the surviving spouse's legitime is ¼ of the estate. This is
because the legitimate children and descendants are entitled to legitime, and the surviving
spouse shares the remaining portion of the estate with them.

Therefore, the statement that the surviving spouse's legitime is always ½ of the estate is false. The
surviving spouse's legitime can be ½, ⅓, or ¼ of the estate, depending on the circumstances.

Reference:

Article 887 of the Civil Code of the Philippines

Article 887. The compulsory heirs are:

(1) The legitimate children and descendants (excluding the illegitimate ones, unless legitimated) in equal
parts, according to the right of representation;

The compulsory heirs are:

(1) The legitimate children and descendants (excluding the illegitimate ones, unless legitimated) in equal
parts, according to the right of representation;

(2) In case there are no legitimate children or descendants, the surviving spouse shall be entitled to one-
half of the inheritance, and the other half shall belong to the parents of the deceased in equal parts, or
to the whole surviving parent;

(3) In default of the foregoing, the ascendants nearest in degree shall inherit, without right of
representation.

Statement 4: The testator is survived only by the following ascendants – A, a grandfather on his father's
side and B and C, great-grandparents on the mother's side. The legitime of A will be one-half of the
estate and the other half will be the legitime of B and C, to be divided equally between them.

Explanation: Legitime is a compulsory share of the inheritance that is reserved for certain heirs, known
as compulsory heirs. These compulsory heirs are typically descendants of the deceased, such as children,
grandchildren, and great-grandchildren. Ascendants, such as parents, grandparents, and great-
grandparents, are not compulsory heirs and are not entitled to legitime.

Ascendants are only entitled to inherit in the absence of legitimate children, descendants, or a surviving
spouse. In this case, the testator is survived only by ascendants, so they are not entitled to legitime.

Statement 5: The testator can never deprive the compulsory heirs of their legitimes but such heirs are
not compelled to accept the inheritance.

Explanation:
This statement is true because legitime is a compulsory share of the inheritance that is reserved for
certain heirs, known as compulsory heirs. The testator cannot deprive the compulsory heirs of their
legitime, but the compulsory heirs are not obliged to accept the inheritance. They can renounce the
inheritance and receive nothing.

Statement 6: Devisees and legatees, who are not entitled to legitime and the creditors of the deceased
cannot ask for the reduction of inofficious donations.

Explanation: Devisees, legatees, and creditors can ask for the reduction of inofficious donations if they
impair their rights. Inofficious donations are donations that exceed the disposable portion of the estate,
which is the portion that the testator could freely dispose of by his last will. If inofficious donations
impair the legitime of the compulsory heirs or the claims of the creditors, they can be reduced to the
extent necessary to satisfy the legitime or the claims of the creditors.

Statement 7: T (the testator) died leaving an estate of P1,000,000 and debts amounting to P300,000. T
has two legitimate children (A and B). During T's lifetime he gave a donation of P500,000 to A. T was
survived by A and B. The legitime of each child is P600,000.

Explanation:

This statement is false because the legitime of each child is P400,000. The donation given to A should be
charged first to his legitime of P400,000. The donation exceeds the legitime by P100,000. This amount
should be taken or charged to the free portion of P600,000, leaving only a net free portion of P500,000.
The remaining P500,000 should be divided equally between A and B, giving each child P250,000

Statement 8: The legitime of A is P300,000. He was given P500,000 as donation inter vivos and this
should be charged first to his legitime of P300,000. The donation exceeds the legitime by P200,000. This
amount should be taken or charged to the free portion of P600,000, leaving only a net free portion of
P400,000.

Explanation: A donation inter vivos is a gift made during the lifetime of the donor. When a donation is
made to a compulsory heir, it is considered an advance payment of his legitime. This means that the
donation is deducted from the legitime that the compulsory heir would otherwise receive upon the
death of the donor. A's legitime is not P300,000. It is P500,000, and the donation he received is
considered an advance payment of his legitime. Therefore, he cannot claim any additional legitime from
the free portion.

Statement 9: A testator with an estate worth P2,000,000 instituted his only legitimate child as his heir,
but ordered him to give P1,000,000 to a friend of the testator. The child will be obliged to give the friend
of the testator the amount the testator has ordered.

Explanation:

This statement is false because the child is not obliged to give the friend of the testator the amount the
testator has ordered. The child can renounce the inheritance and receive nothing, or he can accept the
inheritance but refuse to give the friend the money. The testator cannot impose a condition on the
inheritance that would oblige the child to give the friend the money.

The conditions contrary to law shall be considered not imposed.

Explanation:

This statement is true because donations given to children are considered advance payments of their
legitime. This means that the donations are deducted from the legitime that the compulsory heirs would
otherwise receive upon the death of the donor. Donations made to strangers, on the other hand, are
charged to the free portion of the estate, which is the portion that the testator could freely dispose of by
his last will. If the donations exceed the disposable portion, they shall be reduced to the extent
necessary to satisfy the legitime or the claims of the creditors.

Statement 11: A compulsory heir was obliged by the testator to give a monthly allowance of P10,000 to
Maria who is a nurse who took care of the testator for five years before the testator died. The allowance
is to be given for a period of five years. But the value of the legacy is greater than what the testator could
freely dispose of. The legacy here is void because it will have the effect of impairing the legitime of the
compulsory heir.

Explanation:
A compulsory heir, also known as a forced heir, is an individual who is entitled to a share of the
inheritance, regardless of the testator's wishes. The legitime is the compulsory heir's share of the
inheritance, and the testator cannot deprive the compulsory heir of their legitime.

In this case, The testator has imposed a condition on the inheritance, requiring the compulsory heir to
give a monthly allowance to Maria. This condition effectively reduces the compulsory heir's legitime, as
they are not receiving the full amount of their inheritance.

"The testator cannot impose conditions which are impossible, illegal or contrary to good morals. The
conditions contrary to law shall be considered not imposed."

Therefore, the condition imposed by the testator in this case is void and cannot be enforced. The
compulsory heir is not obliged to give the monthly allowance to Maria, and they are entitled to the full
amount of their legitime

Statement 12: A piece of real property worth P1 million was devised to a friend of the testator. The value
exceeds what the testator could freely dispose of, impairing the legitime, therefore it is subject to
reduction. The property cannot be conveniently divided. The devisee cannot get the property unless the
compulsory heirs agree to give the property to the devisee.

Explanation:

This statement is true because an inofficious donation is a donation that exceeds the disposable portion
of the estate. Inofficious donations are subject to reduction to the extent necessary to satisfy the
legitime or the claims of the creditors. In this case, the devisee cannot get the property unless the
compulsory heirs agree to give the property to the devisee.