Oy Practice| © GRIVAS PUBLICATIONS 2014 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitied, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of GRIVAS PUBLICATIONS. Published and distributed by: GRIVAS PUBLICATIONS HEAD OFFICE 3 Inodotou St, 193 00 - [Link] 72 Attki, Greece Tol: +30-210,55.73.470 Fax: +30-210,55.73.076, 430-210 55 74.086 e-mail:info@ [Link] Inp:[Link] Printed Mare 2014CONTENTS \ | Introduction : ; | | Grammar in Brief - Grammar-based Key Word Transformation... . ait | | TEST1 25 TEST 2 at TEST 3 57 | | TEST 4 73 | | TESTS 89 | | TESTG.... 105 | | Further Practice in Key Word Transformation | focused on: grammar / structure, vocabulary and collocation or idiomatic expression ......122 | Further Practice in Word Formation 137 | | | | Glossary eee cee 2 147 Sample Answer Sheet .. ee 1 159 Listening Scripts 165rockuced with permission of Cambridge English Language Asessmont ©LCLES 2074 | setations Ge) ue Gis ou Introduction to the Cambridge English First (FCE) for Schools FORMAT TIMING | (0. OF PARTS NO. OF QUESTIONS 52 TASK TYPES, oad COUNT MARKS [Link] Qs “TASK TYPE Multiple-choicecloze FORMAT __ Amodifed cloze test containing eight gaps. Thete are -Foption multiple-choice items foreach gap. READING Tie paper contain seven pats. For Parts 1 t0 3 the test contains texts wih accompanying grammar and Vocabulary task, Part 4 consists of separate items with a grammar and vocabulary focus. For Parts $10 7 ~ the test contains a range of texts and accompanying racing comprehension tasks. _ ‘hour 15 minutes Z Multple-choice doze, open cloze, word formation, Key word transformation, multiple cchoice, gapped text, multiple matching. 2,200- 2,500 Parts 1.3 ~ each correct answer receives 1 mark; Part 4 — each correct answer receives up to 2 marks. For Parts 5-6, each correct answer receives 2 marks; for Part 7, ‘each correct answer receives 1 mark. Rieter iecs The main focus is on vocabulary, eg. idioms, collocations, fixed ‘phrases, complementation, phrasal verbs, semantic precision. 8 TASK TYPE Open doze FOCUS “The main focus Is on awareness and contol of grammar with some focus on vocabulary. FORMAT ‘A modified cloze test containing eight gaps. — [Link] 8 oo a - Task PE Word formation ee aa Focus “The main focus i on vecabular, in particular the use of affnaton, internal changes and compounding in word formation, ‘A text containing eight gaps. Each gap corresponds to a ward. The stem of the ‘missing word is given beside FORMAT the text and must be changed to form the rmssing word. - Nooras 8 oe = TASK TYPE Key word transformation ae — | Focus “The focus is on grammar, vocabulary and collocation, FORMAT ix separate items, each with a lead-in ‘sentence and 2 gapped second sentence to be completed in two to five words, one of which isa given ‘Key’ word. [Link] 6 _ - - TASK TYPE __Maliple choice _ - - 7 Focus ‘Detail opinion, attitude, tone, purpose, main idea, gist, rearing from context, implication, text organisation features (exemplfication, reference). FORMAT ‘A text followed by six 4-option multiple-choice questions. - [Link] Qs 6 2 TASKTYPE Gapped et _ a a Focus Cohesion, coherence, text structure, a FORMAT “Atext from which sentences have been removed and placed in jumbled order ater the text. Candidates must decide from which part of the text the sentences have been removed, NOLOFQ: 6 ee TASK TYPE __ Multiple matching - — _ 7 FOCLS Detail, opinion, specific information, implication. FORMAT tent or several short texts, preceded by multiple-matching questions. Candidates must match a prompt to elements in the text. - pNoorg@ 0 oe mmmFORMAT “The paper contains two parts, IMING 1 hour 20 minutes - NO. OF PARTS 2 NO. OF Candidates are required to complete two tasks: a compulsory task in Part 1 and one task from a choice of four in QUESTIONS Part 2. - - - TASK TYPES A range from the following: article; email / letter; essay; reviews story. MARKS Each question on this paper carts equal marks Beir eMC. TASK TYPE Writing an essay giving opinion and providing reasons for the opinion. AND FOCUS: FORMAT ‘Candidates are required to write an essay giving their opinion on the essay title using the ideas given and providing ‘an idea of their own, The essay title will be based around subjects that teenagers can reasonably be expected to have ‘an opinion on. iENGTH 140-190 words TASK TYPE Writing one from a number of possible text types based on: a contextualised writing task or a question related AND FOCUS to aset tex. AMAT Candidates have a choice of task In questions 2-4, the tasks provide candidaies with a clear context, topic, purpose ‘and target reader for their writing. Question 5 consists of a task based on a set text. The output text types are: article; ‘email / letter; essay; review; story. NGTH 140-190 words ‘ORMAT ‘The paper contains four parts. Fach part contains a recorded text or texts and corresponding comprehension tasks. Each partis heard twice. IMING Approximately 40 minutes NO. OF PARTS 4 [Link] Qs 30 IASK TYPES Multiple choice, sentence completion, multiple matching. EXT TYPES Monologues: answerphone messages, radio documentaries and features, news, public announcements, stories ‘and anecdotes, talks. Interacting speakers: conversations, interviews, discussions, radio plays. a ANSWER ‘Candidates are advised to write their answers in the spaces provided on the question paper while listening, There ‘ORMAT will be 5 minutes at the end of the test to copy the answers onto a separate answer sheet. Candidates indicate their answers by shading the correct lozenges or writing the required word or words in capital letters in a box on the answer sheet. a _ RECORDING The instructions for each task are given in the question paper, and are also heard on the recording, These instructions NFORMATION MARKS: include the announcement of pauses of specified lengths, during which candidates can familiarise themselves with the task and, for some items, predict some oi the things they are likely to hear. A variety of voices, styles of delivery and accents will be heard in each Listening paper to reflect the various contexts presented in the recordings, as appropriate tothe international contexts of the test takers. Fach correct answer receives 1 mark.\ 3 i i I 2 i : : : 3 i i & & Smee emit TASK TYPE Multiple choice FOCUS The focus is on genre, identifying speaker feeling, altitude, topic, opinion, purpose, agreement between speakers, gist and detail. FORMAT ‘series of short unrelated extracts, of approximately 30 seconds each, from monologues or exchanges between interacting speakers, There is one multiple-choice question per text, each with three options. [Link] 8 TASK TYPE Sentence completion Focus “The focus is on detail, identifying spect information and stated opinion. FORMAT —_ Amonologue lasting 3-4 minutes. Candidates are required to complete the sentences with information heard on. the recording - —_ [Link] Qs 10 TASK TYPE Multiple matching FOCUS “The focus ison identifying attitude, opinion, gist, purpose, feeling, main points and det FORMAT Five short related monologues of approximately 30 seconds each. There are five questions which require the selection of the correct option from list of eight. [Link] 5 TASK TYPE Multiple choice FOCUS ‘The focus ison identifying opinion, attitude, detail, gst, main idea and specific information. FORMAT ‘An interview or exchange between two speakers and lasting 3-4 minutes. There are seven 3-option multiple- _____thoice questions. [Link] 7 4 Fd = SEN een ie FORMAT The Speaking test contains four par. —_ TIMING 14 minutes NO. OF PARTS 4 INTERACTION Two candidates and two examiners. One examiner acts as both interlocutor and assessor and manages the interaction either by asking questions or providing cues for candidates. The other acts as assessor and does not join in the conversation. - 7 TASK TYPES Short exchanges with the interlocutor and with the other candidate: a T-minute incividual long turn’; a collaborative task involving the two candidates; a discussion, MARKS Candidates are assessed on their performance throughout. Re MLE CL TASK TYPE A conversation between the interlocutor and each candidate {spoken questions) AND FORMAT 7 Focus The focus is on general interactional and social language. TIMING 2 minutes a TASK TYPE An individual Tong turn’ by each candidate with a response irom the second candidate, n tur, the candidates AND FORMAT _ are given a pair of photographs to talk about. - - Focus a larger unit of discourse, comparing, describing and expressing opinions TIMING [A t-minute ‘long turn’ for each candidate, plus a 30-second response from the second candidate, The total tim: : 2 Part 2 is 4 minutes. TASK TYPE ‘two-way conversation between the candidates, The candidates are given spoken instructions with written stimu, AND FORMAT which are used in discussion and decision-making tasks. nace Focus The focus is on sustaining an interaction, exchanging ideas, expressing and justiying opinions, agreeing and / or disagreeing, suggesting, speculating, evaluating reaching a decision through negotiation, etc. TIMING [A 2eminute discussion followed by a t-minute decision-making task. The total time for Pat 3 is 4 minutes. TASK TYPE A discussion on topics related to the collaborative task (spoken questions). ‘AND FORMAT — Focus The focus is on expressing and justifying opinions, agreeing and / or disagreeing and speculating TIMING 4 minutes5 not mul, d/or Ce Aaa Mal RESENT TENSES ‘A Simple Present My parents work for a big company. NOT ALSO: Here comes Steve! There she goes! Then he opens the door and walks out of the room. ‘Robert Pattinson plays the role of an FE agent. PLANE CRASHES IN INDIA Present Continuous ‘Be quiet! The baby is sleeping right now. NOTE A1SO: Dad's working overtime every day this month Those boys are always / forever / constantly / continually causing problems. His condition is improving as the days go by. The boat is leaving / leaves tomorrow at 9 o'clock. = Why are you smelling the cheese? Is something wrong with it? (= checking its smell) = Are you seeing Janet tonight? (= meeting) = I'm thinking about joining a gym. (= considering) = You're being silly now. (= behaving in a silly way at a particular moment) € Simple Present Perfect Have you seen any James Bond films? NOTE ASO: Ive sent him three e-mails this week. This / Its the first / second / only time I’ve witnessed an accident. This / It is the best / most delicious pie I've ever eaten. Hour long has it been (ok: is it) since you have moved (ox: moved) here? {thas been (on: is) years since it has snowed (or: snowed) here. have gone to / have been to / have been in ‘Our neighbours have gone to Austria for Christmas, J have been to Portugal many times. Sally has been in Italy for two weeks. Present Perfect Continuous He fas been working here for six months / since June. NOTE AIS: = Why are your eyes red? Have you been crying? = Who has been using my shanipoo? The bottle is empty. = have known him for years. Too Lhntee beer knowing krrny They have had this car since 2002. [wor: They have-heer-having-thave this... him ...1 Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word given. s the) 1 The last time | went to Crete was in July 2010. EN I, sven rete since July 2010. | haven't had a reply to my email yet. sm tam... sill wating for a reply to my emai Robert began to write poetry five years ago. waitinG Robert has bee iting, noetny 4 five years. The group broke up three years ago since It, 29 years si the group broke up. It’s more than a month since | saw Peter. ror | havent seen Peler for more than a month. This is the worst film I've ever watched. NEVER Tone hQ¥e never watohed such 2 bad film. His involvement in politics started when he was at university, invoivep He has _____. been involved in polities since he was at university. Thaven’t spoken French for ages. SINCE It's ages... French. 9 10 " 12 13 14 15 16 The last time we went da ing was months ago. FOR We months. They have never swum in a pool before. me It’s the... [Link] they have sum in a pool Look, the teacher is coming, boyst fire Look, ....... fe comes. he teach , boys! Derek met Susan eight months ago. ras Derek , ivan ee Fe eight moni He has got a job at a café this summer. 1s He. __.fs. working. at a calé this summer. Why do you complain about the weather all the time? rortver Why about you forever complaining 1e weather? We bought this sofa six years ago. wave We have had this sofa for. six years. This is the best song I've ever heard. werrer | nt this. ng than, 7 —EEEEEE(Eira A Simple Past He went out every night when he was younger. on: He used fo go out / He would go out . Nore atso: = How long ago was it that they moved here? ‘= How long és it (oR: has it been) since you (last) spoke to Chris? = [tis (or: has been) months since we had (or: have had) a holiday. B Past Continuous I. = What were you doing at the time of the robbery? = Iwas having a shower when the lights went out. = He was listening to the news while he was driving 1 past Perfect Continuous to work. NOTE ALSO: = Mysister was always {forever / constantly / continually borrowing my clothes. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word given. Thad to tidy my room before going out. unmt I couldn't go out ,, _ my room. Thaven’t spoken to Adam since we graduated, ust The ! spoke to Adam was when we graduated, Mr Swift did not stop working until he was seventy. WHEN Mr Swift working, Debbie went to Mykonos every summer when she was younger. sto Debbie used 0.00, Mykonos every summer when she was younger. She started cooking as saon as they arrived. unm She yt slat cooking unt) they had arrived. She has been working here for two years stanieo She ng nore to y ago. When did you have a since How long... a haircut? cut? The thieves left before the police got here. sv The thieves , ad Jot Dy the police got here. C Simple Past Perfect 10. Pete painted the walls and Kelly cleaned the 11 No other student had ever talked back to her. 12 When | eventually stopped, I'd been a smoker for 13 When I lived on the farm, | woke up at five every 14 They argued all the time when they were little. 15 | had never watched a better game. They had served breakfast by eight o'clock | by the time we woke up. Note aiso: That / It was the first / second / only time | had swum in a pool. That /It was the dulfest / most boring play ! had ever seen. = He didn’t read the letter until everyone (had) left. After they (had) had dinner, they ordered dessert. ‘As soon as he (had) heard the news, he called his wife. We set off before he had given / gave us the map. He had been studying French for eight years before he got his certificate. NoTE Also: By 2005, he had been playing for the school team for five years. ‘She had backache because she had been planting flowers all morning. 9. Lauren had never ridden a motorcycle before. inst Ik was the a motorcycle. cupboards. waite Pete was painting the walls . the cupboards. ile Kelle was. onty He was the ,, talked back to her. twelve years. SMOKINGBy the time I stopped, | (002, anes twelve years. had been smoking. | day. woutn When I lived on the farm, at five every day. would wake up| Forever They ..... forever arguing when they were little. It was the watched. estA Simple Future Tomorrow, it will snow in the north, 1 didn’t know he vas in town. (1 give hion a call tonight. I’m sure he'll be OK. C Simple Future Perfect The childien will have left for school by nine o'clock | by the time you wake up. [Nor: ....ant#tnine o'clock. aut: They won't have returned until three. Nore: It's past midnight. They will have gone to bed Be going to re by now. 1/'m going to look for a job when | finish school a “My room is in a mess, but | am going to tidy it this 1 Future Perfect Continuous evening.” s By 2020 / By the time he retires, he will have been oft. = Look! Those cars are going to crash! working 107 Pork five yews vile) B) Future Continuous - {m Other ways of expressing the future. This time next week we'll be skiing in the Alps. The plane is to take off in five minutes. Til be watching watching TV while you are reading the | Hurry up! The shop is about to close. newspaper. 1'm on the point of giving up. eha| —NOTEAISO: His latest book is due to come out at Christmas. The President of the USA will be visiting Japan in May.| This film is sure / certain / bound to be a success. “Will you be needing the car tonight?’ ‘No, you can take it if you want.” |= The future in the past \ for Tell him to come and see me as soon as he gets here. |_| was going to buy her a present but I ran out of money. [Nor:... as soon as he -withget...] The musoum was to open in April but something [Do Nor use will after: whem, if, unless, before, after, went wrong. Lill / until, as long as, by the time, while, the minute | ‘He was about to open the safe when they caught him. moment thd, on condition (tad, provided / providing | She was onthe point of eving when she hei the (that), suppose / supposing (that), in case phone ring. pa slaeatd | The concert was due to take place on Sunday but it * Ihave no idea when they will come back. |) “yeseeapened [when: question word] a«_, Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word given. 1. There probably won't be any more problems with it. 8 | hope to have finished painting by the time the is UNUKELY It, furniture arrives. it. be any more problems 2 When I get there, I'll give you a ring. SOON Wil give you aring A880 ae 9 | onsen Bet there, 3 The principal iso make a speech before the gradu for Ceremony begins. 10 a The principal wile mang a a speech before the graduation ceremony mea begins. 44 4 The shops here don’t open until 10.00. ay coc The shops here... aren't going to open until 10.00, e 5 Our new sofa will be delivered by the 22nd HAVE They .., our ne’ ae 6 They started playing chess at five o'clock, nearly three hours ago. wave By eight o'clock, they il have been playing. 44 chess for three hours. 7 Wl stop studying at lunchtime. oe 1 will Bo studying unt ae lunchtime. 1 Thope ... by the time the furniture arrives. | will have finished painting The weather is not expected to improve soon. imexove We don’t think the weather wil imarore.., soon, He will have left before they wake up. mime —- He will have left... by the time they... _ wake up. iit ph fe tat jo conc 1, 2m going to app... for that job. | was about to leave when she turned up. pont — Twas when she turned up. I'm sure he'll be angry when he finds out. sounn He is bound to be angry when he finds out. Study hard and you'll pass the test paovinen You'll pass the test provided (that) rou study hard. The prime minister is going to visit Athens next week. oe ‘The prime minister .....[Link] an Athens next week.N00 |[Eeceentab Nouns] = The advice he gave me was invaluable. 0 so: furniture, equipment, information, luggage / baggage, jewellery, machinery| She had a piece of / several pieces of luggage with her. = asso wirt: advice, furniture, equipment, information, etc.] = Fruit is full of vitamins. [aiso: money, cash, shopping, housework, fruit, knowledge, evidence, damage, accommodation, rubbish, applause, laughter, rain, wood, research, etc sv: tropical fruits ~ a good knowledge of = There was thunder / lightning last night [a clap { peal of thunder ~ a bolt / flash of lightning) Nouns + singular / plural verb = Where are my new jeans? [aiso: trousers, shorts, leggings, tights, pyjamas, ‘swimming trunks, scissors, scales} A pair of jeans was... / Two pairs of jeans were ... [atso wins trousers, shorts, leggings, efc.] = The police have arrived. [aiso: stairs, goods, cattle, customs, savings, earnings, coulskirts, surroundings] = The news is very good. {aiso: maths / mathematics, physics, gymnastics, athletics, measles, mumps] Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word given. 1 They covered all the furniture with sheets. pects All the, covered with sheets. 2. He hardly knows anything about modern art rwowience His _..knowiedge of medernartis. not very good. 3. My suitcases were carried upstairs. tuccace My... dggage mas cared... upstairs. 4. [like maths more than any other subject. ravouutre Maths , my favourite... subject 5 ‘Mum, Ineed new jeans,’ Chris said. PAR “mum, I need 1’ Chris sai 6 It'seems that several students were involved in the incident. Mose I seems that more than one student wa involved in the incident. A darge this company. NUMBER Subject + singular / plural verb | = Each of the students was / were given a project. 10 11 i'm sure that none of them have thought of the 12 [nuso: either of, neither of, none of| sur: Not one of these paintings is for sal. Fither Chris or his brother / Neither Chris nor his brother has / have got the keys : Fither the windows or the front door | Neither the windows nor the front door were left open. (Nor: .. door aves left.) Someone has left their jacket here. [also warn: anyone, no one, everyone) The number of new members has gone down this yea A small / large number of customers have complaine about the service More than one prisoner has managed to escape. One and a half weeks have gone by since then. Eggs, as well as butter, are high in cholesterol. Butter, as well as eggs, is high in cholesterol. Three weeks is a long time to spend away from your, family. Is two kilometres too far for you to walk? Five hundred euros isa ridiculous price for a pair of shoes. Fish and chips is a taditional English dish. 8 Itis known that at least two burglaries take place i the area daily. vost —_Itis known that ,. 2 burglary “tales... place in the area daily 9 Not many people live in this village. The number of people living in this lane, small uvING Jason and his brothers are at basketball practice no we ‘Jason, as ls Protea at basketball practice now. consequences. one I'm sure that ,‘our 'A Some - Any - No = Would you like some tea? Can someone show me how to use the photocopier? Some idiot has left their car in the middle of the road. You must have some idea about what happened. Some people enjoy opera while others / some find it boring. (yor: Other people ..] Some ten million people live in London. (= About ten million ...) = He hardly speaks to anyone about his family. She did everything without any help from us. You can borrow any book > you like, ‘Ask anyone you want; they’ tell you I'm right. ) = [trust no one. No pets are allowed in the hotel. There’s no reason for you to worry. ‘sore: Nobody / No one knew where he was. hor Nobodotthem:: Ne one-ob-tnem knew ..) (© it doesn’t matter which / who) None of these books was / were written by Dickens. : Not one of these books was written by .. [Not: Ne-one-oF these books ...] B Expressing Quantity = We're going away for a couple of days. many, (a) few, several, a number of, a couple of + plural nouns) = You need only a small amount of sugar for these biscuits. much, (a little, a great deal of, a small / large, etc: amount of + uncountable nouns} = We've got a lot /Iots / plenty of oranges You't find a ot / ots / plenty of information on this ‘on the Internet. = Many tickets have remained unsold. = Much was said about their relationship. There’s too much noise in here. [very, loo, so, how, as + many / much in affirmative sentences} NOTE ALSO: haven't seen much of him recently Our views on the subject are much the same. | Not many of the seats were taken As many as three hundred people were invited to the wedding ‘As much as £100,000 was kept in the sale. There are so few houses for sale in this area it won't be easy to find something. {s0, t00, very, only a + few / little] ace ic Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word given. H tary, age » now re ances iment 5 At the end of the month | have very litle money left Haxoty At the end of the month ,,, hardly, have. am have harly any money left, This cupboard is completely empty. esr There's cupboard. Ws a pity not all of them came on the excursion. some of them didn't sowe Isa pity come on the excursion. V'm afraid there isn’t anything we can do about it. NomHinc I'm afraid ,,....,. tere fs nothing do about Fortunately, not much damage was caused by the fire. \ery Fortunately, was caused by the fire. very litte damage “There is little 1 can do,’ said the doctor. Much ‘There fentm said the doctor. 2. dO, 7 No one knows the answer to that question. awvone There , ‘en't anyone who knows the answer to that question. 8 He said not many rooms are vacant at present. ony He said are vacant at present. 9 I'm sure all the seats are taken. nor Kim sure is free. 10 He ate hardly anything because he wasn't feeling, well. aimost He because he wasn’t feeling well. _ate almost nothingADVERBS - TOO ~ ENOUGH = COMPARISON} A Adverbs He works hard. He could hardly speak. There's hardly anything left to do now. I hardly ever go to the cinema. She came home late. — Have you seen them lately? Don't come near. ~ | nearly lost my temper. How high can you jump? We alll think highly of you. This is a highly paid job Its highly unlikely that it will happen again. They dug deep to find water. Iwas deeply hurt by your comments. = She is silly. She behaves in a silly way / manner. aiso: cowardly, fatherly, motherly, lovely, friendly, ugly, lively! This smells wonderful. (Nor: .. smells- wonderfully: | {aiso: look, seem, sound, taste, feel) B Too - Enough ‘He woke up too late to catch the 8.15 train = The book was too long to finish in one day. ‘on: ft was too lang a book to finish in one day. = There’s too much salt in the omelette. {too much + noun! It’s much too cold to go for a walk. Imuch too + adj.) He isn’t brave enough to go there by himself. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word given. 1. My children are too irresponsible to look after a puppy. cant My children aren't sible enough £0 take si 2B nee OF A PUPPY 2. Our flatis as big as the Smiths’ same The Smiths’ fat ours, 3. There were more tourists here in 2013 than in 2014. as There were f here in 2014 as in 201: 4. John had not expected to find gardening so interesting. in Johnis more interested in gardening than... he had expected 5 I couldn't break the glass because it was too hard. TOO The BASS nn MMB [Link] Laer me to break. 6 Our team has been luckier than theirs in this tournament .uck Their team hasn’t ours in this tournar 7 They couldn't catch the pickpocket because he ran 30 fast. roo The pickpocket ran catch. _ #90 fas! for therm to, 10 He works out often enough to keep fit. There’s enough room to ut an armchair here. = The cake she made wasn't big enough. ‘on: She didn’t make a big enough cake. € Comparison = The exam was more / less difficult than | had expected. That was the most | least expensive bracelet of all in the shop. The post office is farther / further down the road. For further information, you can contact this number. (Nor: For-erther information ..] = My older / elder brother is an architect. aur: My brother is older than me. {Nov think its a bit warmer today. [much / a lot / far / even / alittle / abit slightly / any / no NOTE ALSO: He is by far the best player in the team. ‘My car is as fast as yours. NOT: ... so-fast-as...] Her salary is not as /so high as her husband's ‘Our house is half / twice / three times as big as thei in my opinion, cats aren’t such good pets as dogs. The balloon went higher and higher up in the air. She's getting more and more excited about her trip The longer | have to wait, the more anxious | becom Your watch is the same as Jane’. J want a jacket similar to this one. 8 The furthest | can walk is two kilometres. THAN Veen vel forte tn... two kilometres. 9. The price of the dress was less than | thought it would be. cnt The price of the dress a _.. thought it would be. The tea is so hot that | can’t drink it. much The tea is much too. me to dri big He is the smallest person in the world. smauuek He is smaller than any other porson in the wor She's easily the best singer in the group. ran She's by fr the best singer | the bes! singer by far in the group. 2 Your sister is really friendly, isn’t she? war Your sister behaves connie GOSH She? This is one of the tallest buildings in Athens. TAL There are not ...(¢8) many buildings .. as this one in Athens, B 4THE INFINITIVE Forms of the infinitive © ‘Active Passive (to) write (to) be written (to) be writing S (to) have written (to) have been written t (to) have been writing = of a Infinitive with ‘to’ roa Rian went to the bakery to buy some bread. fon: .. bakery so as to /in order to buy ..] 1 didn’t call him so as not to disturb / in order not to der, disturb him. (sor: .. him ret-io-distueb..) a He asked to be given a second chance. [was glad to hear you got engaged. [aso arrer: anxious, happy, sorry, surprised, etc.] It was difficult (for me) to accept the truth, It was kind of him to offer us a lift. ‘= She was the first / second / last (one) to leave the office. = He’s too ill / not well enough to leave hospital yet = I rushed to his house, only to find out he had already leit ‘= Their attempt to sail across the Atlantic was unsuccessful. Infinitive without ‘to’ = [saw them get on the bus. Iaiso arren: hear, watch, notice, observe, let, make] bur: They were seen to get on the bus. lin the passive] [aiso Arter: hear, make) I'd rather go to the cinema tonight. You'd better not tell anyone about it. = I'd do anything but / except iron his clothes. [atso arrer: do nothing / everything but / except] Why wait till tomorrow? Let’s ask him now. Why not ‘have a party on New Year's Eve? = ll help you (to) unpack. theirs Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word given. 2gs. air. 1 My mother didn't let me have dessert until I had trip finished my dinner. scomd woe My mother... made me tnich my dinner before | had dessert | suggest that you allow them to help you. ur Why... them / don't you let thy help you? 3. It looks as if she has injured her leg ) seems She her leg. seems fo have Injured, || won't pay for the damage,’ Chris said. seruseo Chris tofusod to pay for the damage. 5 | would prefer it if nobody else knew where | am. wanr I don’t..,..,.,.want anybody els where Iam. 6 Steve doesn't often wake up early on Sundays. UNUSUAL Ital Unusual fr Stove fo, wake up early on Sundays. Pul2f.7 Mary has difficulty studying in the library. usy—Itisn't in the library The climbers didn’t succeed in reaching the top of the mountain, Manace The climbers didn’t ..... manage t the top of the mountai tall 9 Alex always appears to have something to worry about. wornvinG Alex always appears ..te be worrying about. _ something. 10 All he does is complain about his teachers. NorHING He ds ing about his teachers. 11, | heard Don tell her the news. Tew DOM a eenenmelf@8 Near £0 fol, her the news. 12 He wrote the number down so that he wouldn't forget it. one He wrote the number down [Link] net i. LPR aa he 13. | don’t know why Greg changed his mind. Mae I don’t know... what mado Grog change, .. his mind 14 Sue finished the race last of all. ust Sue was... the fast the race, ele fih.. 15 It seemed that she was feeling very depressed 8E She seemed ,., to be feeling, very depressed. 16 It seems they have been waiting for some time, aercan They for some ti0 A The Gerund Forms of the gerund Active Passive writing being written Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word given. 1 having written having been written ‘Smoking causes a [ot of health problems. Do you like dancing? He left without taking his wallet with him, ‘= You must avoid eating too much red meat. [aiso arrent admit (10), consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, fancy, finish, imagine, keep (on), mind, miss, postpone, risk, suggest, etc.) It’s no use / good talking to him. He won't listen. [niso arrex: what’s the use of, there’s no point (in), what’s the point of, it's (not) worth, can’t stand, can’t / coulda’t help, feel like, have difficulty (in), etc.] {’m looking forward to seeing my favourite band live Laiso arien: be / get used to, be / get accustomed to, object, to, take fo, in addition tol {As well as doing the housework, she also cooks for us. The car needs / wants / requires servicing. (= needs to be serviced) = I dislike Mark / Mark’s / him | his asking questions all the time. = Excuse me / my saying so, but you don’t look well. Excuse me for saying $0, but. Forgive me / my shouting at you. cox: Forgive me for shouting at you. The police finally managed to find the stolen diamonds. 9 succeenen The police finally eded jn finding the stolen diamonds. “Af you wanted to borrow my earrings, you should 10 have asked me first,’ said Cathy to her sister. wniout — Cathy criticised her sister for having, bo q tasking, her first. 44 Would you mind if! sat here? 10 Would you object ting .. here? ia He walked home and didn’t take a taxi InsteD He walked home ataxi. Laura sings and plays the guitar too. weu Laura sings ., . the guitar. ia I wish I'd talked to them about my problems. HAVING — [regret aving fale to thom about my problems. a Could you look after my dog while I'm in France? cart Would you mind... !eking ¢ my dog while I'm ia I'm not in the mood to go out tonight. uke don’t fee! ke going out .a. tonight HE GERUND ~ INFINITIVE OR GERUND? | = We must prevent him / his finding out. ox: We must prevent him from finding out. B Infinitive or Gerund? 1 It started to rain / raining easly in the morn {also arrer: begin, continue, can’t bear] « like to read / reading before going to bed. [aso arree: Jove, hate, prefer} sur: | would like {love / hate / prefer to read ‘one of these books. ‘= [ prefer swimming to sunbathing. 1 I prefer (o swim rather than sunbathe. = | would prefer to swim rather than sunbath Note the difference: = [remember putting the keys in that drawer. Did you remember to send the email? 1'Il never forget visiting the Louvre 1 forgot to feed the goldiish yesterday. She stopped dancing professionally at the of fifty. We stopped to admire the view and then continued on our way. Try calling him again later. I tried to open the window but it was stuck 1 regret being so rude to him. I regret to inform you that you have failed your test. ‘Accepting this job will mean travelling 2 lot. Vm sorry. | didn’t mean to hurt your feeling She wrote the lyrics for the song and also sang it. ADDITION She sang the song ,,, jo. adelion fo wring. _uv the lyrics for it ‘The boat couldn’t set sail because of the strong win led revexten The strong winds ._ettiag.. sail. The children are eager to watch the acrobats. toxins The children are looking. the acrobats. | always go to bed early. USED Tn Musee £0 901g Ii’s a waste of time to try to make him change his id PONT to bed earl There's ecco. Paint Un) tying. to make him change his mind. It was difficult to convince them that 1 was innocei pwricuuy .,.adeifieuly (i cori that | was innocent. “'m sorry I broke your glasses,’ Tim sai For Tim apologised fo Da his glasses. Don't bother to wash the car because it’s going to rai worm It the car because it’s going to rain.outs [can - Could = May / Might | ding out. |S She could / was able to speak three languages when ‘she was fifteen. [ability in the past] «The rescue team was able to save the climbers. oe Sur N(— managed to save) [NOT: .. team could save ..] peat aq, | = ‘Can / Could | ask you a few questions?” ‘OF course 8 you can. (Nov: OF course you eoulet| = ft can rain a lot here in winter. er fo read * i I¢-could/ may / might rain tonight. [sor: Ieee) He's late. He could / may | might have missed the bus. the = You were very lucky; you could / might have been dunn filled. (sor: .. you tray have been = He can’t / couldn't be irom Italy. He doesn’t speak a A word of Italian. at descr) They can't / couldn't have moved to Liverpool I saw : them an hour ago. day, ly at the aga, Must f= That boy looks a lot like Peter. He must be Peter's yihen brother. (= I'm sure he is Peter’s brother.) All the lights in the house are out. They must have gone to bed, (= I'm sure they have gone to bed.) = Must I take the dog for a walk?” Was stuch es, you must] ‘No, you don't have to | icedln't! weraited (NOt: No, yourmustn.) ll = You mustn't tell him. (= itis forbidden) ling a lot yous don’t have to tell him. (= it isn’t necessary) 2ur Feeling wore: He drives a Ferrari. He can’t be ‘poor. [NoT: He musta be .. Shall 1] we ..? Shall | help you make breakfast? ‘Shall we sit on the veranda? trong winds 0®: How about / What about siting on the veranda? Where shall I put these books? > sang it [Should - Ought to y= You should try / ought to try harder at school. You should have been | ought to have been more honest with me. ® It’s ten o/clock so he should be at work. © (= he is probably at work) They left on the 8.15 train so they should have arrived by now. (= expect they have arrived) YMA. Why should I help her? She never helps me. i ® ‘Where is he from?’ ‘How should | know?’ as innocent™ It s essential that he should see this immediately bats. 4 10 bed ear! hhange his Gena ther 08: Lis essential that he sees this... ‘uso Aris: important, necessary, vital, funny, or strange, natural, normal, astonishing, etc.) ® They suggested that | should speak to Mr White. On: They suggested that | speak ... latso arvex: insist, propose, demand, recommend] going to rai 9, Will / Would = Yl help you with the washing-up. Will / Would you take the rubbish out, please? = Will you two stop talking? = He'll have dinner in front of the TV every day. = Grandpa would give us sweets every time he visited us. = I’ve tried to warn her but she just won't listen. ® We offered to help them several times but they wouldn't let us. = That day, she found out something that would change her life. Need | [ We need to buy some more frit ain She doesn’t need to worry about anything.’ Jen, Do I need to ask for permission? J (You needa’t bring any food with you. | modal | Need,he call before he comes? verb ‘Need | book early?" ‘Yes, you must.’ /No, you needn't’ ( tnor: Yes, you Rest] {We need to set off early, don’t we? ‘Mark needs to see a doctor, doesn’t he? He needn't come with us, need he? = [didn’t need to take an umbrella; it wasn’t raining when Feit. (= it wasn’t necessary; whether it happened or not, depends on the context) 1 needn't have taken an umbrella; it didn’t rain after all, (~ it wasn’t necessary, but | did) Dare { Llke people wo dare to say what they think.) She doesn’t dare (to) confront ther. | Do you dare (to) go against his will? I daren’t think of what may happen, modal Dare he say that in front of me? | verb } main verb = How dare you threaten me? Don't you dare speak to me like that again. = I dare say / daresay they'll be disappointed. (= I suppose, | think) Expressions similar to Modal Verbs be + infinitive with ‘to’ You are to report to the manager immediately. (= must) This lift is not to be used by visitors. be supposed + infinitive with ‘to’ You are supposed to book a table two weeks in advance. (= should) Children are not supposed fo swim in this pool be likely + infinitive with ‘to! The situation is likely fo get worse. 0% It is likely that the situation will get worse.Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word given. 1. ‘Why don't you ask for directions?’ said Anna to Tim. 14. She bought more wine than was necessary for the succése> Anna ested that Tim should. party. ask for directions. soucur She needn't have boval 7 B wil the part 2. You can take part in this competition even if you Spimuctr wine Sorte pty don’t buy the product. 15. It would have been better if you hadn't argued wit ‘NEED You the him. product to take part in this competition. stiou.—-You shouldnt nave argued 3. It’s unlikely that he will come out of hospital wail ins tomorrow. 16 She must be told the truth; it’s esse 10 He isn war Ws, out of hospital tomorrow. told the truth 4. You did not chop enough wood for the fire. 17. They didi visit him in hospital, although they OUGHT. You ought to have chopped should have. more wood for the fire. ‘oucnt They hi 4 ‘The teacher says we have to write the answers in pen. wren hosp ust The teacher says the answers , .mustbe_, 18. It’s possible that she didn’t recognise you. seve i pen. aay She oan fIAY Not have receanined, 6 expect they were completely broke by the end of you their holidays. 19 Perhaps she is sleeping now. must By the end of their holidays ,, they must coun She ‘have been (completely) broke. now. 7 Itwas a mistake for you to lend them your camera. 20. Tim had a habit of biting his nails all the time. shou You, WOULD TIM vest Qula bite is nalts them your camera. all the time. 8 It’s very unlikely that the train has already left. 21 He should have watered the flowers yesterday, bu wave The train (couldn't nave let he didn't yet. surrosto He.......Ma8 supposed to water the flowers yesterday, k fidn't. 9 Fortunately, the ambulance managed to get there in lowers yesterday, but he:dkin't time. 22 I would rather you had warned me about it. | was: Fortunately, the ambulance was apie [Link] HAVE You ,.... should ought to have warned me here in time. about it, 10 I left the note on his desk, so I'm sure he read it. _-23._-You're lucky you didn’t cut yourself, John. must —_Lleft the note on his desk, so _he.must might You're lucky; you have cu have read, it yourself, John, 11 You are not allowed to use mobile phones in here, 24 I'm sure he is speaking to them now. MUS YOU nnn UBL Se must He... ‘must be speaking mobile phones in here. to them now. 12. It’s not necessary to translate it for me. 25. Itisn’t necessary for them to return it, is it? i po n . Neo They. ; translate it for me. they? 1 13. Michael doesn’t have enough courage to stand up 26 Shall we invite the Browns for dinner tonight? for himselt. nsout What... 2bout inviting the Browns Dare Michael for dinner tonight? up for himselfCONDITIONALS — possible in the present or future we'll go skiing. + thal Type 15th TFitsnows, we" NOTE AISO [fit’s raining, we'll stay in. Irshe has left, leave her a note. {you feel sick, you must / should see a doctor. iil finish cary, (can / may / might join you. ts Ifyou should see Ted, tell him the news. (= Iryou happen to see ...) 2- sth unlikely imaginary Type ae ly /imagi Thad a computer, | would / could send emails to my friends NTE AO: If wasn’t weren’t working this weekend, | would / could / might go skiing. = If was / were you, I'd look for a better job. Type 3 - sth didn’t happen in the past | If they had received our leter, they would have replied. Nowe AISO: if she hadn't reacted so quickly, the child might / could have drowned. Iti hado’t been raining so heavily, the match wouldn't hhave been cancelled. should / were /had Should you change your mind, give me a call Were | rich, I'd travel around the world. Had you been more careful, you could have avoided the accident dwit ie present or Complete each sentence with two to five words, if you promise not to lose my new earrings, you can borrow them. tone You can borrow my new earrings as./.[Link] -2.,y9u promise... not to lose them. 2 You might get bored on the train, so you should take a book with you. ‘Take a book with you .[Link] you (should) get i _ bored on the train. 3 Karen advised him to take some vitamin pills WERE aie kere You, 1A... take some vitamin pills,’ said Karen, We arrived late because there was a lot of traffic. russe If there hadn’t been so much traffic, we would have turned up... on time. 5 Mark says he will only leave if Sarah agrees to go with him. oss y, but Mark has refused © | couldn’t have started this business without the +s £50,000 | borrowed from them. a couldi’t have siarted this business if thoy me £50,000. 7 Ws too hot for a walk today. doe We could go for a walk fit hot today [Other tense combinations | If knew he was in hospital, ! would have visited him: tf you hadn't forgotten to bring the map, we wouldn't be lost now. If they left at eight, they'l be here soon. | | = You can’t borrow these books unless you're a member | of the library. (= ... if you aren’t a member . = You can take the car provided / providing / on condition (that) you dive very careiully. = We'll go on a picnic as / so long as the weather is good. ‘= Suppose / Supposing you saw a fire in the forest, what | would you do? = I should pack some warm clothes in case it gets / it should get chilly at night = But for my family, | wouldi’t be a successful writer now. But for your support, | wouldn’t have overcome my problems. = In case of In the event of an earthquake, use the stairs. [Words / Expressions Mf + will / would If you will / would hold! on, Vil see if she’s here 1 you won't stop / will continue shouting, eave. 1 don’t know | 'm not sure /1 doubt /1 wonder if thoy will let us go early. (= ... whether they will Iet us...) «= Ifyou would like to speak to the manager, you must wait. (= If you want to speak ...) including the word given. 8 It’s a good thing you warned me, or | wouldn't have known what to do. you I wouldn’t have known what to do |fyou.. ‘had yeu me. 9 Only if she returns it by Friday will | let her have i CONDITION I'l let her have it ,_..99,condition (that) she. _dgturns... it by Friday. If you take me with you, I'll pay for the petrol. roving” Ul pay for the petrol .acovided (hall you take seve PE with YOU. Mum thought I might need some money so she gave me £10. ase 10 ‘Mum gave me £10 senna SOME MONLY. If Debbie doesn’t practise more, she'll never get into the team. ors Ingase | needed 12 Debbie will never get into the team... "more practice, I didn’t know it was her birthday so | didn’t buy her present, BOUGHT If had known it was her birthday, | would have bougnt her a present. ‘will cut the grass only if you give me some pocket money,’ said my son. nor Iwi 14AED. UNREAL PAST- WOULD RATHER - HAD BETTER A Unreal past (Present / Future) = If he were / was rich, he wouldn’t have to work. = Iwish | could help you. I wish we travelled to Spain every summer. sur: | wish we were travelling to Spain this summer. = Ifonly I knew where she is = would rather you went home now. 1 It’s high / about) time you two stopped arguing. on: It time for you two to stop arguing. nor: It’s high / about time for-you-ewo-te-stop aeguing.] 1 Suppose / Supposing he asked you out, what would you say? 1 He behaves as if | as though he were the boss, but he’s actually just an accountant. = wish + different subject + would (wish for a future change / request, implying dissatisfaction or lack of hope) I wish it would stop raining. She wishes the children woulda’t spend so much time watching IV, Nore: He wishes f0 see you. (= wants) ~ He wished me luck. (Past) If he had driven more carefully, he wouldn't have crashed the car. = J wish | had listened to you. = If only they hadn't brought their children with them fast night, ‘= She would rather the workers had finished last week. = Suppose / Supposing something had gone wrong. what would have happened? ‘= She looked as if/ as though she had seen a ghost. Not: The phrase “Ws (high / about) time” cannot be followed by the past perfect. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word given. 1 Vim now sorry I didn’t speak to her. wish [now to her, 2 Please don’t deliver the cake after six o’clocl RATHER Darel the Cake Before six o'clock. 3. I'm sorry that | wasn’t able to pick you up from the station yesterday. COULD I wish .,., you up from the 4. L20 wants to travel around Europe instead of finding a job. RATHER LEO... sould rather tan around Europe than find a job. I'm sorry, but I don’t want to go dancing tonight. rarien I'm sorry, but ......,. ould rather not ge dancing tonight 6 You should learn to use a computer now. GH WS lah tm nfo... use a computer. Martin regrets not trying harder at school wistiss Martin... harder at school C Had better B Would rather (Present / Future) I'd rather play chess (than watch TV) Ino: I'd rather 4e play .. abe He'd rather not drive there. ee I'd rather you picked me up at seven. Ivor: I'd rather you to-piek ...] 1rd rather she didn’t borrow my things all the time. (Past) Vd rather have gone to the cinerna last night. They would rather not have spent so much money on furniture. He would rather | had told him about it Vd rather my brother hadn’t lost the tickets. ‘= (Would sooner can be used instead of would rather.) = Ud rather call him than send him emails. ‘Ons I'd prefer to call him rather than send him em: suso: I prefer calling him fo sending him emails. (Present / Future) You'd better go there now / tomorow. Ivor: You'd better4e go.) ox: It would be better (for you) to go ... She'd better not do that again. Had we better take a taxi? = Itwould have been better if you had woken) up earlier. ‘ow: It would have been better (for you) to have! woken up earlier. J 8 It’s almost midnight, so you ought to go to bed. erteR It’s aliost midnight, so you _. to bed. 9 wish 1, Jol 10 ony If, werTeR It, he had told us beforehand. 12. My sister regretted getting married so young. Ratner My sister ........d¢0uld got married 50 young. We are not going to the seaside with them, although we'd love to. 13 wish We re golng. wo the Sead Wath them 14 Ron, could you please stop complaining? Ron, stop complaining. wistomail Bite assive Tenses “These cars are made in Japan Was the bill paid yesterday? The book will be published next month. The bridge has been repaired. Had the report been checked? The locks won't have been changed by then. The curtains are being ironed now. [Modals - Be going to “The windows should be cleaned. imperative | ooms must be booked well in advance. These plants mustn’t be watered too often [Infinitive / Gerund /d lke these trousers to be shortened. The suitcases should have been packed yesterday. I dislike being told what to do. [Questions What was discussed at the meeting? Who were you informed by? on: By whom were you informed? What was the fire caused by? con: By what was the fire caused? 1. People say that old Mr Banks has found the treasure. fs said to have found, Old Mr Banks ., the treasure. 2 Thick fog meant that planes could not take of prevented Planes. oif by thick’ fog The floor was being mopped at the time. Two objects The students were given a lot of homework. ow: A lot of homework was given to the students. __ [uso win: bring, buy, (ell, send, show, offer, lend, promise, teach, etc:] Personal / Impersonal Construction Black cats are considered (o bring bad luck. ow It is considered that black cats bring bac luck. He is said to be very rich. oe: Itis said he is very rich. He is thought to have lied in court. cow Its thought that he lied in court. [also wit: believe, report, say, expect, find, know, etc.) Let - See - Hear - Make They let hin go. + He was allowed to go. We saw / heard them argue. —» They were seen / heard to argue. They made him confess. > He was made to confess By / With The money was found by the police. He was hit by a lorry. He was stabbed with a kiteen knife. ‘Verbs followed by prepositions | Grandad is going to be operated on tomorrow. don’t like being stared at The passive with ‘get’ We get paid at the end of the month. The window got broken in the storm. You’d better lock the car or it might get stolen. ® Your hair needs / wants cutting. (= needs to be cut) «There are some letters to post / to be posted. \pa4 Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word given. 8 My parents didn’t let me play video games when | ‘was younger. auowe 1 video games when | was younger. 9 Young people aren’t watching as much TV these day: warcteo Not so much TV’, 3 The detective is looking into the case of the stolen painting, 10 !nvesticateD The case of the stolen painting . being investigated by _. the detective. young people these days, Is painting the house this weekend really necessary? nave Does the house _. this wee I took these photos while I was visiting Prague. plant’ 4 Everyone thinks that Palmer will win the race. W ‘mrecTeo Palmer is ..... expected to be the winner, WERE These photos ......[Link], during my. of the race. visit to Prague. 5. The fees include the cast of books. 12. They are going to suggest a new plan at the meeting. s The cost of books ,. eur ‘Anew plan ‘going . the fees © Itwas raining heavily, so they postponed the trip to 13 forward at the meeting. Who has written this article? the zo0. een By his art . Written? OWN The trip to as 28 14. Children under 14 are not allowed to use the lift. 7 athe hes : Must The Hift coca MUS 7 They aren't closing down that factory until next month, by children under 14, eine That factory’... n't being closed down 3 ‘i : etna ele 15. I don’t like people giving me orders. until next month: nine, gait fike being given........ orders. 19A The ‘causative’ use of have / get Tenses She has / gets her nails polished once a week. (She doesn’t have / get .... Does she have / get ..2) They had / got their roof repaired. (They didn’t have / get .., Did they have / get He will have / get his tooth filled tomorrow. J haven't had / got my passport renewed yet. He had already had / got the locks changed. We will have had / got the furniture delivered by then. She is having / getting her portrait painted. They were having / getting new carpets fitted. { will be having / getting my eyes checked. rative Have / Get the parcel sent immediately. Don't have / get your hair cut too short. Modals - Be going to You should have / get your blood pressure taken more often, I may have / get a new suit made. She is going to have / get the garden watered tomorrow. 1 I had got my purse stolen yesterday. } ¢ 2) (sth unpleasant which we did not plan) = [had the children put away their toys. on: I got the children to put away their toys. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word given. 1. Someone broke into their flat the other day nan They onnnl96 thor at broken into the other day. 2. Did the hairdresser dye her hair blonde? pvp Did she... i blonde? 3. ‘Not only is she pretty, but also clever,’ he said. sort ‘she he said 4 The plumber is fixing our tap at the moment. xED We tap fixed at the moment. 5 Ihaven’t been for an eye test for over six years. HAD Thave for over six years. 6 We were sent home as soon as we arrived soonre = We... we were sent home. 7 They are going to hire someone to paint their house this summer. HAVE They are going fo have thelr nouse _. this summer. inted THE ‘CAUSATIVE’ USE OF HAVE / GET - CONJUNCTIONS | B Conjunctions ask / persuade / make sb do sth) 10 " 12 13 4 Both French and English are spoken in Canada 1 ike both football and basketball. We'll go to either Malta or Cyprus this summer. Either Paul or David can drive you home. Neither my mum nor my dad knows / know how t ‘use a computer. aut: Neither my iriends nor my relatives were ther Neither eg2s nor cheese are allowed in this di Whether we go out or stay at home makes no difference to me. J have no idea whether he saw the note or not. on: ! have no idea whether or not he sav the note. He is not only a teammate but also a good friend. ‘on: He is not only a teammate but a good friend t as well. They not only drove me to the station but also help me carry my luggage. ‘on: Not only did they drive me to the station . She‘had no sooner said that than she regretted it ‘on: No sooner had she said that than ... The workers won't replace the roof until next month. RemLaceo — We will 29! until next month. Can you tell us if you're interested or not? or Can you tell us he! . interested? How often is your car serviced? nave How often £2, serviced? have your Mrs Carter's students were made to do a test Mrs Carter... ad her students do atest. HAD He persuaded his son to cut the grass. cot ‘got his son to cut The children were both dirty and hungry when th got home. ont The children were , et only diy but ais, saw Hungry when they got hom The story wasn’t funny or interesting. nerner The story was neith interesting. furREPORTED SPEECH — RELATIVE CLAUSES | ‘A Reported Speech ‘a ‘like tennis,’ he said. ~* He said (that) he liked tennis. ‘4m going home,’ she said to me. ~* She told me (tha) she was going home. II) see you tonight,’ he said. ‘see us that night. “They arrived yesterday,’ she said. —» She said (hat) they had arrived the previous day / the day before. = ‘He can help us,’ | said. — | said (that) he could help us. may —* might, must > must | had fo, shall —» should, need ~' had fo, needn't -* needn't / didn’t have to] = Why are you arying?’ he said to me. -» He asked me / wanted fo know why I was crying. “Did you tell everyone?” he said. ~* He asked if | whether Jhad told everyone. = Stay here,” he said to us. us to slay there. “Don’t ust her,’ he said to me. not to trust her. = ‘wish | had a car,” he said. acar. | Verbs used instead of say / tell ‘No, I didn’t read your diary,’ he said to her reading / having read her diary. ‘7m sonzy | broke your glasses,’ she said to me. -* She apologised for breaking my glasses. ‘Lev’s have a party,” he said. —* He suggested having / suggested (that) we have / had a party. + He said (that) he would + He told / asked | ordered * He told / warned me + He said he wished he had » He denied ‘Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word given, 1 “Il call you back, Sam,’ she said. row She... ee call him back. 2 ‘Do not touch the red button,’ Laura said to the child. Nor Laura, li touch t ut All the students handed in their assignments on time, apart from Susan. hand in her assignment on time. 4 This is the flat where | lived two years ago. wick This is the flat . In whieh LIved / whieh | ved in two years ago. 5 ‘Two men she had never seen before were waiting to see her. NETHER Two men, ......Relther of whom she had seen before, were waiting to see her. nthe ‘Your flight has been delayed,’ the man talso INfomen The man ,....,... home been delayed 7 ‘No, | won't lend you my new jeans,’ my sister said tome. ReruseD My sister... fused te lene me her new jeans. a == B Relative Clauses = The man who / that won the lottery gave half of the money to charity. The people (whom | who / that) we met on the train were from Sweden. ‘An ostrich is a bird which / that can’t ily. I haven't read the book (which | that) you lent me yet. He was an actor whose ialent was remarkable. = The woman to whom I spoke promised to help me. ‘on: The woman (who / that) | spoke to promised to | help me. That's the church where we got married. | (on: That's the church in which we got married. That’s the church (which / that) we got married in. My brother who / that lives in Paris is a dentist. (= (have more than one brother and the one who lives in Paris is a dentist - no commas) My brother, who lives in Paris, is a dentist. (= I have only one brother. He lives in Paris and he is a dentist ~ commas) He was born in a town the name of which 1 don’t remember. ok: He was born in a town whose name | don't remember. ® He's got a lot of stamps, many of which are very rare. They interviewed several candidates, none of whom was suitable for the position. {ve got four cousins, all of whom are younger than me. 8 The country with the red flag is China, wuost The country ... is China, 9 He said, ‘I wish | lived somewhere else.’ wised He said... (t somewhere else. 10 ‘What do you do for a living?" I said to him. asked hm nhat ne. di asked | fora living, 11 ‘Let's wait for him here,’ she said. SUGGESTED She ,_ suggested wating | we wali(od) for him there. 12 Jenny didn’t paint those pictures on the wall. wHo It 1 Jenny who painte those pictures on the wall. 13. The exam, whose results will be posted shortly, was very difficult. or The exam, hie resulls of whieh, will be posied shortly, was very dificult 14 ‘Twant to read the paper ~ have you finished with it?” he asked his wife. FINISHED. He asked his wife J __ with the paper. he hed fotehed