AMS- LATEX Q u i c k R e f e rence

Packages Mathematical font Braces

The main package to load is amsmath. More symbols ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ \overbrace{ . . . }^{ text over brace }
are included in amssymb. \mathcal{ letter } \underbrace{ . . . }_{ text under brace }

Typeset Superscript & Subscript Accents

For text style (inline) math, use: $ . . . $ xy x^y xa+b x^{a+b} â \hat{a} ā \bar{a} å \mathring{a}
For display style math, which breaks the paragraph: xy x_y xa+b x_{a+b} ǎ \check{a} ȧ \dot{a} ~
a \vec{a}
\begin{equation} . . . \end{equation} (numbered) or ã \tilde{a} ä \ddot{a} [
AAA \widehat{AAA}
\[ . . . \] (non-numbered).
Root
Operators
Greek letters √
Square root x \sqrt{x}
√
N \sin \cos \arcsin \arccos \sinh
N-th root x \sqrt[N]{x}
α \alpha β \beta γ \gamma \cosh \tan \arctan \log \ln
δ \delta  \epsilon ε \varepsilon \max \min \sup \inf \tanh
ζ \zeta η \eta θ \theta Dots \cot \sec \csc \det
ϑ \vartheta ι \iota κ \kappa
λ \lambda µ \mu ν \nu Multiplication dot · \cdot To define a custom operator:
ξ \xi π \pi $ \varpi Three centered dots ··· \cdots \DeclareMathOperator{\argmax}{argmax}
ρ \rho ρ \varrho σ \sigma Three baseline dots ... \ldots
τ \tau υ \upsilon φ \phi .. Modulo
Three diagonal dots . \ddots
ϕ \varphi χ \chi ψ \psi ..
ω \omega Three vertical dots . \vdots a mod b a \bmod b
Γ \Gamma ∆ \Delta Θ \Theta a ≡ b (mod m) a \equiv b \pmod{m}
Λ \Lambda Ξ \Xi Π \Pi Spaces
Σ \Sigma Υ \Upsilon Φ \Phi Fractions
Ψ \Psi Ω \Omega Negative space \!
To ensure a consistent style throughout the document: Thinnest space \, \frac{ . . . }{ . . . }
Thin space \:
\renewcommand{\epsilon}{\varepsilon}
Medium space \; Symbol stacking
\renewcommand{\theta}{\vartheta}
1em space \quad
\renewcommand{\rho}{\varrho}
2em space \qquad \overset{ . . . }{ . . . } \underset{ . . . }{ . . . }
\renewcommand{\phi}{\varphi}
First argument is the main symbol, second argument
is the symbol to put over or under the main symbol.
Big operators Arrows Logic symbols
Zb X
n ↑ \uparrow ↓ \downarrow l \updownarrow ∨ \lor ∧ \land ¬ \neg
\int_{a}^{b} \sum_{k=0}^{n} ⇑ \Uparrow ⇓ \Downarrow m \Updownarrow ∃ \exists @ \nexists ∀ \forall
a k=0 ← \leftarrow or \gets → \rightarrow or \to =⇒ \implies ⇐⇒ \iff |= \models
Y
n
↔ \leftrightarrow ⇐ \Leftarrow
\prod_{k=0}^{n} lim \lim_{x \to 0}
x→0 ⇒ \Rightarrow ⇔ \Leftrightarrow Other symbols
k=0
RR RRR 7→ \mapsto
For multiple integrals:H \iint \iiint etc. ←− \longleftarrow Infinity ∞ \infty
Closed path integral: \oint −→ \longrightarrow Partial derivative ∂ \partial
←→ \longleftrightarrow Empty set ∅ \emptyset
Delimiter size ⇐= \Longleftarrow Nabla ∇ \nabla
=⇒ \Longrightarrow Angle brackets hxi \langle x \rangle
Change the delimiter size by adding one of these ⇐⇒ \Longleftrightarrow
modifiers immediately before the delimiter itself: 7−→ \longmapsto
\big \Big \bigg \Bigg
Multi line equations
Let LATEX determine the correct size using \left and Binary relations Use the multline environment:
\right immediately before the opening and closing \begin{multline} . . . \end{multline}
delimiters, respectively. 6= \ne 6 \le > \ge
To align equations, use the align environment.
≡ \equiv  \ll  \gg
. Specify the alignment position with & and separate
= \doteq ∼ \sim ' \simeq
Absolute value & Norm ⊂ \subset ⊃ \supset ≈ \approx
equations with \\:
⊆ \subseteq ⊇ \supseteq ∼
= \cong \begin{align}
|x| \lvert x \rvert . . . &= . . . \\
∈ \in 3 \ni ∝ \propto
kxk \lVert x \rVert . . . &= . . .
| \mid k \parallel ⊥ \perp
The same can be achieved by defining: \end{align}
It’s possible to negate these symbols by prefixing
\usepackage{mathtools} them with \not (for example: 6≡ \not\equiv)
\DeclarePairedDelimiter{\abs}{\lvert}{\rvert} Vectors
\DeclarePairedDelimiter{\norm}{\lVert}{\rVert}
Binary operators ~x \vec{x}
Use starred variants \abs* and \norm* to produce the x \bm{x} (needs bm package)
correct delimiter height for any kind of equation. ± \pm ∓ \mp · \cdot
Best practice to easily switch between types:
÷ \div × \times \ \setminus
\usepackage{bm}
|x| \abs{x} a
b \abs*{\frac{a}{b}} ? \star ∪ \cup ∩ \cap
a \renewcommand{\vec}{\bm}
kxk \norm{x} b \norm*{\frac{a}{b}} ∗ \ast ◦ \circ • \bullet
⊕ \oplus \ominus \odot
\oslash ⊗ \otimes r \smallsetminus
Arrays Matrices
Use the array environment. Use \\ to separate rows, Use one of the following environments:
and & to separate elements of each row. To produce
matrix No delimiter
large delimiters around the array, use \left and
pmatrix ( delimiter
\right followed by the desired delimiter.
bmatrix [ delimiter
\left( Bmatrix { delimiter
\begin{array}{lcr} vmatrix | delimiter

a b c

a & b & c \\ Vmatrix k delimiter
 d e f  d & e & f \\
Use \\ to separate different rows, and & to separate
g h i g & h & i
elements of each row.
\end{array}
\right) \begin{bmatrix}
 
1 2 3 1 & 2 & 3 \\
Each letter in the argument of the array represents a 4 5 6 4 & 5 & 6
column: \end{bmatrix}
l left aligned text
To produce a small matrix, useful
 bfor
 inline math, use
c centered text
the smallmatrix environment: ac d .
r right aligned text

Blackboard bold
Cases
Include the package bbm for these symbols.
Use the cases environment. Use \\ to separate
different cases, and & for correct alignment. Blackboard 1 1 \mathbb{1}
Blackboard R R \mathbb{R}
 \begin{cases}
x if x > 0 x & \text{if } x > 0 \\ All letters are supported.
0 if x 6 0 0 & \text{if } x \le 0
\end{cases}