(lliernating Current ewsies Class X11 By- Hemant Sharma (PGT physics)[ 7. | Altemating current Most of the electric. power. wel in the world sa in’ the yp cwoant (@.C.)+ This is becouse- >, Abiomecting voltege can ently ome! opicentty of tone] sererat ale ie mane Gi) The alternating current con be transmitter) evi diutibnbel over” long aittbrnces eeondmnicallg without much dass” op ena Alternating Cuourt Cac.) emarctecl anol ob otemeding The megnituce © alfeanading cusnenk (a-¢.) Chonges Cardinudisly with dime omd Gis clirection DSased pertodihly Tt 44 veprerented by - | T= Ie Cosest Here T js instantengous voli of Cunard enol To wd the peak Value oY maxifum volur of a.c. bo is collect Tongulon frequency of Oc T= Iesinwt | or bshere we 2 = anf A =F Yrqungy) Lohene ja He Ai 4 ie. T+ ee ar | ene Complete Gye. of Ovarincdims. Ono revolution trough by ae in Secont wants tha Uterratting e-mf. may be represented iter CC) Thus Cursant and voltage in o.c Cieuit ont Condvolled by three Circuit ellments R, L ome} C- ¥# TR voltage across & pure incluctoy Lis gren by- Viana at Utne AT/At a rocke of Change Of Current. The above esuation shows that an inductor affects the voltage only shun Cuddent To chomged astth dome * For am ideal Capacitor of Copatitann © > cv Qe: As r= 98 > r= dev) ov Ze cd oe bole bea sa rede of change of potentials The equation shows tat a Capocitor abjects” He Current only When Vv Chomges with imemoor Averoge value of Alternati Fe eenting Gree | on altencding cment be represented by- the Shength of Cununt Ja assumed so remain. stomt ter a small time ot, thin small amount change tent in a small Aime ot da - AY = Lat ~% be the tote change sent by ac in the frst 5 cyte C O-+ Ha) 4 : b lid a {rae ou a SP tesincst ott e Cost 772 +e ESET + Le [Cook - Coaot] (et+2" J =e (toss - coed} = ad. over + Ist halk ude then - from equation D ond @ we get- te 4cL S 2 Hence. Mem oF average value of 4 holt cycle 3a 0-637 times the pear va or We Yeon sy S37 % oh Tha pear wn Note - dc. ammeter ond = Cannot memure altersesti ney Comrant / voltog ees Zero reacting, When used in bec @rarage value of alternating cur ee ee eee cane ats ee Kiet tn a Given resistance ma given ti done b: AC 5 When parsed “through sesislanth for the “same time a Pe X= TeSinwtThe Yrm-s volue is olso cabkel ective. value ov virtual value of, ac. ta ep by vy I: + om oddernating Currant Gs ‘representes! by - [ame] = —O hig Currant -floco through o veaistanca R- math dime olt, tha Amowmt of heat producecl stone R JS - du = TRat —@ de (ti Oo-r totes ep aes du By Pee CveniaRie e's H= STret : 3 H= [(sivrotrat mee wef Cum cos not) ap = Ms fla fom] - Sinaia a 2 Hos BROT sin aut 2s (stotean) 2, So OH = i287 =— (2) mS. vodue oy Virtues volue oh ac. is ntect by Im» then, the ameurtt of heat aim Hd same veisione Rin tHe some T Boule be - He InaRT -—@® Sb Given thet.- So fem 29° (D ord @) - TRRT = eet z Hence the rms. value or virtue voluc or & value of OC: 3a 0-707 dimes the Peak value o Or we Can Soup 7047 % Of the peak value of! Note ~ Alternating eee vo 2 ore me by Qc. smmeder 7 eel ney hot dive ing, S A Mght bulb Js rated. isvw for a20v 4 = BE of Cove. Calculate (a) the vesistance of H G) the mms cwrent through He bulb. Prisow , Ve 220Vv (ad Resistence of He bulb R = ¥ = 220X220 7 R =o = 822-7 ®) £, = Vrms) = 220 co oon RK. 322-7 oaA soma of adtenating emf. Let Sect to O Pure rasidstance R e@ the alternating emg. supplied is repraented [ase] -0 oF a The. potential ditpersnca levelopect eras ie. must be qual to emg. applied af that tr . IR = E€ = Ee Sinwt Ie = Eo/e (Maximum vedue of Current) behaviour of R in ae. ond a.C. Circuits is - R Can vecluce AC. as well or atc 4 ebpectvely mm pans wodion omd @) we can sea ah oe U cielo contig R 1 the ond Current ane In the Ysame : Diagram - A wotading vector thot represents a gumbhty ' i cok values G2 Ip phrten, Salncng em je by ars ‘Coulted phasors: Git) The prajection of the ames om : represents the Inst mA valu of Gv) The phosor ifjerance between the + Aes usr. tented by the angle b fe vectors EP and te. 9 2A.C. Civcut Contoanin: Let a Sewne of emg. ab Comnectect do @ circuit Coviminmg a pure imeluctana: L only Sxppose the attertnoding evm.j. supplied uo gen by: E = &Smat [6 4 E = &.Sinut Ie AT/de ws the wat o; re OL Current th 7h, ttle St he sete gh hee, of cunen sg mductoey at tre Same inttemt is- _ 2 ide Tre nagotive Sign imdicates thet induc emf. oppose chemge. of currenb. . Te maintain | the flow of cunnent in ths it, i t oF om re Soo Sheet Wong ™ ba oe e-(-La e ‘- E =(CLAL) = a sincot or dr = Ee sinwt dt By bee pressing beth sickks we get - Jat = Es (snot ou te Eo (=segent = TEs Cost rms o tol = ~ Eo 8 = Ts ~£e sin(Z-wt) ee = £9 S$} Ss I= £0 Sin(wt-2) The Current (Z) nll be Maximum (Te) , ohen Sin (WtE-Mh) = maximum = £ Containing L Curent Logs ao ax. fame Ooprenactlt throngh 30° pen the di The jection give inathvthnenus voll I % E oma E8] > E=Epsin ot I Here WL 4 Eo: rg Et, da hemes devise these phasors on y aris Ts resents the effective venigiance ofpered buy Mmouctance L. 4k Called fh eee ten gS nee ey by xe ore d frequency of Oe: Sup)F Im ole civeuits fro se x50 So thot co Purt imeluctance offerd taro resistence Ao he Te muans a pure tncluetor cannot reduce. le. SL Umit op inductive renetomea 4g ohm.) AL = WL = henry 2 _Velt = ohm.) Bec. * Sec. x OMB /ee. ® A samy inductor us connectesl to 2200, SBH2 aL. Sehr Determme tHe wms. voduc of Curent in the Circuit. Se Given that L= 4am = 4axic3y Ems = 22ev 5 f= sone Sa Xe a Oe = STL X_ = 2xasuxsoxuuxigs = 1383 ohmOn) Tens =Erms 2220 = IS.98 xe 13.83 Let a source of attanating emt iy connecter) 40 a capacitor only of Capacitance. ¢ Suppose the attesnating emf. supplies + E 2 Eo Sinwt The Current flowing in the cireult tronaperc chorge tp the plates of the Capacitor. This produy See tial elybance eLeieen Tplases? PP 4 c | E=6 smot At omy instont 4, pose TL te the Chong On the capatitor. So the ‘poherdtiol Ahern ool the plates of Copacitey ws ve Ye At every inatomd, He poste cliffermen Vo must be 40 the’ emf. applica Sole vee hs esi a E NOt oy q = CEs Sint. Cuent i cheat “ar rate es vue ob Mite re dt = g (Ceesineat) T= CEeCostot). to rt = _&e Cl fescuanes cna)The Currant sill be maximum Ie Ie ,when Sin( WE 4B) © menimum © 1 so r= Ee Test ond Le Sn(ut+m) i tat im an + Civewt Conteiny ws Conerd “FP ana et HORNY Sg by oe ample. Of So" The prosor Te is tuaneal andiclockivise Heough Sd from the clivection of phosoy Eo: Thee” Projection on y-axis gived the instondanod valu o} E eomd 1. te shies Sah SUT a lel cepatie so Ke =O K Im de civeuit feo Se a Capacitor ovill block -c. * SI unit of Xe 4s ohm. C2) Note- Gi) R Grn reduce AC. a well aw abc Li cannot redua dé. Tt can reduce only 0 © Hocks AC. but allows ac. te pars thigh ii) TK Ry alternating Cusment ls in phase 0 Te Rous eanating webs CHexmnating Currunt 2 ee freetneding veltoge® by & phase. j alternating curment lads the alk Tamme & tener sgity, sat tea A 1S MF Capacitor it Connected to 220¥, S SOH2 Sours Find the penk current. Se: Hee C= ISMF = ISxIet Ewms = 220V 5 f= Ho so xe ee et et Oe 2tFe DKBIUK SOX 15 KIS Ke = 22. DW Iyms = Eres = 220 = 1037 A Xe zit = Luly x £037 ys oma To = J2 Ivms So To = lu7AAC Grewt Containing : Resistance , Incluctance ond Capacitance in 4 Sevies (RLC Circuit) Let R,L,C Arne Connectec| in series so Source of dideanodin a t mite Soph D+ Te sinmwt But the voltage across each clement has o Aifpercnt phose” relodionahip coith the Cuuint, G) The mesdimum voltage cess RQ is Vee LR In Figu > Curent Phoner I, is represented) atong OR AS Va vd in phowe with cument,Se wt sa Vepresentecl by the veetor OF, along ox- vt ee GY The maximum voltage acs Lis Vi = ox. As voltage across the inductor leods the Ginent by So, So AF da represented by SE along oY, 96[oheod of Io. (iii) The manirrum value across C as Ve = Toxe » As the voliage across te Capacitor logs behind ie aerate cjenatee, Sees tos easel reckon by 02 ww jockusise, through a0 BES BES alm oy. ee 9S " AS the voltage across L omc C have a phowe oliffeance “of 160°, So net reactive volley 4a CVi-Vey 7 Oxsuming that We? Ve. In Faere where ze = [e+ ax So mM om ac. Circuit Comtaining R,L>c He Voltage leads He cument by a phase ‘omgle >, 0h or ton = AR < OB! = V-Ve 2 Ipt-Ike a i Ve TR ov tong = ea Xe + Rg So the atteansting emf. in an Rie circuit representest by -— | 5 ister of 400m, an inductr ef £4 Thee moy be three Covst - Tala resis 2 an i M | ee Su niienenche vasbaiae aeercoees m Gd tome XL = Key then tom gz || *S series acwss @ source “of alterncding vo! of se (e= ee] | Io Sin Jopat Vv. Find the vweirege: Cas) "Sasa: — | the yebee, the Inductor and Capacitor. Gi when XL > xe, then tome ~ pst algtbrelc sum lof Haye veltbges “more. eae ks peak Me eS | Fhan the Source voltagedt If yes, veblve He wen sees lends Ke Current by a phase panaclox « we a a a Sol. Applies voltege Vv = 140 Sin loo nt Se fe = S cr os & = 400 Fema: whoged Lage behind the Current by a phase. eG 2 Se gets eS Ane angle $- Comparing with V= Vesinot or es beng Ae Se af Ve = l4ov 5 & = loom EX variable, a ne shows in figures, Teithly Treluctive yveactance 9 XL = OL FP He Cuma flowing im tach of thse Jd some. J; : soc he of pate Sut AC. Scunce iP rall Co ew oo noosa te cauthewct in Hhte Chron ince . hee a toa fe = Capaciti e ventlane Xe = Hae i . ; onewe! Too Te 7 xi e = 200% aaa? , | Tenpeclance of te cirast oz = [REY GRTR L O-— G OF 3) ze oy 2 so S250) Tene coil not be any x Manimum Cumert in the creurt eggect in the Comer Em Te= Ye = lee changing the | ‘SD8 neces mated ; Ime + He + dass ona Stone Ci) hits the, Increase of ey: chive Vena cress resistor Vaz Imma R ck AC Sounte , Indu x tines irereatas oa Va = 012% 400 = 80 V Zee Yous = ems xa . et * Go Vems acvss inoluctor VE = Ins XU So Curent clecreoust with Vi = 02K 5D0 = loov Gnerende Sf prequs ; He mae 5 = f Ves Qevess Capacitor Ve = Ims Xe (A) Tre capacitive reaetemce Ve = @2 x20 = GOV decrenseas Usith incrense in sat Prequmey Se the Cwount * Hee Vie Ve tM tVe Si ime vease Because Vi and Ve ancl VR ane not in same phase Tees Mts a < instead veElectrical Resonance - or wor = fic The phenomenon of reamance is comm : SRG Syste thot have “a tenaleney tp oscillode anal me * re of pandicndon yaency. Thcs Seu ia Calteol tae note] Fadny off ont BO Bit Spain — Th such a system Ga clriven by an enngy oa & = anjte Source , eohese pejuency Jy equol Jo the nedural Praveneys of tu System then the omplituale off At this particulor frequency fr Gs Xi = x. So Oxcillsdiony “becomes large and resonance Ls sctel 40 ocun ze [RRR Series Resonance Cireuit z= Irae Sea) A clreust im which inductane -L, capacitance So Here impestemee of RLC Cireult a minime © ond resistance 2 ah. tormecheal in Seiden ered anol hence. the cwount I, = Ee = Ge becomes The rg t admits maximum Cusdent corresponding moutimum. ® Bn L R Y lot ae At very low frequencies , induchive raclante x. = col ae nagifge but Copacitive. reactonea xe'= “1/coc da vu high. | ae As the frequen Of atternating @-m:f. ied The variation Circuit Peak current wit Be the Creurt “Gs Srerthse? , Xu goes on Travel i] the chon gins thes Of appliesl voitoge du anc x_ goes om decrensing - | Shown in # : 7 G) Tt as clear thet uencica greater. tho Fer @ porticulas value of ww ( Soy Wor) | OF las then tor the ve penk aa Xie Xe leas thom the maximum value x.) WrL = Gi) oF bo = br the value off pent curtent Be maximum C1.)., The figure shows a serie LCR circuit with Fee LE JOH, CS 4OMF, R= Gor , Connectect toa R € L @) Tre Lan ancy of the Somee which Tavs Sine fe SE eabrance. () The Cumant at the veaonadi taney oe each aternating: HSM nhl at yesonance - Sc Given thet - Vrms = 240V (> Resenodin: amgulan frequen: &, = if . a Wr = so we/s. (> Curmunt at retonading frequency Tans = Moms: Yes (at resonance z=) Ts = 242 2 4a ro ©) Trductive veactonce X= col At resonance. Xe = yb XL = SPX = St Potential cmp across inductor Moms = Le XXe = 4x00 Vimy = 2000 V. Leion, C= WoMF , R= Gon GI hn 2 given coil Jd connected to a 2oev SSE De Sowm“eS 2A Cuwurt flows ancl when the same >" Cell is Connected 4p 200 v7 50 Hz AC Source, only 1A Curent Hows in the circuit. (@) Exphin coly the curment clecreases in the later cre 2? : ) Colewlak the self inductemce of the Coil wrest. St @) In pe circuit - — % = amfl =o (fre) + The impeclance oh tee coil z = [Rie In DO, ZR a X06 Bub in Ac zr [Rex 7 Rk became x_ have certain value in ac. As Tekh hence in DC, move cuwunr Hows z thon Ace () Tn De cewt- REY = 202 = loon z = En AC Cireult — me M2 Bee. = 2oon I T As Rhaxt = 22 So xt = 2t-e® Xv = [2t-rR® = J@eed*- (oe = Jools m. D> x = ange sles Tductance Lo? a Le 1eofs Aereccia axes XsDAverage Power in RLC Circuit Lat the atleamating e-mys. applied to an RLC circuit 4a - E = EeSinwt If atteranading cumant clevelopecl legs behind the appliecl emf by @ Phase angle gi thin - T= Ie Sin (wt -$) Power at instont +, dos er = Eels Sin vot (Sinwet Cash ~ Coatat Sing) = Bole SivPeot Coad - Bele sin ance Sing Ty tha instentoncout poser s z ms Circuit is 34 Sb Ve = 120V 5 Vat S0V, Tm, 3 AsvvAC. Generator oy Ac. Dynamo Crea antedmedi vm cedars fom machanicad Tt Ga most impotent applicadions of tha phenomenon of Sechom ic induction. The * wos cleais ogi maths 4 @ Yugoslav scien’ ty Nikola eee narader | ol namo is beseal on the netic, Ind! amount o} sna gnuhie ux Linkesl with & Coit) cha n an cm fs induced Vin the coil. ce The clivech ic i: i Fleming's Tighe D named ree td A given by Construction - The essential pos of an a-c. qonmador ane- (i) Armature an . = - QCD ws A rectangular aematurr coil: It Consist of a Lange number of hoes op desacet Copper. wire Dusound’ over a Laminated soft tren Core. The Coil Can be rotatest about Hw central omnis. Gi) Field Magnes - 2 ee N ond $ are the pole pieces of a Sheng elechomognet in which +e armature ceil is Yotedel? Arig of votation la perpendiculan ao the mogretic pelt Lines. Gi) Slip Rings - 7 Ry omd Ro Ore tu hollow metallic rings , 40 Which td endls of Armature Coil are Cormectecl. Tare vings rotate with the rotedion of the wil- Gv) Brushes - metal plates ox Carbon rods. 8, omd By are Au penble Qe, fixed ond | ame "Ry vedbecin The ose oh brushes 4s do pous on Current ot “Coil to the external Load resistin: R- Theory 4 Working As the atemodure Cai) is rotated jn the moones ts» fr le 8 peer hens field and normal to iL “Cha: Cmbmuously. Therefore. netic. Hux Link with the ot changes. ‘adi em efm.f. eae makes in th coil. amount of plux Ainked) with coil in the position u Ma xioum-As the coil 4a rotated onticlekwise , AG moves inaards amd CD moved outwards: The amount of magratic. flix Linkid with the Coil Charges: Accovoling 40. Fleming's vi hond rule, Current induced im UAB ab frm 4a do oma in cd, db ia Ct D. Im the external circuit, Cumunh plows 5 sa Bb Bt Aya half the rotation of the coil, AG vs on the back ome’ cD is at the front (figure (b)). Therefore on wlating podher, A reves ote: ome) CD mores inwards. The Guvent induad in 4B is pum B tA and ined, st da from D a0 C- Thrgh extanal treat, Cavunt plows fem 6) 40 G2. Trotter cunt in the extemal cireuit changes divecti fe holt rotechon the Gil. Hence direction St et an at oe auiebrating Tin redhat Magnitude of induced emf. + Induced Current N= fumber of tnd in the col bat ee entionel by each aon af tha ceil Bie strength of magnetic fel B= one wen norenal #0 the teil makes with B omy time t. So the magnetic flux Linked with the ceil in Has potion “is- + e= N(BA) = narcose or > = NBA Cosvot -—O ohne Ww is angular velatity of the col fs the coil Ja rotatid 9 changes » therafore magnate tux > Linked with tHe ceil Shang ook ce amg. is trduce in the coil At His instant £5 34 © dia the emg freluced in the Weil , then- ec ae =~ SE (NBA Cost) e = —nen gt (Cosmt) = -NaA (-Sinteot)oo ov 2 > NGAW Sincot -& TRE Imdluctol emg. will be maximum , cohen Sinwt = maximum = 1 Cmax = Co = NBA KL -® by equation @ we get - @ = &sinwt The, Current Supplied by the Oc. genmrator is alse Sinusoidal. Tt wa given by = Ie = £2 sin Se sinuot ale alo ohne Tes = maximum Value of Currant.Transformer A chansjumner ds an electrical oleic whieh it laced foe charging the ac. voltages: A teansjmmen which increases the a.c. volioges 44 Carltol Step up haneformira amd a hanaformer eudy Aecreoter the ac. voliog’s is Caltid a step elovon frmufmur. Principle - A transforma Ja bexesl on the principle, Sh mutual induction "ie. Whenever the. amourd off muppet fibx dinkadd with a Coil charges , an emf. I'S ral in the neighbouring, coil. Construction — A transformer consist of O Sob tron core. macle of Lamimades) sheats , well Hraulabed 5 Pe OPS Coil) ame S32, (setandany Coil} ane toounet on The Chowne cores bic - wel” iriulatesl from each oth. Note that beth the cals ake alse Whulaked from the Cove Theory + Working - Let the alteanet : ‘ ae Ske CRN CETE CIE stppled by the, Eps Es Sinwt The atterncking pints CuaRt indutts 9 otf, — magnetic. Hur byt fe & Cove. Becouse the 7,6 extends "thvongh the turns of Seterdanp, ss 1 rolucesl pur’ also extends through the! secandan winoling- cari According to the Faraday’s Law of elehemong, induction fae trata emf. per! ti (Elum) oe for both pabmoruy 4 secon winding 7 E. « dde = fe = Eom = Ade = fe = Se Here p,Ns repassents He sotal numba st tun, in the primary omd secondary Coils Auspectively ; Es 2 Ns : { As we ousume that no ereagy is Jost alee the way, Conservation of energy “vequives tha. ‘ Tnput Power = Output Power dp = £ Te TeEp = Is€s In genool- Note - Th Ny, Ae Dae ktm Es 2 Ep then the transom I Ns ja eatte a mantel then Es < Ep then Pre hromsfpm doom tromsipnnen.Efficiency of tronaformer Tt Gs obfined as the ratio of output power to the input power: = Est x100 Erle * ee trans ¥ Comnot esork on Ac: A teomstprmey chenges Oc. Veltaged/cawants. Tt ctoes not afjech the Of Ge Whin A.c. volicge Wis Yalsed ni times, Fe ecdaponding atlenading Curent reduces fo J/n Hones, Energy Lesse_in a trans former C1) Copper Lass= It ws oe yy dase in oa ten heat in the Copper Coils of &. yu former. SBME flue Reading op conclucting we be minimisect using Prick © esi ved. Gi) Iron Loss - . Tt st the energy dass in the fem hast in the iron Core of the “tromajermar. This is Sha Fe preter, 2p ely, Cluoumtts in tem cove. Th as minimised by tedkirig Laminates! Cores Gil) Leakage of magnetic flux - the irom core Whin ac js do it S The | rs loss a me SRT KES 3 THecehicledls toad. W) Magnetstriction - ———eeeee ce humming reise o§ 2 pomsbrmey- Thineburt, output power in the bast franspermer. ray be sughly 20% of Hye input power ww Coleutate the Cuvunt drawn by the primary Ye oy a transformer cohich step- fawn acev 40 3°" gov do eperante a clwice of resistance 20-2. Assuming the efficiency of ‘He tarsformer to be go x” Seb a mer 2 Ontput Poser , Eifficieney af transformer = SEES Tee cio ao = Mls x100 Ne ir 4 ele = SVsTs 4 Vets = SVsx(%) Le] 4 x200xIp + SK DOR 20 Ip = SOA = {Gl & step-cloion tromformer operated on a askv epee ot TE Supplies ee 22 A: The wadio Ben of the primary, tmeling xp the secondany at isi. is Sot wih Giclee “tay He poser onde a (7 the voltoge Ce> the Gument im the seermdary~ S28 Iapab voltage vp = ae x18 Input Cooertt o- Tp = 208 Ale RE =e Pea fe. efficien Sera en eee LO) conteg erey = Sere Ree we So = outpuk Auer vivo Vere (2) Output Power = 22. x(as ws x 20) oe eibeaec cic eo < Me Ne Coe Me eR > Ms REx Ves fp x20 2 acy © Vets = 45 Kroes De AER = Ieee