Republic of the Philippines

One Cainta College

Cainta, Rizal

ENTREPRENEURSHIP
BEHAVIOR &
COMPETENCIES

MODULE

by

Aurora A. Biglete, Ph.D BA

Faculty
 Table of contents
Module Page
1. Wealth Creation, Management and its Value…………………………………………………… 4
a. Discuss the different modes of acquiring wealth
and its value……………………………………………………………………………………….. 5
[Link] defined…………………………………………………………………………………. 8
a. Explain the theories of entrepreneurship……………………………………………. 9
b. Types of entrepreneurial ventures, who is an
entrepreneur and its value to oneself and the society…………………………. 10
3. Entrepreneurship in the Philippines…………………………………………………………………… 14
a. Recognize the impact and value of entrepreneurship
to the Philippine Economy………………………………………………………………….. 15
b. Enabling and disabling factors in entrepreneurship……………………………. 16
4. Entrepreneurial Characteristics and Competencies………………………………………….. 21
a. Learning from the failure towards a successful
entrepreneurial journey………………………………………………………………………. 22
b. Nature and Challenges………………………………………………………………………… 23
[Link] Management……………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………. 26
d. Identify and differentiate the different characteristics
and competencies of an entrepreneur………………………………………………. 27
5. Entrepreneurial Ventures in the Philippines……………………………………………………… 31
a. Identify different business models of SM
SMEs in
the Philippines……………………………………………………………………………………. 31
[Link]……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 32
6. Business Plan Overview……………………………………………………………………………………. 38
a. Describe the different parts of a business plan……………………………………. 39
7. Problem Solvingg Strategies………………………………………………………………………………… 43
a. Identify different problem solving strategies……………………………………….. 45

2
 Table of contents
Module Page
b. Formulate strategies that are applicable in the
student’s business ventures………………………………………………………………. 46
8. Global Trends in business—theSupplyChain…………………………………………………….
theSupplyChain……………………………………………………. 49
[Link] Integration……………………………………………………………………………. 50
b. Explain the impact of the ASEAN Integration to the
Philippines……………………………………………………………………………………….. 51
c. Observe the trade system on the neighbouring ASEAN
countries…………………………………………………………………………………………..
ies………………………………………………………………………………………….. 51
9. Rubrics
Exhibit “A”Written Reports………………………………………………………………….. 55
Exhibit “B”Written Assignments………………………………………………………….. 56

3
 Module No: 1
Course Introduction andOverview

In the academic area of entrepreneurs

entrepreneurship,
hip, a large number of studies about the
motives concerning the new undertaking introduction has been conducted. But we still
don’t apprehend how people–in particular students–broaden their founding intentions. The
expertise about influencing elements that foster or hinder this manner and approximately
variations among male and female marketers is also not sufficient.
The entrepreneur is typically visible as innovator --- a design of latest ideas and
business process. Management skills and robust team const constructing
ructing abilities are regularly
perceived as vital management attributes for successful marketers.

Wealth Creation, Management and its Value

(Week 1 – 2)
Entrepreneurial behavior is directly involved with the understanding, prediction
and manage of human conduct in enterprises. Policymakers, institutional helping
corporations and practitioners have a developing hobby in how entrepreneurial conduct
affects and shapes the introduction and viability of the latest in hooked up organizations
entrepreneurial behavior
avior is also important in helping growth and sustainability. For agencies
that aren't for profit-targeted which include public sector organizations or non-
governmental organizations, entrepreneurial behavior affords a functionality that enables
such entities
ies to live on in tough aid Moreover, with a growing interest in entrepreneurial
education inside the entrepreneurial area and the growth of modern pedagogical how to
influence entrepreneurial behavior in formal and casual settings as part of middle and extra-
ex
curricular sports is of precise interest and relevance to entrepreneurship.

Learning Outcome

On completion of this module, the student will be able to:

• identifystrategiestodiversifyinvestmentsthat willyieldthemostreturnswiththeminimumrisk,
• confirm an entrepreneurial business idea,and
• identify personal attributes that enable best use of entrepreneurialopportunities.

4
 Learning Content

The organization creation theme describes the behaviors involved in creating

organizations. This theme described acquiring and integrati
integrating
ng resource attributes (e.g.,
Brings resources to bear, integrates opportunities with resources, mobilizes resources,
gathers resources) and attributes that described creating organizations (new venture
development and the creation of a business that adds value). (Gartner, 1990, p. 25)

Starting one’s own commercial enterprise is certainly one of the excellent

approaches to construct wealth. The business should be a hit. Unfortunately, records display
that maximum corporations either are not successful or, possibly worse, is best marginally a
success, leading one to a subpar means of making but starting a commercial enterprise can
be one in every of the most interesting demanding situations that a person can pursue.
There are many assets for entrepreneurs who need to begin and develop an enterprise.
starting one’s own commercial enterprise is one in each of the high
high-quality
quality approaches to
build wealth. The commercial enterprise has to be a hit. Unfortunately, statistics show that
maximum corporations either are not a hit or, possibly worse, are simplest marginally a
success, the main one to a subpar means of making a living but beginning a business may be
one in all the maximum thrilling challenges that someone can pursue. There are many
sources for entrepreneurs
neurs who need to start and grow an enterprise.

5
 Readings

Printed Materials:
• EntrepreneurialDevelopment,2017
• TheEntrepreneurship,2015
• Hisrich, RobertD.,Entrepreneurship,2008
D.,Entrepreneurship,2008

Online Materials:
• 5, J. (2019, June 05). "ENTREPRENEURSHIP" 9 Bulletproof Methods to Wealth lth
Creation for Beginners. Retrieved July 11, 2020,
from[Link]
[Link]
methods-to-wealth-creation
creation-for-beginners/
• Entrepreneurial Behavior, J. A. Cunningham Newcastle BusinessSchool,
Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
• Wealth Creation - The 8 Ways Successful Entrepreneurs Create Value. (2019, May
13).RetrievedJuly16,2020,from
from[Link]
create-
value/

Activities

Current events:
Read the business part of a newspaper, discuss and give examples of the following:
• 1. Stock Market
• 2. Fixed Income and Cash
• 3. Real Estate
• [Link]

Assignment
Research : Wealth and creation Value of Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship.
1. Does entrepreneurship contain growing value?
2. Why do other people recognize possibilities for new services or products that can be
profitably exploited?

6
 Write A for High risks and E for Low risks business.
1. eCommerce.
2. Anythingadult-oriented.
3. Virtualassistant
4. DirectSales
5. Tobacco.
6. Gambling.
7. Financialservices.
8. Legalservices.
9. Travel andhospitality
10. Health andwellness.

References
Printed Materials:
• EntrepreneurialDevelopment,2017
,2017
• TheEntrepreneurship,2015
• Hisrich, RobertD.,Entrepreneurship,2008
Online Materials:
• 5, J. (2019, June 05). "ENTREPRENEURSHIP" 9 Bulletproof Methods to Wealth Creation for
Beginners. Retrieved July 11, 2020,
from[Link]
[Link]
wealth-creation-for-beginners/
beginners/
• EntrepreneurialBehavior,[Link],Northumbria
University, Newcastle uponn Tyne, UK
• [Link]
[Link]
[Link]
• Wendee, D. (2018, September 04). Council Post: Nine Of The Best Ways To Build Wealth.
Retrieved July 11, 2020,
from[Link]
[Link]
best-
ways-to-
build-wealth/
• Patel,S.(2017,October23).[Link]
[Link] 14,
2020, from[Link]
[Link]/article/302465
7
 Module No: 2
Entrepreneurship
(Week 3 – 4)

Entrepreneurship is the system of designing, launching and running a new

enterprise, which is regularly first of all a small business. Entrepreneurship has been defined
as the “ability and willingness to devel
develop,
op, arrange and manage a commercial enterprise
project along with any of its dangers a good way to make a profit.
([Link]
[Link] While definitions of entrepreneurship generally
gene
cognizance on the launching and going for walks of organizations, due to the high risks
worried in launching a start-up,
up, a considerable proportion of start
start-up
up agencies have to close
due to “lack of funding, bad commercial enterprise decisions, a mone monetary
tary crisis, loss of
market demand, or a combination of all of these.”
A broader definition of the term is now and again used, especially within the field
of economics. In this usage, an Entrepreneur is an entity which has the ability to find and act
upon possibilities to translate innovations or technology into merchandise and services:
([Link])
[Link]) “The entrepreneur is in a position to understand the commercial
capacity of the invention and organize the capital, talent, and other sources that flip an
invention right into a commercially possible innovation.” In this sense, the term
“Entrepreneurship” also captures innovative sports on the part of set up firms, similarly to
similar activities at the part of new groups.

Learning Outcomes

On completion
letion of this module, the student will be able to:
• understand the nature of entrepreneurship,and
• discuss thetheoriesofentrepreneurship and typesof entrepreneurialventures.
entrepreneurialventures

Learning Content

What is Theory?
A well-sustained
sustained explanation acquired through th the
e scientific method and
repeatedly tested and confirmed through observation and experimentation.
Concept of entrepreneurship
Entrepreneur is one who undertakes innovations, finance and business activities.
In an effort to transform innovations into economi economicc goods and services.
Entrepreneurship is a dynamic process of vision, change, and creation that requires an
application of energy and passion toward the creation and implementation of new ideas
and creative solutions. (Kuratko,2019)

8
 Learning Content

Theories of entrepreneurship
• EconomicTheory
• SociologicalTheory
• InnovationTheory
• PsychologicalTheory
• Theory of AchievementMotivation
• Resource basedtheories
• Opportunity basedtheory
• Status WithdrawalTheory
Economic Theory
The economic theory is among the main economic theories o off entrepreneurship.
This theory asserts that the economy and entrepreneurship are closely linked together.
Entrepreneurship and economic growth can only work when the economic conditions are
favorable. As such, it is usually hard for entrepreneurs to realize growth when the economy
is doing poorly. This theory further states that entrepreneurs find motivation in the presence
of economic incentives which include industrial policy, policies of taxation, financial and
resource sources, availability of infrastrinfrastructure,
ucture, investment opportunities, marketing
opportunities, availability of information regarding the conditions of the market and
technology among others. An entrepreneur is therefore a risk taker because he can never
fully predict about the favorability off the economic conditions infuture.
Sociological Theory
This is also among the contemporary theories of entrepreneurship. It argues that
the success of an entrepreneur is affected by their social culture. They are more likely to
achieve growth in particularr social settings. Among the social aspects that affect an
entrepreneur include the social values, customs, taboos, religious beliefs and other cultural
activities. He or she has to conform to the social expectations when carrying out their
business.
Innovation theory
This is also the top theories of entrepreneurship in Kenya. An entrepreneur does
not merely conduct business to better their lives alone. Rather, through their activities, they
are able to cause development in the economy and the society at la large. The inventor of this
theory, Joseph Schumpeter, argued that an entrepreneur grows by being creative and having
a foresight.
One of the creative things that an entrepreneur does is introduce a new product.
A new product often comes to solve a certain problem in the society or make it more
convenient. Another innovative aspect is that in a bid to achieve growth and have more
profits, an entrepreneur introduces a new production method. Notably, enhanced
production methods lead to a reduction in the cost of production and an increase in the
goods manufactured. Innovation also comes in when an entrepreneur opens a new market.
This is often done after the identification of a growth opportunity or a void in the economy.
The discovery of new sources of raw ma materials
terials and establishment of organization are also
aspects of entrepreneurs being innovators. These activities of an entrepreneur lead to the
creation of jobs and accessibility of commodities, thus improving the economy.
9
 Learning Content

According to this theory, an entr

entrepreneur
epreneur experiences growth when the society
has several individuals with the necessary psychological characteristics. These characteristics
include having a vision, being able to face opposition and having the need to achieve highly.
A person can only possess
sess these traits during their upbringing, when they excel, when they
are self-reliant
reliant and when there is low father dominance.

Theory of high achievement/Theory of achievement motivation

Not all people are interested in being entrepreneurs. But David McClelland
argued that people who aim to become entrepreneurs must have a need for
achievement, a need for affiliation and a need for power. These act as the basis upon
which an entrepreneurial personality is established. Achievement motivation has a lot
of significance in entrepreneurship because it is the one that leads to economic and
social development. Entrepreneurs always want to achieve success in their endeavors.
The need for power comes from the urge to gain dominance in a certain field and
thuscause
use influence among other people. The need for affiliation comes from the urge
to motive of maintain friendships with other people.

10
 Learning Content

Resource based theories

According to these theories, entrepreneurs require resources to go about their

businesses. Their efforts must be combined with resources such as time, money and labor.
Failure to access resources can cause their efforts to become futile. Capital, for instance,
enables an entrepreneur to growth their business. Other aspects that can be considered as
essential
sential resources include access to information, education and leadership. Getting
sufficient resources can be quite hectic at times and that is why entrepreneurs are
considered to be people who require to work hard and smart.

Opportunity based theory

With
th the aim of being successful, entrepreneurs grab any opportunity they come
across. These opportunities are made available through the changes in technology, society
or culture. Notably, as these changes occur, consumers change their preferences. An
entrepreneur must therefore take those changes as opportunities of succeeding in their
businesses. Also, technology sets a basis upon which innovation is created and facilitated.
Therefore, this theory suggests that entrepreneurs are always on the lookout for
opportunities
pportunities that will enable them increase the growth of theirventures.

Status withdrawal theory

This theory argues that entrepreneurial aggressiveness can be created when people
of a certain class lose the prestige they initially had or when they belong to a minority
group. Entrepreneurship, if done correctly, can help a person live a satisfactory and content
life. Therefore, individuals will attempt by all means to become as prestigious as they were in
the past. If they come from a minority group, they must better their lives by working hard at
being entrepreneurs. Also, being a successful entrepreneur evokes respect from the society.
Producing an innovative product or service that will help solve various societal concerns can
make a person to be highly valued and admired by the community. As such, some people
aim at achieving this admiration, fame or popularity throughentrepreneurship.

11
 Readings

Printed Materials:
• EntrepreneurialDevelopment,2017
• TheEntrepreneurship,2015
• Hisrich, RobertD.,Entrepreneurship,2008
D.,Entrepreneurship,2008

Online Materials:
• [Link]
content/uploads/2018/10/The-Philippine-
Entrepreneurship-Ecosystem_Andres
Ecosystem_Andres-[Link]
• [Link]
content/uploads/2019/10/1_VELASCO.VOL_.[Link]

Activities

Let’s Analyze
1. Discuss the contributions of entrepreneurship in the economic development of
our country

2. Discuss the importance of entrepreneurship in society.

Assignment
Research :
1. Surf the internet for your favorite country and know-how entrepreneurship
contributions to their economic growth.

2. Write a diary of your behavior

havior and activities for one week. At the end of the week,
show your diary to our parents. Ask them what personal characteristics they can
deduce about you from your documentation. Is there any characteristic that is similar
to that of an entrepreneur? Howw do you feel about it?

12
 Assessment

Fill in the blank.

1. These opportunities are made available through the changes in
technology, society or culture.
2. According to these theories, entrepreneurs require resources to go about
their businesses.
3. An entrepreneur experiences growth when the society hasseveral
individuals with the necessary.
4. This is also among the contemporary theories of entrepreneurship.
5. This theory asserts that the economy and entrepreneurship are closely
linked together.
6. Entrepreneur
eur is one who undertakes innovations, finance and business
activities.
7.A well-sustained explanation acquired through the scientific method and
repeatedly tested and confirmed through observation and experimentation.
8. An entrepreneur experiences grow
growth
th when the society has several
individuals with the necessary.
9. One of the creative things that an entrepreneur does is introduce a new
product.
10. This theory argues that entrepreneurial aggressiveness can be created
when people of a certain class lose
ose the prestige they initially had or when they belong to a
minoritygroup.

References
Printed Materials:
• Entrepreneurial Development,2017
• The Entrepreneurship, 2015
• Hisrich, RobertD.,Entrepreneurship, 2008
Online Materials:
• [Link]
content/uploads/2018/10/The-Philippine-
Entrepreneurship-Ecosystem_Andres
Ecosystem_Andres-[Link]
• [Link]
content/uploads/2019/10/1_VELASCO.VOL_.[Link]

13
 Module No: 3
Entrepreneurship in thePhilippines
(Week 4 – 5)

In the Philippines, entrepreneurship is viewed as important to empowering the

poor, enhancing production, and as an impetus to innovation. The 1987 Philippine
Constitution recognizes entrepreneurship as an engine of economic growth. Article XII
Section 1 highlights the role of private enterprises in supporting equitable distribution
distributio of
income and wealth, sustaining production of goods and services and expanding productivity,
therefore raising the quality of life.
The Philippine Development Plan (PDP) further reinforces the thrust on
entrepreneurship through trade and investment to aachievechieve the government’s goal of
economic development and job creation. Based on the plan, measures for macromacro-economic
economic
stability, employment, trade and investment, agribusiness, power power-sector
sector reforms,
infrastructure, competition, science and technology, and anti-corruption
corruption are being pursued
to strengthen Philippines’s competitiveness and contribute to job creation.
In 2011, there were approximately 830,000 business enterprises in the
Philippines. Of these, 99.6 percent are classified as micro, small, and medi medium
um sized
enterprises (MSME) which are responsible for 38 percent of total job growth.

Learning Outcomes

On completion of this module, the student will be able to:

• recognize the impact and value of entrepreneurship to the Philippine Economy, and
• explain the
he enabling and disabling factors in entrepreneurship.

Learning Content

Entrepreneurs are frequently thought of as national assets to be cultivated,

motivated, and remunerated to the greatest possible extent. Great entrepreneurs have
the ability to changee the way we live and work. If successful, their innovations may
improve standards of living, and in addition to creating wealth with entrepreneurial
ventures, they also create jobs and contribute to a growing economy.
Entrepreneurship is thus important fo
forr a number of reasons, from promoting
social change to driving innovation.

14
 Learning Content

Entrepreneurs Spur Economic Growth

New products and services created by entrepreneurs can produce a cascading
effect, where it stimulates related businesses or sectors that ne
need
ed to support the new
venture, furthering economic development.
For example, a few information technology companies made up the IT industry in
India during the 1990s. The industry quickly expanded and many other sectors benefited
from it. Businesses in associated
ociated industries
industries—such
such as call center operations, network
maintenance companies, and hardware providers
providers—flourished.
Education and training institutes nurtured a new class of IT workers who were
offered better, high-paying
paying jobs. Infrastructure development organizations and even real
estate companies capitalized on this growth as workers migrated to cities where
employment was growing.

Entrepreneurs Add to National Income

Entrepreneurial ventures help generate new wealth. Existing businesses may
remain confined
fined to existing markets and may hit the glass ceiling in terms of income. New
and improved products, services or technology from entrepreneurs enable new markets to
be developed and new wealth to be created.
Additionally, increased employment and higher earnings contribute to better
national income in the form of higher tax revenue and higher government spending. This
revenue can be used by the government to invest in other, struggling sesectors
ctors and human
capital. Although it may make a few existing players redundant, the government can soften
the blow by redirecting surplus wealth to retrain workers.

Entrepreneurs Create Social Change

Through offering unique goods and services, entrepreneurs break away from
tradition and reduce dependence on obsolete systems and technologies. This results in an
improved quality of life,, improved morale, and greater economic freedom.
For example, the water supply in a water
water-scarce
scarce region will, at times, forces
people to stop working to collect water. This will impact their business, productivity, and
income. Imagine an innovative and automatic pump that can fill people's water containers
automatically. This type of innovation ensures people are able to focus on their jobs without
worrying about a basic necessity like water. More time to devote to work translates to
economic growth.

15
 Learning Content

Community Development
Entrepreneurs regularly nurture ventures by other like
like-minded
minded individuals. They
also invest in community projects and provide financial support to local charities. This
enables further development beyond their own vent
ventures.
Some famous entrepreneurs, such as Bill Gates, have used their money to
finance good causes, from education to public health. The qualities that make one an
entrepreneur are the same qualities that help motivate entrepreneurs to pay it forward.
Key Takeaways
• Entrepreneurship is important as it has the ability to improve standards of living and
create wealth, not only for the entrepreneurs, but also for related businesses.
• Entrepreneurs also help drive change with innovation, where new and improved
products enable new markets to be developed.
• Economy wise, higher earnings thanks to entrepreneurship can help boost national
income and tax revenue.
• Entrepreneurs contribute in other way
ways as well, such as investing in community
projects and supporting local charities.
• Too much entrepreneurship (i.e,
.e, high self
self-employment) can be detrimental to economic
development.

Enabling and disabling factors in entrepreneurship

2 Categories of enabling factors - Internal and External

INTERNAL (created within a person’s EXTERNAL (outside forces and factors)

thoughts)

a. Supplemental Income (extraincome) a. Availability of "Market"(Customers)

b. Improve Standard of Living b. Profitability
c. Status and Prestige c. Good Infrastructure
d. Create employment
d. Availability of Capital (start-up ofbusiness)
e. Independence (Financialfreedom)
f. Utilized Skills e. Favorable Laws and Taxes
f. Role Models

16
 Learning Content

Disabling Factors of Entrepreneurship

1. Lack of Resources
2. Of education
3. Of customers
4. Of access (no transportation)
5. Of utilities (no water, electricity, internet, telephone)
6. Of Security (stability of government and safety of community)
7. Corruption

Readings

Printed Materials:
• Entrepreneurial Development,2017
• The Entrepreneurship, 2015
• Hisrich, RobertD., Entrepreneurship, 2008
Online Materials:
• Entrepreneurship in the Philippines: Opportunities and Challenges for Inclusive
sive
Growth. (2018, June 26). Retrieved July 11, 2020,
from[Link]
[Link]
opportunities-
challenges-inclusive-growth
growth/
• Seth, S. (2020, January 29). Why Is Entrepreneurship Important to the Economy?
RetrievedJuly11,2020,from
from[Link]
rticles/personal-
finance/101414/why-entrepreneurs
[Link]
• Nicole Pangan. (2019, May 01). Enabling and Disabling Factors of Entrepreneurship
(Elecem1). Retrieved July 11, 2020,
from[Link]
[Link] of-
entrepreneurship-elecem1
elecem1-10694522
• [Link]
content/uploads/2018/10/The-Philippine-
Entrepreneurship-Ecosystem_Andres
Ecosystem_Andres-[Link]
• [Link]
[Link]
content/uploads/2019/10/1_VELASCO.VOL_.[Link]

17
 Activities

1. Look or research five (5) micro, small, and medium businesses in your area and find
out the effects of their businesses in your community.

Assignment

Research: Factors of enabling and disabling Entrepreneurship

1. Discuss and explain each factor, what are their impacts to the economy of the
Philippines.
2. Explain some common personal characteristics/attributes of the entrepreneurs
neurs
today. Which of these do you consider more observable among Filipino
entrepreneurs?

3. What are the elements that stimulate entrepreneurship within the Philippines?

18
 Assessment

Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false.

1. Entrepreneurs regularly nurture ventures by other like-minded individuals.

2. Through offering unique goods and services, entrepreneurs break away from tradition
and increase dependence on obsolete systems and technologies.

3. Infrastructure development organizations and even real estate companies capitalized

on this growth as workers migrated to cities where employment was growing.

4. Entrepreneurship is not important in promoting social change to driving innovation.

5. New products and services created by entrepreneurs can produce a cascading

ading effect.

6. Economy wise, higher earnings thanks to entrepreneurship can help boost national
income and tax revenue.

7. Entrepreneurs also help drive change with innovation, where new and improved
products enable new markets to be developed.

8. The entrepreneur is in a position to misunderstood the commercial capacity of the

invention and organize the capital, talent, and other sources that flip an invention right
into a commercially possible innovation.

9. Profitability is an example of internal enabling factor.

10. There are 2 enabling factors, inside and outside.

1. 5. 9.

2. 6. 10.

3. 7.

4. 8.

19
 References

Printed Materials:
• Entrepreneurial Development, 2017
• TheEntrepreneurship, 2015
• Hisrich, RobertD.,Entrepreneurship, 2008
Online Materials:
• Entrepreneurship p in the Philippines: Opportunities and Challenges for Inclusive
Growth. (2018, June 26). Retrieved July 11, 2020,
from[Link]
[Link]
opportunities-
challenges-inclusive-growth/
growth/
• Seth, S. (2020, January 29). Why Is Entrepreneurship Important to the Economy?
RetrievedJuly11,2020,fromfrom[Link]
[Link]
finance/101414/why-entrepreneurs
[Link]
• NicolePangan.(2019,May01).EnablingandDisablingFactorsofEntrepreneurship
(Elecem1). Retrieved July 11, 2020,
from[Link]
[Link] of-
entrepreneurship-elecem1
elecem1-10694522
• [Link]
content/uploads/2018/10/The-Philippine-
Entrepreneurship-Ecosystem_Andres
Ecosystem_Andres-[Link]
• [Link]
[Link]
ntent/uploads/2019/10/1_VELASCO.VOL_.[Link]

20
 Module No: 4
Entrepreneurial Characteristics and Competencies
(Week 6 – 9)

As the interest in entrepreneurship and business has improved notably in current

decades, and there is a little or no sign of prob
problem to the literature which is reading the
relating troubles and issues faced in small enterprise particularly in Somalia; this piece
provides an in depth overview of the entrepreneurial characteristics and skills as
determinants of enterprise performance by reviewing the relevant literature to deal with
the impact of entrepreneurial competencies on commercial enterprise overall performance
among early stage. It also focuses the entrepreneurial abilities and the performances of the
effect of entrepreneur’s non-public
public ch
characteristics
aracteristics and demographic traits on firm’s
performance under the mediating function of entrepreneur orientation. The literature
glimpses the function of Somali ladies’ entrepreneurs in small scale organizations as they
have been located to be gambling a big position inside the small business sector. At last, it
determines some factors that are influencing the ladies in small scale enterprise.

Learning Outcomes

On completion of this module, the student will be able to:

• discuss the nature and challenge
challenges of different kind of businesses,
• explain risk management,
• identify and differentiate the different characteristics and competencies of
an entrepreneur, and
• evaluate oneself and plan courses of action to help develop one’s
entrepreneurial characteristics and competencies.

21
 Learning Content

Learning from the failure towards a successful entrepreneurial journey

Why You Must Embrace Failure to Succeed in Business

Every successful entrepreneur has experienced failure. Failures of all sizes provide a
valuable benefit -- they help to develop an entrepreneurial mindset that allows us to keep
pushing forward. It’s the equivalent of getting knocked down in the boxing ring and
bouncing back up, ready for more.

It’s easy to look at a failure as a personal shortcoming, but it's healthier to embrace
failure as part of the entrepreneurial journey. Here are some reasons why it can help you
succeed in business.

Failure happens to everyone

You are going to fail at some point -- that’s the reality of entrepreneurship. If you go
through life thinking that you won’t fail, then it will only hit you twice as hard when you do.
If you know failure can be lurking around every corner, though, you can respond more
quickly when it happens and make adjustments to correct the problem.

If you think failure isn’t a possibility, it will take you much longer to respond and
adjust. This can lead to multiple negative issues pilpiling
ing up on your back, eventually crippling
your forward momentum.

Failure is an opportunity to learn

Failure can teach us a lot.. Everything leading up to failure is a lesson -- the choices
you made at the time, the reasoning behind your decisions and so on. If you have the right
mindset, you can dissect the failure and learn from it.

“There are two responses to failure,” says John Foy, attorney and founder of John
Foy& Associates. “You can get bogged down or you can grow. What distinguishes a good
entrepreneur from a mediocre one is which option they select. You can either get
discouraged and contemplate giving up or embrace tthe failure and learn from it.”

Overcoming challenges promotes strength.

Seeing failure as a challenge rather than a personal shortcoming can be immensely

helpful to entrepreneurs during their journey. Every failure you encounter is an obstacle to
overcome, and successful entrepreneurs navigate around several until finally “making it.”

22
 Learning Content

When you are no longer scared of failure, you have le

less to hold you back when go
after your dreams and goals. We encounter scary situations daily, and the sooner you
eliminate fear from your thought process, the sooner you will be able to go after your goals
with 100 percent focus.

Nature andChallenges
As an entrepreneur, you’re going to face many challenges. Today’s marketplace
presents many difficulties for entrepreneurs. There are some things you can do to have a
successful business in today’s fast-paced
paced world.

A. Family inBusiness
All businesses face challenges,
nges, whether it is dealing with the changing economy,
finding and hiring the right employees, or increased competition in the market. Family-
Family
owned businesses are not immune to these challenges. In fact, there is also a unique set of
challenges that family-owned
owned businesses have to face as a result of the nature of their
business structure. It is important to understand what these hurdles are so that if you find
yourself facing these issues, you can not only identify them, but you can proactively
develop ways to overcome them.

Let’s take a look at most common challenges facing family businesses today.

1. Family problems. Physical, emotional and financial problems among family members can
greatly impact the day-to-day
day operation of the business.

2. Informal culture and structure. For many businesses, having a laid-back culture is a
positive. However, the informal structure and culture found in many family businesses can
equate to a lack of documentation, policies, and defined strategy andgoals.

3. Pressure to hire family

ily members
members.. It can be difficult to resist the pressure that comes
along with requests from family members who want to join the business. This becomes
especially complicated if they lack the basic skills and experience needed for theposition.

4. Who will takee over the business? It is important for family businesses to plan ahead for
business succession. Many family-owned
owned businesses do not have a plan in place and this
can be a source of heated debate and intense family politics when the time arises to select
new leadership.

23
 Learning Content

5. No exit plan. Family businesses often lack a defined strategy for what will happen if an
owner wants to retire, sell the business, or transfer responsibility. This goes hand in hand
with succession plan issues. All businesses need a plan for the future.

B. Couples inBusiness
Entrepreneurs are a unique blend of risk risk-takers,
takers, mad scientists, hope addicts,
inventors and magicians. They can make incredible love partners if you know how to crack
the code that unlocks their love and devotion. If you don’t, they can seem like the most
selfish, narcissistic, unavailable workaholics you’ve ever met. You can be on an
adventurous ride of your life filled with excitement being with an entrepreneur lover -- or
on a ride of terror that you want to exit
exitASAP.

Here is a must-have
have guide on how to communicate with your entrepreneur partner,
including topics and phrases to avoid, and what to say instead. By following the below tips,
you can get the outcome you want to live an extraordinary life with your entrepreneur
entrepreneu
lover.

1. Never say: “Why are you working so much?”

2. Never say: “I had that idea like 10 years ago!”
3. Never say: “In this economy, aren’t customers hard to find?”
4. Never say: “You care more about your business than you do about me!”
5. Never say: “We can afford it. You make plenty of money!”
6. Never say: “Why are you stressed all the time? Why can’t you just relax?”
7. Never say: “How much more are you going to invest in this business?”
8. Never say: “Can’t you live without your phone for an hour?”
9. Never say: “When can we take a vacation?”
10. Never say: “Don’t most businesses fail within the first five years?”

C. Teens inBusiness
It's tough for anyone to start out as an entrepreneur building a new business from
the ground up.
Being young at the same time brings a unique set of challenges to the table, ones
that your older counterparts may not have to deal with. Stereotypes of the young and
attitudes about how young people should behave have a way of tripping up tthe he unwary
business owner.
However, if you can identify and be aware of the following factors working against
you as a young entrepreneur, then you'll be able to come up with effective counter
strategies to ease your path to success.

24
 Learning Content

1. Financial Issues
2. Facing Age Stereotypes
3. Social Rejection
4. Facing Criticism
5. Dealing with Stress and Self-Doubt
Doubt
6. Hiring Employees for the First Time
7. Finding customers

Being a young entrepreneur might be a challenge, but it's certainly not an

insurmountable one.

C. Women in Business
Manyy women who start families have to also cope with the demands that come
with giving birth, and raising children. Running a business with demands for attention from
your family can be distressing, and most times you have to choose between one of the
two. Mostst women sacrifice the business forfamily.

1. Lack of ProperSupport
2. Emotions Spoil Business Deals
3. Unfavorable TradingEnvironment
Environment
4. The Fear of Failure
5. Women Tend to Push Themselves too Hard
6. Lack of Equal Opportunities in Some Sectors

D. Friends in Business
Starting
ng a business with your friends is incredibly rewarding, but it comes with its
own unique challenges.
You want co-founders
founders who can push you, who can make you nervous -- the sort of
people whose intelligence and drive make you feel as though you’ve got to o operate
perate beyond
your limits just so you aren’t playing catch
catch-up.
up. You also want them to know something you
don’t. The right co-founders
founders will have skills and expertise beyond the scope of what you
know, which is what makes you a formidable team.

If you’re already
eady friends with people like that, consider yourself lucky, but don’t
think everything will be easy moving forward. Here are five lessons I’ve learned from
starting a business with my own friends that should help you avoid some of the more
obvious pitfalls:

25
 Learning Content

1. Stay in your lane

2. Have the tough conversations early
3. Businesses are not democracies
4. New perspectives are crucial
5. It pays to include everyone

Risk Management

In the world of finance, risk management refers to the practice of identifying

potential risks in advance, analyzing them and taking precautionary steps to reduce/curb
the risk.
When an entity makes an investment decision, it exposes itself to a number of
financial risks. The quantum of such risks depends on the type of financial instrument.
These financial
ancial risks might be in the form of high inflation, volatility in capital markets., etc.
So, in order to minimize and control the exposure of investment to such risks, fund
managers and investors practice risk management. Not giving due importance to risk
management while making investment decisions might wreak havoc on investment in
times of financial turmoil in an economy. Different levels of risk come
attachedwithdifferent categories of asset classes.

Entrepreneurship characteristics and Competencies

Being an entrepreneur requires much more than just big ideas. A true entrepreneur
is a rare breed; it’s someone who possesses a unique cocktail of traits, skills and
characteristics that enable them to beat the odds and go after their dreams full throttle.
But what are those attributes? What does an entrepreneur need to succeed

Entrepreneurship characteristics and Competencies

Characteristics
1. Entrepreneurs are goal-oriented
2. Entrepreneurs are committed to their business
3. Entrepreneurs are hands-on
4. Entrepreneurs thrive on uncertainty
5. Entrepreneurs continuously look for opportunities to improve
6. Entrepreneurs are willing to take risks
7. Entrepreneurs are willing to listen and learn
8. Entrepreneurs have great people skills
9. Entrepreneurs are inherently creative
10. Entrepreneurs are passionate and always full of positivity
26
 Learning Content

Competencies

Entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial competencies has been extensively studied

(Mitchelmore & Rowley, 2010). Entrepreneurial behavior is the result of a motivation to
achieve a goal and the competencies necessary to achieve it.

Risk assumption. Ability to tolerate ambiguity and uncertain situations and make sound
decisions in this situation, while being able to control own emotions.

Autonomy / self-determination. Capacity for making independent decisions based on a

clear understanding of the possibilities and the responsibility that it entails.

Quality of work. Ability to work intensively and tenaciously to ach

achieve
ieve the objectives,
seeking continuous improvement.

Communication. Ability to listen, ask questions, express ideas and concepts effectively.
Self- confidence. Ability to address new challenges with an attitude of confidence in their
own possibilities, decisions or views.

Innovation. Ability to produce an original, unexpected and appropriate (timely, useful) new
work according to the needs of the context.

Leadership. Ability to guide the action of human groups in a certain direction by creating
an atmosphere
here of energy and commitment, setting goals, following up these goals and
giving feedback that integrates the views ofothers.

Social mobility. Ability to raise or lower position in the scale of economic well
well-being.
being.
Negotiation. Ability to lead or control a discussion creating an environment for
collaboration and making lasting commitments to strengthen the relationship.

Troubleshooting. Ability to flexibly assume boundary situations and overcome them and
ability to handle contradictions.

27
 Readings

Printed Materials
• EntrepreneurialDevelopment,2017
Development,2017
• Edralin, D.M, (2016),Entrepreneurship

Online Materials
• Long, J. (2017, June 05). Why You Must Embrace Failure to Succeed in Business.
Retrieved July 15, 2020, from[Link]
[Link]

• The 10 biggest challenges businesses face today (and need consultants for).
(n.d.). Retrieved July 15, 2020, from[Link]
.[Link]/business-
blog/the-10-biggest-challenges
challenges- businesses-face-today-and-need
need-
consultants-for

• Lamacraft, B. (2019, August 22). Challenges You Face As an Entrepreneurand

How to Overcome Them. Retrieved July 15, 2020,
from[Link]
[Link]/swlh/challenges-you-face-as-an-
entrepreneur-
and-how-to-overcome
overcome-them-e0192dfe3852

Activities

1. Choose any business in your community. Evaluate and plan courses of action to help
them develop their entrepreneurial characteristics andcompetencies.

2. Using the back issues off any newspaper Business part (internet website), choose two
stories of Filipino entrepreneurs who are examples of people who became successful
because of what they learned from their businessfailures.

Assignment

1. Cite a Filipino entrepreneur who possesse

possesses the characteristicspresented.

2. Will an entrepreneur succeed if one or two of these characteristics are absent?Why?

Why?

28
 Assessment

Match the items in Column A with the descriptions in Column B.

1. Ability to guide the action of A. Quality of work.

human groups
2. Capacity for making B. Communication
independent decisions
3. Ability to flexibly assume C. Social mobility
boundary situations
4. Ability to produce an original D. Leadership

5. Ability to listen, ask questions, E. Negotiation

express ideas
6. Ability
ity to lead or control a F. Troubleshooting
discussion creating an
environment
7. Ability to address new G. Autonomy / self-determination
challenges
8. Refers to the practice of H. risk management
identifying potential risks in
advance
9. Ability to work intensively I. Self- confidence

10. Ability to raise or lower position J. Innovation

in the scale of economic well
well-
being

29
 References

Printed Materials:
• EntrepreneurialDevelopment,2017
• TheEntrepreneurship,2015
• Hisrich, RobertD.,Entrepreneurship,2008

Online Materials:
• Long, J. (2017, June 05). Why You Must Embrace Failure toSucceedin Business.
Retrieved July 15,2020,from [Link]

• The10 biggestchallengesbusinessesfacetod
biggestchallengesbusinessesfacetoday(and needconsultantsfor). (n.d.). Retrieved
July 15,2020,from [Link]
[Link]
biggest-
challenges-businesses-face-today
today-and-need-consultants-for
• Lamacraft, B. (2019, August 22). Challenges You Face As anEntrepreneurand How to
Overcome Them.. Retrieved July 15, 2020, from
from[Link]
[Link]
you-face-as-an-entrepreneur
entrepreneur- and-how-to-overcome-them-e0192dfe3852
e0192dfe3852
• TheTop10ChallengesFamilyBusinessesMustOvercome.(2019,October18).RetrievedJuly15, 2020,
from[Link]
[Link]
businesses-must-overcome/
overcome/
• Mattenson, M. (2017, August 16). In a Relationship With an Entrepreneur? Here Are 10Things
You Should Never Say. Retrieved July 15, 2020, from
[Link]
[Link]/article/298744
• 2011-2020,
2020, (. (n.d.). The 7 Biggest Challengesfor Young Entrepreneurs. Retrieved July 15, 2020,
from[Link]
[Link]/rhubarb/[Link]
[Link]
• AudreyGoodsonKingoandQuinnFish,Staff,W.,Fish,Q.,West
AudreyGoodsonKingoandQuinnFish,Staff,W.,Fish,Q.,West-Rosenthal,L.,Bryant,K.,Kingo,A.,
Rosenthal,L.,Bryant,K.,Kingo,A.,
&Bodgas,M. (n.d.).7Challenges&[Link]
(n.d.).7Challenges&[Link]
edJuly 15,
2020, from[Link]
[Link]
entrepreneurs-face
• Litvack,W.(2015,July14).[Link] July
Jul 15,
2020, from[Link]
[Link]/article/248304
• WhatisRiskManagement?DefinitionofRisk Management,RiskManagementMeaning.(n.d.).
Retrieved July 15, 2020, from
from[Link]
[Link]
management
• WhatisRiskManagement?DefinitionofRisk Management,RiskManagementMeaning.(n.d.).
Retrieved July 15, 2020, from
from[Link]
[Link]
management
• [Link]
[Link]
(Video)
10 Important personal characteristics of entrepreneurs. (2017, July 28). Retrieved July 15, 2020,
from [Link]
[Link]/blog/10-important-personal-characteristics-entrepreneurs
entrepreneurs
• Science,healthandmedicaljournals,fulltextarticlesandbooks.(n.d.).RetrievedJuly15,2020,
from[Link]
[Link]/science/article/pii/
S2212567115003895/pdf?md5=ad91de15e8f6b417afd2641339573e90
pdf?md5=ad91de15e8f6b417afd2641339573e90

30
 Module No: 5
Entrepreneurial Ventures in the Philippines
(Week 9 -10)

Entrepreneurial Venture
• Is the early stage in the life cycle of an
anenterprise?
• Ann entrepreneur is an individual who starts and runs a busines
businesss with limited
resources & planning, taking account of all the risks and rewards of his or her
venture.

Learning Outcome

On completion of this module, the student will be able to:

• identify different types of business models of SMEs in the Philippines, and
• Discuss the different business models in the Philippines.

Learning Content
Business Models in the Philippines
- Freemium model
- Internet Bubble model
- Low Cost model
- Pay As You Go model
- Recurring Revenue model
- Add-on model
- Advertising model
- Affiliate model
- Auction model
- Bait and Hook model
- Direct Salesmodel
- Franchise model

31
 Learning
arning Content

TYPES OF BUSINESS OWNERSHIP

• Sole Proprietorship
• Partnership
• Corporation
• Incorporation

A. Sole Proprietorship
• A sole proprietorship is an unincorporated business with only one owner who
pays personal income tax o on profits earned.
• Sole proprietorships are easy to establish and dismantle, due to a lack of
government involvement, making them popular with small business owners and
contractors.
• Many sole proprietorships end up gettingrestructured into an LLC, in sync with
the company's
pany's expansion.

B. Partnership
A partnership, as opposed to a corporation,, is not a separate entity from the
individual owners. A partnership is similsimilar to a sole proprietor or independent
contractorbusiness
business because both of those types of businesses, the business isn't separate
from the owners for liability purposes.
oses.
Income tax is not paid by the partnership itself. After profits or losses are divided
among the partners, each partner pays income tax on their individual tax return.

Types of Partnerships
Before you start a partnership, you will need to decide what type of partnershipyou
partnership
want. There are three different kinds that are commonly setup.

A general partnership (GP)consists

consists of partners who participate in the day
day-to-day
operations
rations of the partnership and who have liabilityas owners for debts and lawsuits.

A limited partnership (LP)has has one or more general partners who manage the business and
retain liability for its decisions and one or more limited partners who don't participate in
the operations of the business and who don't ha haveliability.

A limited liability partnership (LLP)

(LLP)extends
extends legal protection from liability to all partners,
including general partners.7 An LLP is often formed b byy partners in the same professional
category, such as accountants, architects, and lawyers. The partnership protects partners
from liability from the actions of other partners.

32
 Learning
arning Content

Key takeaways
• A partnership consists of two or more persons or entities doing business
together.
• There are three main types of partnership: general, limited, and limited liability.
• Partnerships must file with the state in which they do business and governed
overned
mostly by state laws.
• Each partner invests in the business and shares in iits profits and losses.
• Partners may or may not be liable for the actions taken by the company.

C. Corporation
A corporation is a business or organization formed by a group of people, and it has
rights and liabilities separate from those of the individuals invo
involved.
It may be a nonprofit organization engaged in activities for the public good; a
municipal corporation, such as a city or town; or a private corporation (the subject of this
article), which has been organized to make a profit.
In the eyes of the law, a corporation has many of the same rights and
responsibilities as a person. It may buy, sell, and own property; enter into leases and
contracts; and bring lawsuits. It pays taxes. It can be prosecuted and punished (often with
fines) if it violates the law. The chief advantages are that it can exist indefinitely, beyond
the lifetime of any one member or founder, and that it offers its owners the protection of
limited personal liability.

D. Incorporation
Incorporation is the legal process used to form a corporate entity or company. A
corporation is the resulting legal entity that separates the firm's assets and income from
its owners and investors.

Corporations can be created in nearly all countries in the world and are usually
identified as such by the use of terms
rms such as "Inc." or "Limited (Ltd.)" in their names. It is
the process of legally declaring a corporate entity as separate from its owners.

How Incorporation Works

• Incorporation has many advantages for a business and its owners,including:
• Protects the owner's
wner's assets against the company'sliabilities
• Allows for easy transfer of ownership to another party
• Achieves a lower tax rate than on personal income
• Receives more lenient tax restrictions on loss carry forwards
• Can raise capital through the sale of stock

33
 Learning
arning Content

What is Social Entrepreneurship?

Social entrepreneurs aim to help society as well as generate profits. A community
of social entrepreneurs is able to recognize problems in the community, and then identify
resources that can help address the problem. Many o off the poorest provinces in the
Philippines are in rural areas, made up of fisherfolk and farmers. They are normally
susceptible to market prices and natural disasters. Using social entrepreneurial principles
community members are able to access other sourc
sources of income, so the community is less
susceptible to factors outside their control.
A social entrepreneurial community, and through them country, is able to maximize
the opportunities presented to them. Their work helps their communities and their people
through
hrough more jobs, increased incomes, improved livelihoods, while reducing the
environmental impact of their activities. Social entrepreneurs contribute to community
development, so that the entire community has improved conditions, not just individuals,
through
rough sustainable grassroots methods.

What’s the Difference Between Angel Investor and VC?

• Venture capital means big-moneymoney investment managed by professional investors

spending other people’s money. y. The money comes from extremely wealthy people,
insurance companies, university endowments, big corporations, etc. Think of Kleinert
Perkins et al., First Round, Softbank, Oak, etc. Venture capital usually comes in millions
of dollars.

• Angel investment is people who are accredited investors as defined by the U.S.
Securities and Exchange Commission ((SEC), which sets wealth criteria:

The most important distinctions between angels and VCS are: Angels invest their
own money; VCs invest another people’s [Link] investment is much more likely to
be in hundreds of thousands
sands than in millions ofdollars.

Aside from those two distinctions, it is generally true that VCs will be more rigorous
in studying (called “due diligence”) the investment before they make it. Both angels and
VCs will have similar processes for looking att summaries, then pitches, then business
plans.
Anything else is called “friends and family,” which really means “not VC” and “not
angel investment.” The laws on investment allow a few so so-called
called friends and family, but
there are limits. The intention of alalll the regulation in this area is to prevent the kind of
stock frauds that were rampant during the great depression.

34
 Readings

Printed Materials
• EntrepreneurialDevelopment,2017
• Edralin, D.M, (2016),Entrepreneurship
• Lopez-Mariano,
Mariano, N.D, (2014), Elements ofFinance
• Medina,
ina, R. G., (2007), BusinessFinance
• Luna, Atty A.R., (2016), Social Responsibility and GoodGovernance

Online Materials:
• What is Risk Management? Definition of Risk Management, RiskManagement
Meaning. (n.d.). Retrieved July 15, 2020, from
[Link]
[Link]/definition/risk-management

• Twin, A. (2020, January 29). Sole Proprietorship: What You Should Know.
Retrieved July 16, 2020, from
[Link]
[Link]/terms/s/[Link]

• Murray, J.(n.d.).WhatIsaBusinessPartnership?RetrievedJuly16, 2020,

2020,from
[Link]
[Link]/what-is-a-business-partnership-398402
398402

• "ENTREPRENEURIAL
RENEURIAL VENTURES IN THE PHILIPPINES". (n.d.). Retrieved July 16,
2020, from[Link]
[Link]
in-the-
Philippines/

• Corporation: Definition, Types, Formation, Maintenance. (1999, October 22).

RetrievedJuly16,2020,from
from[Link]
[Link]/articles/1999/10/[Link]

• Hayes, A. (2020, March 15). Understanding Incorporation. RetrievedJulyy 16,

2020, from[Link]
[Link]/terms/i/[Link]

• (n.d.). Retrieved July 16, 2020, from[Link]

[Link]
[Link]

35
 Activities

1. List down 2 entrepreneurs in your community and present in the class the kinds of
business they are engage in. Find out their personal reason why they become
entrepreneur.

2. Test your potentials

Students will be grouped into 4
They will be asked to choose from the type of business.
The students will be given 5 minutes per group to present thy work in the class.

Assignment

1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of thefollowing:

1. Soleproprietorship
2. Corporation
3. Partnership
4. RiskManagement

2. What are the different requirements in organizing partnership engaged in

manufacturing and exporting handicrafts?

Assessment
Identify the kind of business association being described in the following sentences.
Write S – if Sole Proprietorship, P – if Partnership, C
C- if Corporation.

1. It is an entity of its own and does not dissolve when ownership changes.
2. It is subjected to fewer regulations.
3. It consists of two or more individuals in business through a Partnership agreement.
4. Owners who organize theirr business are personally responsible for the obligations of
the business including actions of any employee representing the business.
5. Its owners had limits on their personal liability.
6. It is owned by shareholders who elect the Board of Directors to oversee primary
responsibilities.
7. It has greater flexibility in raising capital through the sale of stock.
8. It has a higher organizational and operational costs.
9. The initial sources of funds are from personal savings for start-up of the business.
10. It may enter into different contracts and had legal rights granted by the state as
separate from its owners. 36
 References

Printed Materials
• EntrepreneurialDevelopment,2017
• Edralin, D.M, (2016),Entrepreneurship
• Lopez-Mariano,
Mariano, N.D, (2014), Elements ofFinance
• Medina, R. G., (2007), Business
BusinessFinance
• Luna, Atty A.R., (2016), Social Responsibility and GoodGovernance

Online Materials:
• What is Risk Management? Definition of Risk Management, RiskManagement
Meaning. (n.d.). Retrieved July 15, 2020, from
[Link]
[Link]

• Twin, A. (2020, January 29). Sole Proprietorship: What You Should Know.
Retrieved July 16, 2020, from
[Link]
[Link]/terms/s/[Link]

• Murray, J. (n.d.). What Is a Business Partnership? Retrieved July 16, 2020, from
[Link]
[Link]/what-is-a-business-partnership-398402 398402

• "ENTREPRENEURIAL VENTURES IN THE PHILIPPINES". (n.d.). Retrieved July 16,

2020, from[Link]
[Link]
in-the-
Philippines/

• Corporation:Definition,Types,Formation,Mai
Corporation:Definition,Types,Formation,Maintenance.(1999,October22).
ntenance.(1999,October22).
Retrieved July 16, 2020, from
[Link]
[Link]/articles/1999/10/[Link]

• Hayes, A. (2020, March 15). Understanding Incorporation. Retrieved July16,

2020, from[Link]
[Link]/terms/i/[Link]

• (n.d.). Retrieved July 16, 2020, from[Link]

[Link]
[Link]
html

37
 Module No: 6
Business Plan Overview
(Week 11 -12)

What is a business plan?

A business plan is a document that can be shared with other people that explains
the Who, What, Where, When, Why, How, and How Much of your business. A business plan
discusses
cusses not only where your business is now, but also where your business is headed for
the next several years.
If you have completed the other chapters in this training series, writing a
business plan will be easy for you. You have done most of the hard work and thinkingthink
already. If you have not yet completed the other chapters in this training series, you may
want to review them now.
Who should have a business plan?
• Homes
• Centers
• Anyone who is thinking of starting
starting-up, improving the quality of, or expanding their
childcare

• Why should you have a businessplan?

• To act as a map that tells you where your business is headed
• To help you see your strengths and weaknesses
• To communicate to others the plan for your business
• To obtain a loan

Learning Outcome

On completion of this module,

odule, the student will be able to:
• describe the different parts of a business plan, and
• create a BusinessPlan.

38
 Learning Content

Business plan generally consist of:

Activities

1. Present to class at least 3 business ideas with brief description on its nature.

2. Suppose
pose that you wish to start a tutoring service for college students in elementary
accounting courses. List the benefits you would realize from preparing a written
business plan.

3. Interview a person who has started a business within the past five years. Prepare
pare a
report describing the extent to which the entrepreneur engaged its preliminary
planning and his or her views about the value of businessplans.

39
 Readings

Printed Materials:
• EntrepreneurialDevelopment,2017
• TheEntrepreneurship,2015
• Hisrich, RobertD.,Entrepreneurship,2008
neurship,2008
• Flores, Dr. M.F., Business Plan.2017

Online Materials:
• [Link]
[Link]/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahU
KEwik6MC5v9HqAhXMdXAKHeAvDGUQF
KEwik6MC5v9HqAhXMdXAKHeAvDGUQFjAPegQIAhAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fw
jAPegQIAhAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fw
[Link]%2Fdocs%2Fdefault
[Link]%2Fdocs%2Fdefault-source%2FPDFs%
.pdf%3Fsfvrsn%3D0&usg=AOvVaw0yLVWaQH0CGOTi4n0z08d0
.pdf%3Fsfvrsn%3D0&usg=AOvVaw0yLVWaQH0CGOTi4n0z08d0. RetrievedJuly
16,2020
• Haden, J. (2015, April 03). How to Write a Great Business Plan: Overviewand
Objectives. Retrieved JJuly 16, 2020, from[Link]
[Link]
haden/how-to-write-a- killer-business-plan-overview-and-
[Link]
• Haden, J. (2015, April 03). How to Write a Great Business Plan: Overview and
Objectives. Retrieved July 16, 2020, from[Link]
[Link]
haden/how-to-write-a-killer
killer- [Link]
[Link]

40
 Assignment

1. Describe what entrepreneurs mean when they talk about a businessplan.

2. Describe the major sections to be included in a businessplan.

3. Describe common mistakes that entrepr

entrepreneurs make in writing a businessplan.

Assessment

Match the items in Column A with the descriptions in Column B.

1. Describes how you will run your

business (your policies, hours,etc.) A. Market Research andAnalysis

2. Summarizes each major heading ofyour

plan B. Table ofContents

3. Provides documents that support the

C. OperationalPlan
information that you provided in the
therest
of your businessplan
D. ExecutiveSummary
4. Helps reader navigate yourplan
E. Appendix
5. Describes what the child care industry,
your target market, your target
customers, and your competition arelike

41
 References

Printed Materials:
• EntrepreneurialDevelopment,2017
• TheEntrepreneurship,2015
• Hisrich, RobertD.,Entrepreneurship,2008
• Flores, Dr. M.F., Business Plan.2017

Online Materials:
• [Link]
[Link]/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahU
KEwik6MC5v9HqAhXMdXAKHeAvDGUQFjAPegQIAhAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fw
[Link]%2Fdocs%2Fdefault
[Link]%2Fdocs%2Fdefault-source%2FPDFs%2Fbusiness-plan-overviewoverview-
[Link]%3Fsfvrsn%3D0&usg=AOvVaw0yLVWaQH0CGOTi4n0z08d0
[Link]%3Fsfvrsn%3D0&usg=AOvVaw0yLVWaQH0CGOTi4n0z08d0.
[Link]%3Fsfvrsn%3D0&usg=AOvVaw0yLVWaQH0CGOTi4n0z08d0
Retrieved July 16, 2020
• Haden, J. (2015, April 03). How to Write a Great Business Plan: Overviewand
Objectives. Retrieved July 16, 2020, from[Link]
[Link]
haden/how-to-write-a- killer-business-plan-overview-and-
[Link]
• Haden, J. (2015, April 03). How to Write a Great Business Plan: Overview and
Objectives. Retrieved July 16, 2020, from[Link]
[Link]/jeff-
haden/how-to-write-a-killer
killer- [Link]
[Link]

42
 Module No: 7
Problem Solving Strategies
(Week 13 -14)

Problem-solving
solving is a basic skill that every entrepreneur should have. Sometimes,
you solve problems without really thinking too much about it. When you are a
businessperson,
inessperson, developing problem
problem-solving
solving skills is an important responsibility. Your
business will not succeed if you don’t know how to solve problems.
Furthermore, creative problem-solving
solving in entrepreneurship is one of the vital keys to
business success.

Learning Outcome

On completion of this module, the student will be able to:

• identify different problem-solving
solving strategies,and
• formulate strategies that are applicable in the student’s businessventures.

Learning Content

43
 Learning Content

Entrepreneurship comes along with a lot of responsibilities and risks. An

Entrepreneur is one who, by risk and initiative, attempts to make a profit. He is commonly
seen as an innovator, a designer of new ideas and business process. Management skills and
strong team-building abilities
lities are often perceived as essential leadership attributes for
successful entrepreneurs.
There are certain problem-solving
solving skills that an entrepreneur must possess.
Critical Thinking Skills
Critical thinking is the ultimate key to problem
problem-solving and is the most important
problem-solving
solving skill you should develop. This skill enables entrepreneurs to identify
problems and turn such problems into opportunities. Business challenges and problems can
never be resolved without critical thinking.
Decision Making Skills
The next skill that every entrepreneur must possess is decision making. After
analyzing several possible solutions to the problem at hand, an entrepreneur must be able
to arrive at a decision quickly. This allows them to move on to the next step wi
without
divagating in a constant loop of ifs and buts. The faster the decision is made, the quicker
can execution process begins.

44
 Learning Content

Communication Skills
Entrepreneurs with good people skills inspire others to be more confident in
expressing their opinions and encourage them to give feedback, which can speed up the
process of finding solutions. Good communication skills can help you boost your
confidence level and you are able to gain a better perspective and receive valuable
insights.
Understanding the Business
This is one of the most important skills set that every individual must
must-have.
have. This
skill is not one you can develop in your closet, it’s a skill you develop by putting yourself on
the line, it’s a skill you develop by getting your hands dirty. Underst
Understanding
anding comes from
experience, and experience is all that is required in the business.
How is this problem solving
solvingprocess
process distinctive, and how can you apply that
difference to your own work habits? bits? And what's different about entrepreneurs-as-
entrepreneurs
problem-solvers
solvers in the first place? Here are six ways:
1. They identify problemsfirst.
Some people think of entrepreneurial types as creative inventors; given a blank
canvas, they can come up with a product tthat
hat people will love. But that's not usually the
case. Instead, the most successful entrepreneurs are those who first identify a key problem
in the market, then work to solve that problem.
2. They staycalm.
According to a study by TalentSmart
TalentSmart,, 90 percent of top performers are able to
manage their emotions successfully whe
whenn they experience high levels of stress. This isn't a
coincidence: When you allow your emotions to get the better of you when facing a
problem, you subject yourself to reactive decision
decision-making,
making, and lose touch with your logical
side. Accordingly, you make poorer
oorer decisions, and in some cases, may look bad in front of
your employees.
4. Theyadapt.
Successful entrepreneurs are also willing to adapt to solve a problem; they
aren't beholden to the image, processes or lines of thinking that got them into the
problem in the first place.
5. They delegate anddistribute.
Entrepreneurs also know they aren't the most effective problemproblem-solvers
solvers on
their own; instead, most problems are best handed over to specialists who better
[Link],
Accordingly,whenanentrepreneurfacesatoughdecisionora
rfacesatoughdecisionora
difficult situation, he or she typically delegates the judgment needed to an expert and calls
in help to carry out that expert's solution as efficiently as possible.

45
 Learning Content

6. They measure outcomes andreflect.

Successful entrepreneurs actually ly do more than just solve the problem. After
applying a fix, they spend time measuring the results of their efforts with analytics tools, and
reflecting on those outcomes. Learning from the approach they've chosen, whether it turns
out to be a success or failure, is what equips them to make even better decisions in the future.

Readings

Printed Materials
• EntrepreneurialDevelopment,2017
• Edralin, D.M, (2016),Entrepreneurship
• Go, J, (2018),Enterpreneurship
Enterpreneurship
• Kuratko, D, (2018),Entrepreneurship

Online Materials:
• StartupEd. (n.d.). Problem Solving Skills that every Entrepreneur needs to have:
StartupEd - Incubation Cloud. Retrieved July 16, 2020,
from[Link]
ttps://[Link]/ebook/[Link]/problem-solving-skillsskills-
that-
every-entrepreneur-needs/
needs/

• Entrepreneurs Solve Problems Differently Than Other Professionals. Really! Here

Are the 6 Ways. (2017, October 30). Retrieved July 16, 2020, from
[Link]
[Link]/article/303407

• Bunmi. (2020, May 19). Problem

Problem-Solving Skills Every Entrepreneur Should Have -
[SKILLS FOR SUCCESS]. Retrieved July 16, 2020,
from[Link]
[Link]
entrepreneur-should-have/
have/

46
 Activities

1. Prepare business strategies using thefollowing:

• SWOT
• IshikawaDiagram
• Michael Porter’s Five Forces
ForcesStrategies
• OceanStrategy

2. Ask yourself what qualities do you

u want from business partners, then invite people
within your class (or network) who have these qualities to be a partner for a small
business project.

Assignment

Research:

Why people don’t start a Business? Cite reasons why people do not start a
business? Identify potentials for each Business, then make a master plan and timetable
on how to remove these barriers.

Assessment

Fill in the blanks.

1. comes along with a lot of responsibilities andrisks.

2. This is one of the most important skills set that every individualmust
individualmust-have.

3. The next skill that every entrepreneur must possess is decisionmaking.

4. Successful entrepreneurs are also willing to adapt to solve aproblem.

5. istheultimate keytoproblem
toproblem-solvingandisthemostimportantproblem-
solving skill you shoulddevelop.

47
 Assessment

cont…

6. can help you boost your confidence level and you are able to gain abetter
perspective and receive valuableinsights.

7. Successful entrepreneurs actually do more than just solve theproblem.

8. problem-solving
solving skills is an important
importantresponsibility.

9. Entrepreneurs with good people skills inspire others to be more confident in

expressing their opinions and encourage them to givefeedback.

10. This allows them to move on to the next step without divagating in aconstant
loop of ifs and buts.

References

Printed Materials
• EntrepreneurialDevelopment,2017
• Edralin, D.M, (2016),Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship
• Go, J, (2018),Enterpreneurship
• Kuratko, D, (2018),Entrepreneurship

Online Materials:
• StartupEd. (n.d.). Problem Solving Skills that every Entrepreneur needs to have:
StartupEd - Incubation Cloud. Retrieved July 16, 2020,
from[Link]
s://[Link]/ebook/[Link]/problem-solving-skillsskills-
that-
every-entrepreneur-needs/
needs/

• Entrepreneurs Solve Problems Differently Than Other Professionals. Really! Here

Are the 6 Ways. (2017, October 30). Retrieved July 16, 2020, from
[Link]
[Link]/article/303407

• Bunmi. (2020, May 19). Problem

Problem-Solving
Solving Skills Every Entrepreneur Should Have -
[SKILLS FOR SUCCESS]. Retrieved July 16, 2020,
from[Link]
[Link]
every-
entrepreneur-should-have/
have/
48
 Module No: 8
Global Trends in Business–
the Supply Chain
(Week 11 -12)

The Global Trends help organizations to ensure they are ready for the future by
understanding
tanding the disruptive forces that they face and guiding them to take advantage of
the opportunities.
The Global Trends are:
• Empowering the Workforce: Increasing productivity in the digitalworkplace
• Smarter Business: Innovating in the as
as-a-serviceeconomy
• Digitalization
igitalization and Disruption: Competing in the GigabitSociety

Empowering the Workforce

This trend tackles massive change in how employees work, through the lens of
increasing their productivity and engagement. Borderless working aids collaboration
globally,
y, and enables workforces to become increasingly flexible and agile. Individuals are
becoming the masters of their own multi
multi-disciplined careers.
Smarter Business
An as-a-service
service culture – which mirrors consumers’ own emerging buying
preferences and which is enabled by the cloud – is helping businesses work smarter. The
internet of things is meanwhile enabling businesses to innovate faster and transform assets
into intelligent devices that provide real
real-time
time insight into the business and its customers.
Digitalization and Disruption
Leading global industry analyst Gartner Inc. aptly describes digitalization as ‘the
use of digital technologies to change a business model and provide new revenue and value-value
producing opportunities’. This disruption to traditional business is encapsulated in the third
trend.

Learning Outcome

On completion of this module, the student will be able to:

• discuss the ASEAN integration, and
• explain
xplain the impact of ASEAN integration in the Philippines.

49
 Learning Content

ASEAN Integration

The ASEAN Communityy started when 5Southeast Asian leaders decided to form a
union to foster the bond within their respective nations. This union of Southeast Asian
nations was created through the ASEAN Bangkok Declaration. The countries included in
this union are Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Over the
past years more countries have joined the ASEAN union including Brunei Darussalam,
Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar and Cambodia.

This union aims to help strengthen and stabilize each country’s economic ggrowth
rowth
and development. Basically, the ASEAN union was created to help Southeast Asian
countries to develop Economic growth, Socio Socio-cultural
cultural development and Political-
Political
Security. All of the plans made by the ASEAN union for the betterment of each member
country
ry are integrated in the ASEAN Economic Blueprint. Supposedly, the leaders of the
ASEAN union have envisioned the completion of their goals by the year 2020 but they
changed it to 2015 instead, to make sure that they can fast track the growth and
development of their countries.

Through the ASEAN integration, member countries support each other in

preventing the likes of rampant piracy, terrorism and drug trafficking. This initiative also
aims to foster economic development meaning more job opportunities, m more
ore investors
to develop industries, promote social responsibilities in times of disaster and more
opportunities for education.

Impact of the ASEAN Integration to the Philippines

The promises of the ASEAN economic integration based on trade and tourism are
encouraging. However, the Philippines has not been able to fully benefit from the
integration due to various internal challenges, such as ownership limitations, lack of
infrastructure development and differences in trade processing among others. Currently,
Current
the infrastructure component is being addressed through the Comprehensive Tax
Reform Program. Upon its passage, it will aid the government in its “Build, Build, Build”
program that can address the infrastructure
infrastructure-related issues. Beyond infrastructure
financing, the need for the government to improve revenue generation is paramount in
order to realize the possible gains from the ASEAN economic integration. This is because
full integration would mean that revenue generation will shift fully to the Bure
Bureau
au of
Internal Revenue (BIR). About 90 percent of the government revenues come from taxes,
of this the BIR accounts for 80 percent, while the Bureau of Customs (BOC) accounts for
20 percent of the total tax collection. Under full integration, the 20
20-percent
ent contribution
of the BOC is supposed to decline, with the ASEAN accounting for 26.4 percent of our
50
imports.
 Learning Content

Trade system on the Neighboring ASEAN countries

International trade has been an essential element of the long

long-term
term economic
development of Southeast Asia. Involvement in international trade has laid crucial
foundations for the present-day
day economic growth of this region since the fourth quarter
of the twentieth century.

The
he Southeast Asian economy has strong historical roots and has obtained
considerable benefits from international trade. Since the entry of the Europeans in the
beginning of the sixteenth century in particular, Southeast Asia has been in touch with a
wide range of overseas markets in Asia and Europe. Large demands for Southeastt Asian
products have stimulated the economic development of the region. The economy was
largely developed for the mass production of primary products. Development of the
delta areas, introduction of the plantation system, and the acceptance of Chinese
immigrants are good examples of the region’s capacity to respond to changes, before the
production of manufactured goods became more important in the late twentieth
century.

Readings

Printed Materials
• EntrepreneurialDevelopment,2017
• Edralin, D.M, (2016),Entrepreneurship
repreneurship
• Go, J, (2018),Enterpreneurship
• Kuratko, D, (2018),Entrepreneurship

Online Materials:
• What is the ASEAN Integration?(2014, June 17). Retrieved July 17, 2020, from
[Link]
[Link]

• 3 global trends that will change yyour

our business. (n.d.). Retrieved July 17, 2020,
from[Link]
[Link]
insights/blog/gigabit-
thinking/3-global-trends
trends-that-will-change-your-business

• Watch, E. (2017, November 16). Opportunities and threats under the Asean
economic integration : Eagle Watch. Retrieved July 17, 2020,
from[Link]
[Link]
threats-under-the-asean
asean-economic-integration/

51
 Readings

Online Materials:

• Shimada, R. (1970, January 01). Southeast Asia and International Trade:

ContinuityandChangeinHistoricalPerspective.RetrievedJuly17,2020,
from[Link]
[Link] 2_3

Activities

1. Choose 6 members of the ASEAN countries, print and cut out their flags and paste it
in 1/8 illustration board. Discuss their tradingsystem.

2. Interview an employee from any bank or business, how ASEAN helps th

thePhilippines.
ePhilippines.

Assignment

Research:

1. The advantages
ges and disadvantages of ASEAN integration in thePhilippines.

2. List all the members of ASEANcountries

3. theASEANintegration,membercountriessupporteachotherinpreventingthe
theASEANintegration,membercountriessupporteachotherinpreventingthelikes of
rampant piracy, terrorism and drugtrafficking.

52
 Assessment

Match the items in Column A , countries with the descriptions in Column B, Head of state.

A B

1. Brunei A. President JokoWidodo

2. Myanmar B. His Majesty Seri Paduka Baginda The Yang Di-

Pertuan Agong AlAl-Sultan Abdullah Ri’ayatuddin Al-
Mustafa Billah Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Haji
Ahmad Shah AlAl-Musta’inBillah
3. Cambodia C. Nay Pyi
PyiTaw

4. Timor-Leste D. President Rodrigo RoaDuterte

5. Indonesia E. President Halimah

HalimahYacob

6. Laos F. His Majesty Sultan Haji Hassanal

HassanalBolkiah
Mu’izzaddinWaddaulah
7. Malaysia G. His Majesty King NorodomSihamoni

8. Philippines H. President BounnhangVorachith

9. Singapore I. His Majesty King Maha

MahaVajiralongkorn
Bodindradebayavarangkun
10. Thailand J. Nguyen Phu
PhuTrong

11. Vietnam K. His Majesty Sultan Haji HassanalBolkiah

Mu’izzaddinWaddaulah

53
 References

Printed Materials
• EntrepreneurialDevelopment,2017
Development,2017
• Edralin, D.M, (2016),Entrepreneurship
• Go, J, (2018),Enterpreneurship
• Kuratko, D, (2018),Entrepreneurship

Online Materials:

• What is the ASEAN Integration?(2014,

tegration?(2014, June 17). Retrieved July 17, 2020, from
[Link]
[Link]

• 3 global trends that will change your business. (n.d.). Retrieved July 17, 2020,
from[Link]
[Link]
insights/blog/gigabit-
thinking/3-global-trends
trends-that-will-change-your-business

• Watch, E. (2017, November 16). Opportunities and threats under the Asean
economic integration : Eagle Watch. Retrieved July 17, 2020,
from[Link]
[Link]
threats-under-the-asean
asean-economic-integration/

• Shimada, R. (1970, January 01). Southeast Asia and In

International Trade:
ContinuityandChangeinHistoricalPerspective.RetrievedJuly17,2020,
from[Link]
[Link] 2_3

• About the author(s) Vinayak HV is a principal in McKinsey’s Singapore office.

(n.d.). Understanding ASEAN
ASEAN: Seven things you need to know. Retrieved July
17, 2020, from[Link]
[Link]
sector/our-
insights/understanding
insights/understanding-asean-seven-things-you-need-to-know

• Southeast Asian Countries - NIU - Center for Southeast Asian Studies.(n.d.).

Retrieved July 17, 2020, from
[Link]
[Link]/clas/cseas/resources/[Link]

• Https://[Link]/asean/asean
Https://[Link]/asean/asean-member-states/.
states/. (n.d.). Retrieved July 17,2020

54
 Exhibi
Exhibit “A”

Rubric for Written Reports

CRITERIA POOR FAIR GOOD EXCELLENT
(1-3 PTS) (4-5 PTS) (6-8 PTS) (9-10PTS)
10PTS)
Thoughtfulness of Student was able to Student was able to The student has a clear The student has a clear
answer the question but answer the question but position. The student opinion on the question.
questi
Written Work
has little to say about not very thoroughly. The backed up his / her The student has several
(50%) why they thought so. It is student left questions position with one or two points to back up his /
clear that the student about the student’s points from the readings. her position. Student
just “cut and paste” the understanding of the The student was able to was able to think
content. material. The student cite his / her sources through
obviously used outside where appropriate. counterarguments
sources but did not cite beforehand and answer
them. them. The student’s
position was well
explained and cited
sources where
appropriate.

Clarity of Written Major issues with clarity, The reader would have The use of language is The use of language is
language usage and / or trouble reading the mostly clear, but there clear and [Link]
Work
conciseness. student’s writing for a are several minor student was thorough
(30%) variety of reasons, but grammatical errors. The but not needlesslyso.
would still get the student tends to “run The reader would know
general point. on” but still made good the student’s opinion
points. Writing is and why the student
generally good but need thought so in one easy
some work on topic / reading. The paragraphs
supporting sentences. used topic / supporting
sentences.

Organization of The paper is sloppy and The paper is basically The paper is well- The paper is well-
well
unorganized. fine, but there are organized. The reader organized. The reader
Paper
several issues relating to knows exactly what knows exactly what
(20%) organization. question the student is question the
e student is
answering. Although answering.
there may be few places
that would be better
understood if use of
bullets was done.

55
 Exhibit “B”

Rubric for Written Assignment

CRITERIA POOR FAIR GOOD EXCELLENT
(1-3 PTS) (4-5 PTS) (6-8 PTS) (9-10 PTS)
Content and Does not answer Partially answers Answers question Content is
Development question. Content is question. Content is not adequately. Content is comprehensive, accurate
(40%) incomplete. Does not comprehensive and / or comprehensive and and
nd persuasive. Course
reference any course persuasive. Minimal accurate. Good reference readings play
readings. Major points reference to course to course readings. Majorcomprehensive role in
are not clear and / or readings. Major points points are stated clearlymaking points /
persuasive. are addressed, but not and are generally developing arguments.
well supported. Research supported. Research is Major points are stated
is inadequate or does not adequate, timely and clearly and are well
address course concepts. addresses course supported. Research is
Content is inconsistent concepts. Content and excellent, timely and
with regard to purpose purpose of the writing addresses course
and clarity of thought. are clear. concepts. Content
Conte and
purpose of the writing
are clear.
Organization and Organization and Structure of the paper is Structure of the paper is Structure of the paper is
Structure structure detract from not easy to follow. clear, easy to follow. clear, easy to follow and
(30%) the message of the Introduction is missing, Introduction provides interesting to read.
writer. Introduction and / or if provided, does not sufficient background on Introduction provides
or conclusion is missing. preview major points. the topic. Paragraph abundance in
Paragraphs are disjointed Paragraph transitions transitions are present background information
and lack transition of need improvement. and logical and maintain on the topic and
thoughts. Conclusion is missing, or the flow of thought previews major points.
if provided, does not flow throughout the paper. Paragraph transitions are
from the body of the Conclusion is logical and present and logical and
paper. flows from the body of maintain the flow of
the paper. thought throughout the
paper. Conclusion is
logical and flows from
the body of the paper
and is impacting on its
final message.
Format Paper lacks many Paper follows most Paper follows designated Paper consistently
(10%) elements of correct guidelines. Paper guidelines. Citations and follows designated
formatting. Citations and provides citations, but references are used guidelines. Citations and
references are not they are incorrectly appropriately. Paper is references are used
provided. Paper is prepared. Paper provides the appropriate length as appropriately. Paper is
inadequate / excessive in reference list, with some described for the the appropriate length as
length. errors or omissions. assignment. described for the
Paper is over / under assignment.
word length.
Grammar, Punctuation Paper contains numerous Paper contains few Rules of grammar. Usage Rules of grammar usage
and Spelling grammatical, grammatical punctuation and punctuation are and punctuation
uation are
(20%) punctuation and spelling and spelling errors. followed. Spelling is followed. Spelling is
errors. Language uses Language lacks clarity or correct. Language is correct. Language is clear
jargon or conversational includes the use of some generally clear and and precise. Sentences
tone. jargon or conversational precise. Sentences display consistently
tone. display some varied strong, varied structure.
structure.

56