REF542plus

Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings

Protection manual
1MRS755860 Multifunction Protection and Switchgear REF542plus
Control Unit
Issued: 15.07.2003 Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Version: A/28.02.2006 Protection manual

Contents
1. Introduction.... ................................................................... 13
1.1. This manual.................................................................... .... 13
1.2. Use of symbols.... .......................................................... .... 13
1.3. Intended audience.......................................................... .... 13
1.4. Product documentation.... .............................................. .... 13
1.5. Revision history.... .......................................................... .... 14
2. Safety Information.... ........................................................ 15
3. Analog measurement.... ................................................... 17
4. Analog Inputs.................................................................... 19
4.1. Analog Inputs.... ............................................................. .... 19
4.1.1. Analog board selection.... ............................... .... 20
4.1.2. Current transformer.... ..................................... .... 21
4.1.3. Current Rogowski............................................ .... 22
4.1.4. Voltage transformer.... ..................................... .... 23
4.2. General constraints.... .................................................... .... 26
4.3. Network characteristics.... .............................................. .... 26
4.4. Calculated values........................................................... .... 27
5. Control and monitoring.... ............................................... 29
5.1. Measurement supervision NPS and PPS.... ................. .... 29
5.1.1. Input/output description.... ............................... .... 29
5.1.2. Configuration.... ............................................... .... 30
5.1.3. Measurement mode.... .................................... .... 32
5.1.4. Operation criteria.... ......................................... .... 32
5.1.5. Setting groups.... ............................................. .... 32
5.1.6. Parameters and events.... ............................... .... 33
5.2. Power factor controller.... ............................................... .... 33
5.2.1. Input/output description.... ............................... .... 34
5.2.2. Configuration.... ............................................... .... 35
5.2.3. Measurement mode.... .................................... .... 37
5.2.4. Operating modes and requirements.... ........... .... 40
5.2.5. Time settings.... ............................................... .... 41
5.2.6. Indications........................................................ .... 42
5.2.7. Automatic power factor controlling.... ............. .... 43
5.2.8. Setting example............................................... .... 44
5.2.9. Parameters and events.... ............................... .... 45
6. Protection functions......................................................... 47
6.1. Current protection functions........................................... .... 47
6.1.1. Inrush blocking.... ............................................ .... 47
[Link]. Input/output description.... .............. .... 47
[Link]. Configuration................................... .... 48

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Control Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual

[Link]. Measurement mode........................ .... 50

[Link]. Operation criteria.... ........................ .... 51
[Link]. Setting groups.... ............................ .... 53
[Link]. Parameters and events.... .............. .... 53
6.1.2. Inrush harmonic............................................... .... 54
[Link]. Input/output description.... .............. .... 55
[Link]. Configuration................................... .... 55
[Link]. Measurement mode........................ .... 57
[Link]. Operation criteria.... ........................ .... 58
[Link]. Steady-state detection.................... .... 59
[Link]. Setting groups.... ............................ .... 59
[Link]. Parameters and events.... .............. .... 59
6.1.3. Directional overcurrent protection.... ............... .... 59
[Link]. Input/output description.... .............. .... 60
[Link]. Configuration................................... .... 61
[Link]. Measurement mode........................ .... 63
[Link]. Operation criteria.... ........................ .... 64
[Link]. Current direction.... ......................... .... 64
[Link]. Voltage memory.... .......................... .... 65
[Link]. Setting groups.... ............................ .... 66
[Link]. Parameters and events.... .............. .... 66
6.1.4. Overcurrent protection..................................... .... 67
[Link]. Input/output description.... .............. .... 67
[Link]. Configuration................................... .... 68
[Link]. Measurement mode........................ .... 70
[Link]. Operation criteria.... ........................ .... 70
[Link]. Setting groups.... ............................ .... 71
[Link]. Parameters and events.... .............. .... 71
6.1.5. Overcurrent IDMT.... ........................................ .... 72
[Link]. Input/output description.... .............. .... 72
[Link]. Configuration................................... .... 73
[Link]. Measurement mode........................ .... 76
[Link]. Operation criteria.... ........................ .... 76
[Link]. Setting groups.... ............................ .... 76
[Link]. Parameters and events.... .............. .... 77
6.1.6. Earth fault protection.... ................................... .... 77
[Link]. Input/output description.... .............. .... 78
[Link]. Configuration................................... .... 79
[Link]. Measurement mode........................ .... 81
[Link]. Operation criteria.... ........................ .... 81
[Link]. Setting groups.... ............................ .... 81
[Link]. Parameters and events.... .............. .... 82
6.1.7. Directional earth fault protection.... ................. .... 82
[Link]. Input/output description.... .............. .... 83
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Control Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual

[Link]. Configuration................................... .... 84

[Link]. Measurement mode........................ .... 86
[Link]. Operation criteria.... ........................ .... 87
[Link]. Setting groups.... ............................ .... 89
[Link]. Parameters and events.... .............. .... 89
6.1.8. Sensitive directional earth fault protection.... . .... 89
[Link]. Input/output description.... .............. .... 90
[Link]. Configuration................................... .... 91
[Link]. Measurement mode........................ .... 93
[Link]. Operation criteria.... ........................ .... 94
[Link]. Setting groups.... ............................ .... 95
[Link]. Parameters and events.... .............. .... 95
6.1.9. Sector directional earth fault protection.......... .... 96
[Link]. Input/output description.... .............. .... 96
[Link]. Configuration................................... .... 97
[Link]. Measurement mode........................ .. 103
[Link]. Operation criteria.... ........................ .. 104
[Link]. Trip and Block areas.... .................. .. 104
[Link]. Start drop-off delay function........... .. 106
[Link]. Setting groups.... ............................ .. 107
[Link]. Parameters and events.... .............. .. 107
6.1.10. Earth fault IDMT............................................... .. 108
[Link]. Input/output description.... .............. .. 108
[Link]. Configuration................................... .. 109
[Link]. Measurement mode........................ .. 112
[Link]. Operation criteria.... ........................ .. 112
[Link]. Setting groups.... ............................ .. 113
[Link]. Parameters and events.... .............. .. 113
6.2. Voltage protection.... ...................................................... .. 113
6.2.1. Overvoltage protection.... ................................ .. 113
[Link]. Input/output description.... .............. .. 114
[Link]. Configuration................................... .. 115
[Link]. Measurement mode........................ .. 117
[Link]. Operation criteria.... ........................ .. 117
[Link]. Setting groups.... ............................ .. 118
[Link]. Parameters and events.... .............. .. 118
6.2.2. Undervoltage protection.... .............................. .. 119
[Link]. Input/output description.... .............. .. 119
[Link]. Configuration................................... .. 120
[Link]. Measurement mode........................ .. 122
[Link]. Operation criteria.... ........................ .. 123
[Link]. Behavior at low voltage values.... .. .. 124
[Link]. Setting groups.... ............................ .. 125
[Link]. Parameters and events.... .............. .. 125
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REF542plus Multifunction Protection and Switchgear 1MRS755860
Control Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual

6.2.3. Residual overvoltage protection.... ................. .. 125

[Link]. Input/output description.... .............. .. 126
[Link]. Configuration................................... .. 127
[Link]. Measurement mode........................ .. 129
[Link]. Operation criteria.... ........................ .. 129
[Link]. Setting groups.... ............................ .. 129
[Link]. Parameters and events.... .............. .. 130
6.3. Motor protection.... ......................................................... .. 130
6.3.1. Thermal overload protection.... ....................... .. 130
[Link]. Input/output description.... .............. .. 130
[Link]. Configuration................................... .. 132
[Link]. Measurement mode........................ .. 135
[Link]. Operation criteria.... ........................ .. 135
[Link]. Thermal memory at power-down...... 136
[Link]. Setting groups.... ............................ .. 136
[Link]. Parameters and events.... .............. .. 136
6.3.2. Motor start protection.... .................................. .. 137
[Link]. Input/output description.... .............. .. 138
[Link]. Configuration................................... .. 139
[Link]. Measurement mode........................ .. 141
[Link]. Operation criteria.... ........................ .. 141
[Link]. Setting groups.... ............................ .. 142
[Link]. Parameters and events.... .............. .. 142
6.3.3. Blocking rotor................................................... .. 143
[Link]. Input/output description.... .............. .. 143
[Link]. Configuration................................... .. 144
[Link]. Measurement mode........................ .. 146
[Link]. Operation criteria.... ........................ .. 146
[Link]. Setting groups.... ............................ .. 147
[Link]. Parameters and events.... .............. .. 147
6.3.4. Number of starts.............................................. .. 148
[Link]. Input/output description.... .............. .. 148
[Link]. Configuration................................... .. 149
[Link]. Measurement mode........................ .. 151
[Link]. Operation criteria.... ........................ .. 151
[Link]. Setting groups.... ............................ .. 152
[Link]. Parameters and events.... .............. .. 152
6.4. Distance protection.... .................................................... .. 153
6.4.1. Input/output description.... ............................... .. 153
6.4.2. Configuration.... ............................................... .. 154
6.4.3. Operation mode............................................... .. 160
6.4.4. Setting groups.... ............................................. .. 162
6.4.5. Parameters and events.... ............................... .. 162
6.5. Differential protection.... ................................................. .. 164
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Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual

6.5.1. Transformer Differential Protection.... ............. .. 164

[Link]. Input/output description.... .............. .. 165
[Link]. Configuration................................... .. 166
[Link]. Measurement mode........................ .. 170
[Link]. Operation criteria.... ........................ .. 170
[Link]. Tripping characteristic.... ................ .. 172
[Link]. Inrush stabilization.......................... .. 174
[Link]. Setting groups.... ............................ .. 174
[Link]. Parameters and events.... .............. .. 174
6.5.2. Restricted differential protection.... ................. .. 175
[Link]. Input/output description.... .............. .. 176
[Link]. Configuration................................... .. 176
[Link]. Measurement mode........................ .. 179
[Link]. Operation criteria.... ........................ .. 180
[Link]. Tripping characteristic.... ................ .. 181
[Link]. Directional criterion for stabilization
against CT saturation.... ................. .. 182
[Link]. Setting groups.... ............................ .. 184
[Link]. Parameters and events.... .............. .. 184
6.6. Other Protections.... ....................................................... .. 185
6.6.1. Unbalanced load protection.... ........................ .. 185
[Link]. Input/output description.... .............. .. 185
[Link]. Configuration................................... .. 186
[Link]. Measurement mode........................ .. 190
[Link]. Operation criteria.... ........................ .. 190
[Link]. Setting groups.... ............................ .. 191
[Link]. Parameters and events.... .............. .. 191
6.6.2. Directional power protection.... ....................... .. 191
[Link]. Input/output description.... .............. .. 192
[Link]. Configuration................................... .. 193
[Link]. Measurement mode........................ .. 195
[Link]. Operation criteria.... ........................ .. 195
[Link]. Setting groups.... ............................ .. 196
[Link]. Parameters and events.... .............. .. 196
6.6.3. Low load protection.... ..................................... .. 196
[Link]. Input/output description.... .............. .. 197
[Link]. Configuration................................... .. 197
[Link]. Measurement mode........................ .. 200
[Link]. Operation criteria.... ........................ .. 200
[Link]. Setting groups.... ............................ .. 201
[Link]. Parameters and events.... .............. .. 201
6.6.4. Frequency supervision.... ................................ .. 201
[Link]. Input/output description.... .............. .. 202
[Link]. Configuration................................... .. 202
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REF542plus Multifunction Protection and Switchgear 1MRS755860
Control Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual

[Link]. Measurement mode........................ .. 204

[Link]. Operation criteria.... ........................ .. 204
[Link]. Setting groups.... ............................ .. 205
[Link]. Parameters and events.... .............. .. 205
6.6.5. Synchronism check.... ..................................... .. 205
[Link]. Input/output description.... .............. .. 206
[Link]. Configuration................................... .. 206
[Link]. Measurement mode........................ .. 209
[Link]. Operation criteria.... ........................ .. 209
[Link]. Setting groups.... ............................ .. 210
[Link]. Parameters and events.... .............. .. 210
6.6.6. Switching resonance protection...................... .. 210
[Link]. Input/output description.... .............. .. 210
[Link]. Configuration................................... .. 211
[Link]. Measurement mode........................ .. 214
[Link]. Operation criteria.... ........................ .. 214
[Link]. Setting groups.... ............................ .. 214
[Link]. Parameters and events.... .............. .. 215
6.6.7. High harmonic protection.... ............................ .. 215
[Link]. Input/output description.... .............. .. 216
[Link]. Configuration................................... .. 217
[Link]. Measurement mode........................ .. 219
[Link]. Operation criteria.... ........................ .. 219
[Link]. Setting groups.... ............................ .. 220
[Link]. Parameters and events.... .............. .. 220
6.6.8. Frequency protection....................................... .. 220
[Link]. Input/output description.... .............. .. 221
[Link]. Configuration................................... .. 222
[Link]. Measurement mode........................ .. 225
[Link]. Operation criteria.... ........................ .. 226
[Link]. Setting groups.... ............................ .. 227
[Link]. Parameters and events.... .............. .. 227
6.7. Autoreclose..................................................................... .. 228
6.7.1. Input/output description.... ............................... .. 228
6.7.2. Configuration.... ............................................... .. 229
6.7.3. Operation mode............................................... .. 231
6.7.4. Setting groups.... ............................................. .. 233
6.7.5. Parameters and events.... ............................... .. 233
6.8. Fault recorder.... ............................................................. .. 235
6.8.1. Input/output description.... ............................... .. 235
6.8.2. Configuration.... ............................................... .. 236
6.8.3. Operation.... ..................................................... .. 237
6.8.4. Parameters and events.... ............................... .. 239

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1MRS755860 Multifunction Protection and Switchgear REF542plus
Control Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual

7. Abbreviations.... .............................................................. 241

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1MRS755860 Multifunction Protection and Switchgear REF542plus
Control Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual

Copyrights
The information in this document is subject to change without notice and
should not be construed as a commitment by ABB Oy. ABB Oy assumes no
responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document.

In no event shall ABB Oy be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental or

consequential damages of any nature or kind arising from the use of this
document, nor shall ABB Oy be liable for incidental or consequential
damages arising from use of any software or hardware described in this
document.

This document and parts thereof must not be reproduced or copied without
written permission from ABB Oy, and the contents thereof must not be
imparted to a third party nor used for any unauthorized purpose.

The software or hardware described in this document is furnished under a

license and may be used, copied, or disclosed only in accordance with the
terms of such license.

Copyright © 2006 ABB Oy

All rights reserved.

Trademarks

ABB is a registered trademark of ABB Group. All other brand or product

names mentioned in this document may be trademarks or registered
trademarks of their respective holders.

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1MRS755860 Multifunction Protection and Switchgear REF542plus
Control Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual

1. Introduction
1.1. This manual

This manual describes how to use the protection functions available in

REF542plus.

This manual is addressed to engineering personnel and to anyone who needs

to configureREF542plus.

1.2. Use of symbols

This publication includes the following icons that point out safety-related
conditions or other important information:

The warning icon indicates the presence of a hazard which could

result in personal injury.

The caution icon indicates important information or warning

related to the concept discussed in the text. It might indicate the
presence of a hazard which could result in corruption of software
or damage to equipment or property.

The information icon alerts the reader to relevant facts and

conditions.

Although warning hazards are related to personal injury, it should be

understood that operation of damaged equipment could, under certain
operational conditions, result in degraded process performance leading to
personal injury or death. Therefore, comply fully with all warning and
caution notices.

1.3. Intended audience

This manual is intended for operators, supervisors and administrators to

support normal use of the product.

1.4. Product documentation

Name of the Manual Document ID

Application Notes 1MRS755870
CAN Manual 1VTA100189-Rev 1, en
Configuration Manual 1MRS755871

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REF542plus Multifunction Protection and Switchgear 1MRS755860
Control Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual

Name of the Manual Document ID

iButton Programmer User Manual 1MRS755863
Manual Part 3, Installation and Commission 1 VTA100004
Manual Part 4, Communication 1VTA100005
Motor Protection with ATEX Certification, Manual 1MRS755862
Operator’s Manual 1MRS755869
Protection Manual 1MRS755860
Technical Catalogue 1MRS755859
Technical Reference Modbus RTU 1MRS755868
Web Manual, Installation 1MRS755865
Web Manual, Operation 1MRS755864

1.5. Revision history

Version Date History

1VTA0002 15.07.2003 1st release, valid since SW V4C01
1VTA10002 Rev02 10.12.2003 2nd release, valid since SW V4D02
1VTA10002 Rev03 01.05.2004 3rd release, valid since SW V4D02e
A 28.02.2006 Document updated
*
language
* layout

Applicability

This manual is applicable to REF542plus Release 2.0, software version

V4D02e and subsequent.

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1MRS755860 Multifunction Protection and Switchgear REF542plus
Control Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual

2. Safety Information
The safety warnings should always be observed. Non-observance can result
in death, personal injury or substantial damages to property. Guarantee claims
might not be accepted when safety warnings are not respected.

Do not make any changes to the REF542plus configuration

unless you are familiar with the REF542plus and its Operating
Tool. This might result in disoperation and loss of warranty.

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1MRS755860 Multifunction Protection and Switchgear REF542plus
Control Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual

3. Analog measurement
The 8 available Analog Input channel measures are acquired and processed
according to the following flowchart.

A050604

Fig. 3.-1 Analog measurement

The analog signal entering the Analog Input board goes through two
hardware filters to reduce noise. It is then sampled and converted to digital
information by a sigma-delta Analog/Digital converter with an acquisition
rate of 19.2kHz.

The acquisition is performed in parallel on all 8 analogue channels, and

therefore the data samples of the network currents and voltages are
contemporary, that is, no phase shift/time delay is introduced between the
network quantities.

The digital data is then processed by a digital filter LP1 to reduce the
information bandwidth to 1,5 kHz.

This information is then provided directly to the DFT/ RMS and Math block,
performing the Discrete Fourier Transformation and RMS value analysis for
the protection working on the full RMS harmonic content up to the 25th
harmonic (switching resonance, high harmonic) and to the frequency
protection for higher discrimination of zero crossing.

For all the other protection functions, the digital data is down sampled, that is,
one sample each 4 is used to 4800 samples/s , maintaining the same
information bandwidth.

Furthermore, the signal is digitally filtered by LP2 and LP3 (HSTS function
analogue quantities only) and provided to the DFT/ RMS and math block,
performing the discrete fourier transformation and RMS value analysis.

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REF542plus Multifunction Protection and Switchgear 1MRS755860
Control Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual

All the protection functions are based on the RMS value at the network rated
frequency.

In addition the following functions use:

* Overcurrent instantaneous

To function the peak value of the measured current under transient condition
for a faster response. This is when the instantaneous peak value is over three
times higher.

SQRT (2) the RMS value:

I x _ peak 2 > 3 ⋅ I x _ RMS (1)

* Inrush harmonic

The function evaluates the ratio between the current values at 2nd harmonic
and at fundamental frequency.
* Differential protection

The function evaluates the measured amount of differential current at the

fundamental, 2nd and 5th harmonic frequencies.

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1MRS755860 Multifunction Protection and Switchgear REF542plus
Control Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual

4. Analog Inputs
The Analog Inputs dialog allows the user to configure:
* Analog input channels
* Network characteristics (REF542plus can handle currents or voltages from
two different networks)
* Calculated values (power, THD, mean and maximum current values over
the desired time interval)

4.1. Analog Inputs

A050606

Fig. 4.1.-1 Analog Inputs

To ease the input of analog input channels, the user can push the Get group
data button in the Inputs tab of Analog Inputs dialog and then select the used
board from the list. This automatically configures the used analog input
channels to the proper sensor type and sets default values for each sensor
type.

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REF542plus Multifunction Protection and Switchgear 1MRS755860
Control Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual

4.1.1. Analog board selection

A050695

Fig. 4.1.1.-1 Analog board selection

To complete the configuration of each analog input channel, that is, to set the
appropriate Rated Primary and Secondary Values, the user must double-click
the line in the Inputs tab of Analog Inputs dialog.

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1MRS755860 Multifunction Protection and Switchgear REF542plus
Control Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual

4.1.2. Current transformer

A050607

Fig. 4.1.2.-1 Current transformer

Board Input Rated Value (IRV) at present can be 0.2, 1 or 5 A only depending
on the type of CT mounted on Analog Input board.

In case of a mismatch between Rated Secondary Value (RSV) and Board

Input Rated Value, REF542plus automatically compensates the protection
function thresholds.

Default direction of the polarity for the CT is Line. If Bus is selected, the
polarity of analog signal will be inverted to preserve directions in directional
protections. The amplitude and phase corrections can be introduced.

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REF542plus Multifunction Protection and Switchgear 1MRS755860
Control Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual

4.1.3. Current Rogowski

A050608

Fig. 4.1.3.-1 Current Rogowski

The current sensors usually cover a rated primary current range, for example
the type KEVCD 24 A covers the primary current range 80 – 1250A.

One value should be chosen as Rated Primary Value (RPV), usually the value
matching through the current sensor rated transformation ratio the Rated
Secondary Value (RSV) and Board Input Rated Value (IRV). For example,
with a transformation ratio 80 A/0.150 V and RSV, IRV value of 0.150 V a
RPV of 80 A can be chosen. The RPV value introduced will be used as the
rated current in protection functions.

The rated transformation ratio of current sensors, typically 80 A/

0.150 V, shall always be correctly introduced to avoid incorrect
measurements. Such ratio shall equal the ratio of RPV over RSV.

IRV at present can be only 0.150 V depending on the Rogowski sensor input
on Analog Input board. In case of a mismatch between RSV and IRV,
REF542plus automatically compensates the protection function thresholds.

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1MRS755860 Multifunction Protection and Switchgear REF542plus
Control Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual

Default direction for the polarity of the Rogowski current sensors is Line. If
Bus is selected, the polarity of analog signal will be inverted to preserve
directions in directional protections. The amplitude and phase corrections can
be introduced.

4.1.4. Voltage transformer

Voltage transformers can be phase, line or residual (open delta) voltage

transformers.

Phase-voltage transformer

A050609

Fig. 4.1.4.-1 Phase-voltage transformer

Phase-voltage transformers normally refer the rated phase-voltage at primary

side with rated phase voltage on the secondary side, for example:

20kV 100V
: (2)
3 3

This is shown below RSV line in the Transformer ratio dialog. When
entering the VT rated voltage data, it is not necessary to perform division by:

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REF542plus Multifunction Protection and Switchgear 1MRS755860
Control Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual

3 (3)

IRV at present can be 100 V only depending on the input transformer mounted
on Analog Input Board.

In case of a mismatch between RSV and IRV, REF542plus automatically

compensates protection function thresholds. If Invert phase is selected, the
polarity of analog signal will be inverted. The amplitude and phase
corrections can be introduced.

Line voltage transformer

A050612

Fig. 4.1.4.-2 Line voltage transformer

Line voltage transformers normally refer rated line voltage at primary side
with rated voltage on secondary side, for example 20 kV:100 V. This is
shown below the RSV line in Transformer ratio dialog.

IRV at present can be 100 V only depending on the input transformer mounted
on Analog Input Board.

In case of a mismatch between RSV and IRV, REF542plus automatically

compensates protection function thresholds. If Invert phase is selected, the
polarity of analog signal will be inverted. The amplitude and phase
corrections can be introduced.

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1MRS755860 Multifunction Protection and Switchgear REF542plus
Control Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual

Residual voltage transformer (open delta)

A050683

Fig. 4.1.4.-3 Residual voltage transformer (open delta)

Residual voltage transformers normally refer rated phase-voltage at the

primary side with secondary side rated voltage of each winding in the open
delta, for example:

20kV 100
: (4)
3 3

This is shown below RSV line in Transform ratio dialog.

When entering VT rated voltage data, it is not necessary for the user to
perform any division. The user must simply select in the VT type dialog the
corresponding secondary winding denominator.

IRV at present can be 100 V only depending on the input transformer mounted
on Analog Input Board.

In case of a mismatch between RSV and IRV, REF542plus automatically

compensates the protection function thresholds. If Invert phase is selected, the
polarity of analog signal will be inverted. The amplitude and phase
corrections can be introduced.

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REF542plus Multifunction Protection and Switchgear 1MRS755860
Control Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual

4.2. General constraints

* Channels 1... 6 can be used only for phase currents, phase voltages or line
voltages
* Channels 7 and 8 can be used also either for neutral current, residual
voltage or line voltage for synchronism check function.
* Current and voltage sensors inside the triples 1 ... 3 and 4 ... 6 must have
the same characteristics (RPV, RSV and IRV)

4.3. Network characteristics

A050687

Fig. 4.3.-1 Networks tab

REF542plus can handle two different networks or network parts having the
same frequency. By default only one network is used.

If the second network is needed, it must be enabled in the Networks tab of

Analog Inputs dialog.

For each network the rated nominal voltage and current can be configured.
These values are used by HMI led bars to scale the displayed quantities.

All the protection functions refer to Analog Input RPV as In, Un

to scale Start values.

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1MRS755860 Multifunction Protection and Switchgear REF542plus
Control Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual

4.4. Calculated values

A050688

Fig. 4.4.-1 Calculated values

The preferred reference system, that is load or generator, and some

calculations can be enabled in REF542plus:
* Power (either three-phase or Aaron)
* Mean and maximum current values
* Total harmonic distortion (on voltage sensors only)

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1MRS755860 Multifunction Protection and Switchgear REF542plus
Control Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual

5. Control and monitoring

5.1. Measurement supervision NPS and PPS

REF542plus provides two types of measurement supervision functions. Each

of them can be independently activated:
* Positive Phase Sequence (PPS)
* Negative Phase Sequence (NPS)

A050689

Fig. 5.1.-1 Measurement supervision

5.1.1. Input/output description

Table 5.1.1.-1 Input

Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal

When the BS signal becomes active, the measurement supervision function is

reset no matter its state. This means that all the output pins go low generating
the required events (if any), and all the internal registers and timers are
cleared. The protection function will then remain in idle state until the BS
signal goes low.

Table 5.1.1.-2 Output

Name Type Description
Warning Digital signal (active high) Warning signal
Failing Digital signal (active high) Failing signal

Warning is the start signal. Warning signal will be activated when the start
conditions are true. The negative phase sequence value exceeds the setting
threshold value for NPS , and the positive phase sequence value falls below
the setting threshold value for PPS.

Failing signal will be activated when the start conditions are true and the
operating time has elapsed.

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REF542plus Multifunction Protection and Switchgear 1MRS755860
Control Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual

5.1.2. Configuration

A050690

Fig. 5.1.2.-1 General

A050691

Fig. 5.1.2.-2 Sensors

The measurement supervision functions operate on all sensors in a triple. The

analog channels 1-3 or 4-6 can be used to supervize the phase currents, phase
voltages or line voltages.

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A050692

Fig. 5.1.2.-3 Parameters

Start Value: Positive/Negative phase sequence threshold for Start condition

detection.
Time: Time delay for Trip condition detection.

A050693

Fig. 5.1.2.-4 Events

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A050694

Fig. 5.1.2.-5 Pins

5.1.3. Measurement mode

Measurement supervision functions evaluate the measured amount of positive

and negative phase sequence values at the fundamental frequency.

5.1.4. Operation criteria

If the negative phase sequence value exceeds the setting threshold value (Start
value) in the NPS based functions, or if the positive phase sequence value
falls below the setting threshold (Start value) the function enters the START
status and raises the warning. After the preset operating time (Time delay) has
elapsed, the failing signal is generated.

The measurement function will come back in passive status and the warning
signal will be cleared, if the negative phase sequence value falls below 0.95
the setting threshold value for NPS , or if the positive phase sequence value
exceed 1.05 the setting threshold value for PPS.

The measurement function will exit the failing status and the failing signal
will be cleared when the negative phase sequence value falls below 0.4 the
setting threshold value for NPS, or if the positive phase sequence value
exceed 1.05 the setting threshold value for PPS.

5.1.5. Setting groups

Two parameter sets can be configured for each of the measurement

supervision functions.

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5.1.6. Parameters and events

Table 5.1.6.-1 Setting values

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Start value 0.30 ... 0.90 In or Un 0.85 PPS threshold to undergo.
(PPS)
Time delay 30 ... 30000 ms 1000 Time delay from start
condition (warning signal) to
failing signal.
Start value 0.05 ... 0.40 In or Un 0.10 NPS threshold to be
(NPS) exceeded.
Time delay 30 ... 30000 ms 1000 Time delay from start
condition to failing signal.

Table 5.1.6.-2 Events

Code Event reason
E0 Warning signal is active
E1 Warning signal cancelled
E6 Failing signal is active
E7 Failing signal is back to inactive state
E18 Function block signal is active
E19 Function block signal is back to inactive state

By default all events are disabled.

5.2. Power factor controller

The power factor controller is designed to control reactive power

compensation in power systems. The magnitude of the reactive power in the
network is derived from the measured power factor. Consequently, the power
factor controller permanently monitors the power factor, which is defined as
the ratio of the effective power to the active power. The PFC then controls the
switching ON/OFF the available capacitors banks to reach the set power
factor target.

A050697

Fig. 5.2.-1 Power factor controller

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5.2.1. Input/output description

Table 5.2.1.-1 Input

Name Type Description
BL Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal
DISCONNECT Digital signal (active high) Disconnect all capacitor
banks
RESET Digital signal (active high) Reset the function
OVERTEMP. Digital signal (active high) Overtemperature
VMIN / VMAX Digital signal (active high) Voltage out of range
VA MAX Digital signal (active high) Overload due to
overvoltage
MODE: MAN. Digital signal (active high) Mode manual
SET NIGHT Digital signal (active high) Set night parameter
MANUAL CONTROL Digital signal (active high) Switch bank 0 manually
BANK 0
MANUAL CONTROL Digital signal (active high) Switch bank 1 manually
BANK 1
MANUAL CONTROL Digital signal (active high) Switch bank 2 manually
BANK 2
MANUAL CONTROL Digital signal (active high) Switch bank 3 manually
BANK 3
CHECKED BACK BANK 0 Digital signal (active high) Status on indication bank 0
CHECKED BACK BANK 1 Digital signal (active high) Status on indication bank 1
CHECKED BACK BANK 2 Digital signal (active high) Status on indication bank 2
CHECKED BACK BANK 3 Digital signal (active high) Status on indication bank 3

When the BS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset no matter
its state. This means that all the output pins go low generating the required
events (if any), and all the internal registers and timers are cleared. The
protection function will then remain in idle state until BS signal goes low.

Table 5.2.1.-2 Output

Name Type Description
Q ALARM Digital signal (active high) Alarm indication Q
COS ФALARM Digital signal (active high) Alarm indication cos Ф
OPERAT. ALARM Digital signal (active high) Operation Alarm (reset only
by power off)
GENERAL ALARM Digital signal (active high) General alarm
SWITCH ON/OFF BANK 0 Digital signal (active high) Bank 0 on (high), off (low)
SWITCH ON/OFF BANK 1 Digital signal (active high) Bank 1 on (high), off (low)
SWITCH ON/OFF BANK 2 Digital signal (active high) Bank 2 on (high), off (low)
SWITCH ON/OFF BANK 3 Digital signal (active high) Bank 3 on (high), off (low)

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5.2.2. Configuration

A050698

Fig. 5.2.2.-1 General

A050699

Fig. 5.2.2.-2 Capacitor banks

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A050700

Fig. 5.2.2.-3 Control data

A050701

Fig. 5.2.2.-4 Time

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A050702

Fig. 5.2.2.-5 Events

By default all events are disabled.

A050750

Fig. 5.2.2.-6 Pins

5.2.3. Measurement mode

When a reactive power consumer is switched into the network, the current
variable increases. Simultaneously, the phase displacement increases in
relation to the related voltage quantity. As a result, the reactive power
increases and the power factor is reduced correspondingly. Because of the

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increase in the current measured quantity and the angle of the phase
displacement, an increased voltage drop in the power system must be taken
into account.

The Fig. 5.2.3.-1shows the reason of the increased voltage drop. The section
on the left shows the single line diagram of the power system. In this case, U
1 is the source voltage, which is assumed to be constant. U 2 is the voltage in
the network with a motor, that requires both the active power and the reactive
power. To simplify the explanation, the transformation ratio of the
transformer is assumed to be 1. The center of the diagram shows the case
where only pure active power is consumed. The current and voltage quantities
are in phase. As shown in the vector diagram, the amplitude of the voltage U
2 is virtually uninfluenced by this. However, if additional inductive reactive
power is used, as shown in the vector diagram on the right, the amplitude of
the voltage U 2 in the network can be substantially reduced.

A050751

Fig. 5.2.3.-1 Increase in voltage drop resulting from inductive reactive power

To maintain the voltage drop within certain limits in the event of a high
consumption of reactive power, capacitors must be used for compensation.
The power factor controller function is implemented in REF542plus that
offers the option of regulating the demand for capacitive reactive power to
compensate the inductive reactive power in medium voltage system by
switching of the required capacitor banks optimally.

If a power factor control function is applied, it is recommended

to provide the resonance protection function, switching
resonance protection and high harmonic resonance protection
too, in order to protect the capacitor banks against overloading
by the possible appearance of harmonics.

The principle of compensation of the reactive power is explained in

Fig. 5.2.3.-2. P is the active power and Q the reactive power. As in the vector
diagram in Fig. 5.2.3.-1, the active power P is shown on the vertical axis and
the reactive power Q on the horizontal axis. The power factor cos φ1 , which
is shown as a straight line in the diagram, shows the relationship between the

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active power P1 and the apparent power S1. The apparent power S1 is again
dependent on the magnitude of the consumed reactive power Q1 . This
enables the consumption of reactive power to be compensated with the aid of
the measured power factor, so that the voltage drop in the network always
remains within the allowable tolerance limits.

A050752

Fig. 5.2.3.-2 Reactive power diagram

The capacitor output required to compensate the reactive power consumption

can be determined as shown in the power diagram. In this case, cos φ1 is the
setting value for limitation of the power factor, which is generally referred to
as the reversal point in the power factor controlling. The resulting apparent
power is S1, active power P1 and reactive power Q1. Furthermore, S2 is the
actual apparent power, P2 the actual active power and Q2 the actual reactive
power in the power system.

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A050753

Fig. 5.2.3.-3 Determining the capacitor output for compensation

To determine the required capacitor output, the active power P1 at the

reversal point or at the set power factor cos φ1 is set to be equal to the
instantaneous active power P2. The associated or the allowable reactive
power Q1 can then be calculated with the following equation:

1 − cos 2 ϕ1
Q1 = (5)
cos ϕ1

The reactive power ΔQ that must be compensated is calculated from the

difference of the instantaneous and the allowable reactive power.

As a result, the value of the capacitance for the capacitor banks that are to be
switched on or off to compensate for the reactive power can be determined.

5.2.4. Operating modes and requirements

The power factor controller has the following operating modes:

* Manual
* Automatic

During the manual operation every individual capacitor bank can be switched
on or off via the inputs provided for the purpose. This requires the signals for
switching on and off to be pulse-type signals.

If a capacitor bank is switched on, a logical signal 1 will show at the

associated out-put. When it is switched off, the output will show a logical
signal 0.

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To ensure that the controller is always informed of the switch status of the
capacitor banks, checked back confirmations of the switching devices must
be connected via the binary inputs (checked back inputs, bank 0-3).

The reactive power compensation should normally only be required when the
power system is in operational status. Therefore, the power factor controller's
activities are made dependent on the voltage status of the power system. For
this reason, the power factor controller shall always includes the overvoltage
(U>>) function and the undervoltage (U<<) function for monitoring the
voltage status in the system. If one of the set voltage limits, either overvoltage
or undervoltage, is exceeded and the associated time delay has expired, all
active capacitor banks are immediately switched off. This function is
independent of whether the power factor controller is in manual or automatic
operating mode. The binary input VMIN/MAX is used for this function.

The binary input DISCONNECT also has the capacity to disconnect all active
capacitor banks on receiving the logical signal 1.

5.2.5. Time settings

After the auxiliary voltage supply has been activated, the function of the
power factor controller is first blocked by the initialization period. It is in
operation again only after the expiry of this initialization period. The
initialization period is also started when the system voltage recovers after a
system fault, for example when the undervoltage protection is reset from the
operating position, the binary input DISCONNECT is active. Reasonably, the
initialization period should always be set to be greater than the blocking time
for discharging the capacitor banks.

If a capacitor bank is switched on to compensate for reactive power during a

control process, transient phenomena will generally be initiated in the
network. Determining of the power for the power factor control must
therefore be delayed until the transient process has mostly subsided. The dead
time required for this must be set in the power factor controller. Further
switching of the capacitor group will only be enabled when the dead time has
expired. However, this requires the capacitor bank in question to be already
fully discharged.

When a capacitor bank is switched off, the stored electrical

energy must first be discharged before it is switched on again
(capacitor discharge must be provided by internal resistors or by
external voltage transformers), to avoid high inrush current
phenomena.

The power factor controller foresees a discharge blocking period set. This
ensures that a capacitor bank has sufficient time to discharge the accumulated
power, before it is switched on again.

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5.2.6. Indications

As noted in Section 5.2.5. Time settings, control is started only when the
input of reactive power in the system falls below the power factor cos φ set as
the reversal point. In addition, to be able to supervize the input of reactive
power in the network continuously, the power factor controller has an
additional setting for power factor cos φ to generate an alarm message (binary
output ALARM COS φ). It makes sense for the setting value for cos φ alarm
to be set to less than the setting value for cos φ reversal point for starting the
control process. This enables the cos φ warning to be generated only if the
power factor controller cannot switch on a capacitor bank because of
operating conditions.

However, if all capacitor banks are already switched on and the reversal point
still has not been reached, the alarm Q (binary output ALARM Q) will be
generated. This signals that the needed reactive power can no longer be
compensated, because all capacitor banks are already switched on.

In the event of a power system fault, such as when the overvoltage protection
or undervoltage protection function is activated (binary input V MIN/V MAX
is used for this function), all switched-on capacitor banks will be switched
off. Then the General Alarm (binary output ALARM GENERAL) is
generated.

The power factor controller also has inputs that will generate the General
Alarm message when they receive a signal. In this case, information on
overtemperature (binary input OVERTEMP.) in the capacitor banks or the
upper limit of the operation voltage U> (binary input V A MAX) on the
relevant inputs being exceeded is present. As soon as the general alarm is
generated, the power factor controller functions are blocked in the automatic
mode. The power factor controller can only be reactivated after this indication
has been reset.

If the general alarm is set, the power factor controller is blocked

until a reset is performed.

The number of switchgear switching cycles for switching the individual

capacitor banks on or off is monitored and compared with the set value for the
switching cycles. If this value is exceeded, an alarm is sent (binary output
ALARM OPERAT.)

Operation alarm can only be reset by power off.

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5.2.7. Automatic power factor controlling

The REF542plus bay control and protection unit enable a control process to
be run with a maximum of 4 capacitor banks. The various capacitor banks are
referred to as bank C0, bank C1, bank C2 and bank C3. The individual
capacitor banks can be defined separately or differently with the same
reactive power. In the case of different power ratings, bank C0 must be
configured with the smallest capacitor output. Then the recommended power
rating based on C0 is listed in the following Table 5.2.7.-1.

Table 5.2.7.-1 Definition of the capacitor banks

C0 / C0 C1 / C0 C2 / C0 C3 / C0
1 1 1 1
1 1 2 2
1 2 2 2
1 2 4 4
1 2 4 8

If all capacitor banks are defined equally, it is possible to switch them on and
off in accordance with a linear or a circular switching program. With a linear
switching program the capacitor banks are switched on in ascending order
and switched off in descending order of indices. In contrast, with a circular
switching program the capacitor banks are always switched on and off in
ascending order.

The capacitor banks are switched on or off in accordance with the calculated
number NON or NOFF . Only the calculated whole number before the decimal
point is taken into account. For example, if it is assumed that the calculated
number of capacitor banks to be switched on is equal to 3 and if the
configuration of the capacitor banks is set to 1:2:4:8, the controller first
attempts to switch on the next lower bank C1 with 2QC0. If it is known from
the reconfirmation of the switch that the bank C1 is already switched on, the
next smaller bank C0 will be addressed with QC0. However, if the bank C1 is
already switched on, the next free bank, for example bank C2 with capacitor
output 4 QC0, will be selected and switched on.

After bank C2 has been switched on, the control function is first blocked for
the duration of the set dead time. The reactive power controller only becomes
active again after expiry of the dead time. Because the switched-on capacitor
output is too big in the event of unchanged network conditions, the power
factor controller will have to detect that a capacitor bank with power QC0
should be switched off. If the switch-off conditions, which must be
determined from the setting of the neutral zone, are met, the switch-off
process for bank C0 will be started. Switching off the capacitor banks is in
principle similar to switching them on.

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5.2.8. Setting example

A capacitor banks of each 6.36 µF shall be applied to compensate the reactive

power in 10 kV power system. Consequently, each capacitor bank is able to
compensate a reactive power of:

QCO = 200kVAr (6)

which is also equal to the value of the smallest capacitor bank.

If it is required that one of the capacitor banks shall be switched on at a

certain apparent power, for example, 250 kVA and a power factor 0.7. The
portion of the reactive power can be calculated as follows:

(7)
QON = sin(arccos 0.7) × 250kVA = 178.5 kVAr

Accordingly, the pick up value of the power factor controller shall be set to:

178.5
Pick Up = 100% = 89.2% (8)
200
From the difference of the reactive power, the threshold for setting the neutral
zone for switching off can be determined.

QOFF = (178.5 − 200) = 21.5kVAr

∆Q 21.5kVAr (9)
= 100% = 10.75%
QCO 200kVAr

One of the same capacitor banks will be switched off again, if the reactive
power becomes negative. To avoid continuously switching on and off the
capacitor bank, the setting of the neutral zone has to be higher than the
following:

(10)
Neutral Zone ≥ (100 + 10.75)% = 110.75%

The setting for the neutral zone is selected to be 115%. Consequently the
reactive power at the switch off moment can be checked as follows:

QOFF = −0.15 × 200kVAr = −30kVAr (11)

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The next setting parameter is dedicated for the capacitor banks. As mentioned
in the calculation above, each capacitor bank has a reactive power of 200
kVAr. The banks are equal to each other and the number is 2. The maximum
switching cycles shall be limited to a number that is to be confirmed by the
manufacturer of the circuit breaker, for example 10,000.

The parameter of the control data gives the limitation of control activities.
The controller shall be activated, if the power factor is less than 0.7. The
switching on of a specific capacitor banks can only be initiated, if the
condition of the pick up value is fulfilled.

The time setting has to be adapted to the system operation condition. The
discharge blocking time is the blocking duration of a capacitor bank when it
is switched off. After switching on a capacitor bank, the power factor control
is deactivated as long as the dead time is not expired. After a complete switch
off of all banks and recovery of the power supply for the power factor
controller, no capacitor banks can be switched on before the power on delay
time is elapsed.

5.2.9. Parameters and events

Table 5.2.9.-1 Setting values

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Neutral zone 105 … 200 % QCO 115
Pickup zone 0 … 100 % QCO 0
Reactive power of 1 … 20000 kVA 100
smallest QCO
Number of banks 1…4 1
Maximum switching 1 … 10000 2500
cycles
Set point cos phi 0.7 ... 1.0 Ind/cap 0.9 ind
Limiting value cos 0…1 Ind/cap 0
phi
Discharge blocking 1 … 7200 s 900
time
Dead Time 1 … 120 s 10
Power on delay 1 … 7200 s 900
Duration of 1 … 7200 s 900
integration

Table 5.2.9.-2 Events

Code Event reason
E0 Bank 0 on
E1 Bank 1 on
E2 Bank 2 on
E3 Bank 3 on

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Table 5.2.9.-2 Events (Continued)

Code Event reason
E4 Bank 0 off
E5 Bank 1 off
E6 Bank 2 off
E7 Bank 3 off
E8 Overtemperature started
E9 Overtemperature back
E10 Va max started
E11 Va max back
E12 Vmin/Vmax started
E13 Vmin/Vmax back
E14 Command DISCONNECT started
E15 Command DISCONNECT back
E16 Cos phi warning started
E17 Cos phi warning back
E18 Alarm Q started
E19 Alarm Q back
E20 Warning switching cycle
E21 Alarm reset
E22 Block signal started
E23 Block signal back
E24 Manual operating mode
E25 Automatic operating mode
E26 Night mode
E27 Day mode

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6. Protection functions
6.1. Current protection functions

6.1.1. Inrush blocking

REF542plus has one inrush blocking protection function. This function is

replaced from the inrush harmonic function and it has to be preferred when a
very fast response time is required only.

The following current protection functions are blocked by the inrush blocking
protection function without the need of additional wiring in the FUPLA (that
is, the block to the protection functions is implicit).
* Overcurrent instantaneous
* Overcurrent high
* Overcurrent low
* Directional overcurrent high
* Directional overcurrent low
* IDMT
* Earthfault IDMT

A050769

Fig. 6.1.1.-1 Inrush blocking

[Link]. Input/output description

Table [Link].-1 Input

Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal

When the BS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no
matter its state). This means that all the output pins go low generating the
required events (if any) and all the internal registers and timers are cleared.
The protection function will then remain in idle state until the BS signal goes
low.

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Table [Link].-2 Output

Name Type Description
S L1 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL1
S L2 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL2
S L3 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL3
TRIP Digital signal (active high) Trip signal

S L1-3 are the start signals phase selective. The phase starting signal will be
activated when the respective phase current start conditions are true and the
overcurrent protection will be implicitly blocked until the operating time
(Time) has elapsed.

The TRIP signal will be activated when the start conditions are true (inrush
detection), the maximum measured current exceeds the threshold (limit
N•I>>) and the relevant overcurrent protection operating time has elapsed.

[Link]. Configuration

A050770

Fig. [Link].-1 General

Output Channel different from 0 means direct execution of the trip command,
that is, skipping FUPLA cyclic evaluation.

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A050811

Fig. [Link].-2 Sensors

The protection function operates on any combination of current phases in a

triple, for example, it can operate as single phase, double phase or three-phase
protection on phase currents belonging to the same system.

A050812

Fig. [Link].-3 Parameters

N: Threshold I>> multiplier for fault detection and inrush protection trip
M: Threshold I> multiplier for inrush detection
Time: Overcurrent protection blocking Time at inrush detection

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A050813

Fig. [Link].-4 Events

A050814

Fig. [Link].-5 Pins

[Link]. Measurement mode

Inrush blocking function evaluates the current at the fundamental frequency.

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[Link]. Operation criteria

An inrush is detected if the maximum measured current exceeds the threshold

M•I> within 60 ms after it exceeded 10% of current threshold I>.

Here I> is the threshold (Start value I>) of the overcurrent low
protection function. If this protection function is not installed, the threshold of
IDMT protection function (Base current Ieb:, if installed) is used or a
standard value of 0.05•IN (if IDMT also is not installed).

If an inrush is detected, the above-listed protection functions are blocked until

the end of inrush has been detected or the maximum preset inrush duration
(that is, Time) has elapsed.

The end of inrush condition is detected when the maximum measured current
falls below M•0.65•I>. A counter is then started and 100 ms later the end of
inrush is assumed. The current protection functions are then released from the
block.

At feeder start-up, with current zero, the implicit block of the

overcurrent protection function is already active. Only as the
current increases, the inrush condition is evaluated and the block
can be released if an inrush is not present.

The inrush blocking itself becomes a protection function, if the maximum

measured current exceeds the limit N•I>> after the inrush detection. The
operating time is that of the overcurrent instantaneous (if installed) or 80 ms.

Here I>> is the threshold (Start value I>>) of the overcurrent high
protection function. If this protection function is not installed, the threshold of
overcurrent instantaneous protection function (if installed) is used or a
standard value of 0.10•IN (if overcurrent instantaneous also is not installed).

The following three diagrams are not scaled, but they are provided solely for
a better understanding of the explanations of how the inrush blocking works.

Tesb is the operation counter that is compared to the set overcurrent

protection blocking time (that is, Time).

In Fig. [Link].-1 inrush is detected within the 60 ms window. Then the end of
inrush condition is detected and the block released before protection-blocking
time expires.

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A050815

Fig. [Link].-1 Current-time characteristic of the detected inrush process

In Fig. [Link].-2 inrush is detected within the 60 ms window. Then the end of
inrush condition is detected and the block released before protection-blocking
time expires. The current value is over the I> threshold and that protection
function will start timing and trip in due time.

A050816

Fig. [Link].-2 Current-time characteristic of the detected overload

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In Fig. [Link].-3 inrush is detected within the 60 ms window, no end of

inrush condition is detected and the protection-blocking time expires. The
current value is over the I>> threshold and that protection function will start
timing and trip in due time.

A050817

Fig. [Link].-3 Current-time characteristic when no inrush condition is detected

[Link]. Setting groups

Two parameter sets can be configured for the inrush blocking protection
function.

[Link]. Parameters and events

Table [Link].-1 Setting values

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
N 2.0 ... 8.0 2.0 Threshold I>> multiplier for
fault detection and trip
M 3.0 ... 4.0 3.0 Threshold I> multiplier for
inrush detection
Time 200 ... ms 250 overcurrent protection
100000 blocking Time after inrush
detection

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Table [Link].-2 Events

Code Event reason
E0 Start L1 started
E1 Start L1 back
E2 Start L2 started
E3 Start L2 back
E4 Start L3 started
E5 Start L3 back
E6 Trip started
E7 Trip back
E18 Protection block started
E19 Protection block back

By default all events are disabled.

6.1.2. Inrush harmonic

REF542plus has an inrush harmonic function, which can be used to

temporarily block other protection functions.

The following current protection functions are blocked by the inrush

harmonic protection function without the need of additional wiring in the
FUPLA, that is, the block to the protection functions is implicit.
* Overcurrent instantaneous
* Overcurrent high
* Overcurrent low
* Directional overcurrent high
* Directional overcurrent low
* IDMT
* Earthfault IDMT

A050818

Fig. 6.1.2.-1 Inrush harmonic

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[Link]. Input/output description

Table [Link].-1 Input

Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal

When the BS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no
matter its state). This means that all the output pins go low generating the
required events (if any) and all internal registers and timers are cleared. The
protection function will then remain in idle state until the BS signal goes low.

Table [Link].-2 Output

Name Type Description
Start Digital signal (active high) Start signal

Start signal can be wired in FUPLA to signal inrush condition status or to the
protection functions BS input pins (different from those listed above and
implicitly blocked) to temporarily block during an inrush transient. This
means that the block to the protection functions is explicit.

[Link]. Configuration

A050819

Fig. [Link].-1 General

Output Channel different from 0 means direct execution of the trip command,
that is, skipping FUPLA cyclic evaluation.

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A050820

Fig. [Link].-2 Sensors

The protection function operates on any set of phase currents in a triple.

A050821

Fig. [Link].-3 Parameters

Minimum current threshold: Current threshold for inrush detection.

Fault current threshold: Current threshold for fault detection.
Harmonic ratio threshold: 2nd/fundamental current ratio threshold for
inrush detection.

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A050822

Fig. [Link].-4 Events

A050823

Fig. [Link].-5 Pins

[Link]. Measurement mode

Inrush harmonic protection function evaluates the ratio between current

values at 2nd harmonic and at fundamental frequency.

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[Link]. Operation criteria

If for at least one phase current:

the current is not in steady-state condition,

AND the current value at fundamental frequency is above the preset

minimum current threshold (that is, Min current threshold),

AND the current value is below the preset maximum current threshold (that
is, Fault current threshold),

AND the harmonic ratio between the current values at 2nd harmonic and at
fundamental frequency exceeds the preset threshold (that is, Harmonic
ratio threshold)

then the protection function is started and the start signal will be activated.

The start criteria is illustrated in the following flowchart:

A050824

The protection function will remain in START status until at least for one
phase the above conditions (steady state excluded) are true. It will come back
in passive status with a 10ms delay when:

for all the phases at least one condition falls below 0.95 the setting threshold
value (that is, Min Current threshold or Harmonic ratio
threshold respectively),

OR at least for one phase the current value exceeds the preset maximum
current threshold (that is, Fault current threshold).

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[Link]. Steady-state detection

Steady-state condition is detected if:

the current value at fundamental frequency falls below the preset minimum
current threshold (that is, Min current threshold) for at least 10 ms,

OR the current value at fundamental frequency is between 95% and 105% of

the previous period for at least one period.

[Link]. Setting groups

Two parameter sets can be configured for the harmonic inrush protection
function.

[Link]. Parameters and events

Table [Link].-1 Setting values

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Minimum 0.05 ... 40.00 ln 0.5 Current threshold for inrush
current detection, if exceeded the
threshold inrush conditions are
evaluated.
Fault current 0.05 ... 40.00 ln 2 Current threshold for fault
threshold detection, if exceeded the
inrush start is set to low.
Harmonic ratio 5 ... 50 % 10 2nd/fundamental current ratio
threshold threshold for in-rush detection.

Table [Link].-2 Events

Code Event reason
E0 Protection has started
E1 Start is cancelled
E18 Protection block signal is active started
E19 Protection block signal is back to inactive state

By default all events are disabled.

6.1.3. Directional overcurrent protection

REF542plus has two directional definite time functions, each of which can be
independently activated:

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A050825

Fig. 6.1.3.-1 Overcurrent directional high set (I>> ->)

A050826

Fig. 6.1.3.-2 Overcurrent directional low set (I> ->)

[Link]. Input/output description

Table [Link].-1 Input

Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal

When the BS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no
matter its state). This means that all the output pins go low generating the
required events (if any) and all the internal registers and timers are cleared.
The protection function will then remain in idle state until the BS signal goes
low.

Table [Link].-2 Outputs

Name Type Description
S L1 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL1
S L2 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL2
S L3 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL3
TRIP Digital signal (active high) Trip signal
BO Digital signal (active high) Block output signal

S L1-3 are the start signals phase selective. The phase starting signal will be
activated when respective phase current start conditions are true (current
exceeds the setting threshold value and the fault is in the specified direction).

The TRIP signal will be activated when at least for a phase current the start
conditions are true and the operating time has elapsed.

The Block Output (BO) signal becomes active when the protection function
detects a current exceeding the preset value and the fault direction opposite to
the specified direction.

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[Link]. Configuration

A050827

Fig. [Link].-1 General

Output Channel different from 0 means direct execution of the trip command,
that is, skipping FUPLA cyclic evaluation.

A050828

Fig. [Link].-2 Sensors

The protection function operates on any combination of current phases in a

triple, for example, it can operate as single phase, double phase or three-phase
protection on the phase currents belonging to the same system.

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The faulty phase current is combined with the voltage of the corresponding
sound phases. The required voltage measure is automatically selected and
displayed in the General dialog.

A050829

Fig. [Link].-3 Parameters

Direction: Directional criteria to be assessed together to overcurrent

condition for the START detection.
Start Value: Current threshold for overcurrent condition detection.
Time: Time delay for overcurrent trip condition detection.

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A050830

Fig. [Link].-4 Events

A050871

Fig. [Link].-5 Pins

[Link]. Measurement mode

The directional overcurrent protection function evaluates the current and

voltage at the fundamental frequency.

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[Link]. Operation criteria

If the measured current exceeds the setting threshold value (Start Value),
and the fault is in the specified direction (backward/forward), the
protection function is started. The start signal is phase selective. It means that
when at least for one phase current the above conditions are true, the relevant
start signal will be activated.

If the preset threshold value (Start Value) is exceeded and the fault is in
the opposite direction to the specified one, the Block Output signal becomes
active. The protection function will remain in START status until there is at
least one phase started. It will come back in passive status and the start signal
will be cleared if for all the phases the current falls below 0.95 the setting
threshold value (or the fault current changes direction).

When the protection has entered the start status and the preset operating time
(Time) has elapsed, the function goes in TRIP status and the trip signal is
generated.

The protection function will exit the TRIP status and the trip signal will be
cleared when the measured current value falls below 0.4 the setting threshold
value.

To determine the fault direction REF542plus must be connected to the three-

phase voltages. The protection function has a voltage memory, which allows
a directional decision to be produced even if a fault occurs in the close up area
of the voltage transformer/sensor (when the voltage falls below 0.1 x Un).

[Link]. Current direction

Detection of the current direction is obtained by calculating the reactive

power, which is computed combining the faulty phase current with the
voltage of the corresponding sound phases. The reactive power calculation
uses voltage and current measurements at the fundamental frequency. Before
the calculations, the voltages are shifted to a lagging angle of 45°.

The reactive power is calculated like the following:

Q = ( I L1 × U 23 × sin ϕ1 ) + (12)
( I L2 × U 31 × sin ϕ2 ) + ( I L3 × U12 × sin ϕ3 )

Where is:
Q Reactive power

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IL1,2,3 Current of phase 1, 2 and 3

U12,23,31 Line voltages between phases 1-2, 2-3 and 3-1 after shifting -45°
φ1,2,3 Angles between the currents and the corresponding voltages

Only the phases whose current exceeds preset threshold are used in the
calculation.

If the result of the calculation leads to a negative reactive power, which is

greater than 5% of the nominal apparent power, the fault is in forward
direction. Otherwise, the fault is in backward direction.

A directional signal can be sent to the opposite station using the output (trip)
and/or the Block Output (BO) signal. The content of a directional signal from
the opposite station (BO output) can be used to release tripping of its own
directional protective function. This enables a directional comparison
protection to be established.

Fig. [Link].-1 shows the forward and backward direction in the impedance
plane in case of a balanced three-phase fault.

A052091

Fig. [Link].-1 Diagram of the directional overcurrent protection in case of

balanced three-phase faults

Because the application of the fault-current is in combination with the sound

voltages, the directional decision area can change. This change depends on
the power system parameters in case of nonsymmetrical fault condition. The
criteria for forward and backward direction is derived from the calculated
reactive power.

[Link]. Voltage memory

The directional overcurrent protection function includes a voltage memory

feature. This allows a directional decision to be produced even if a fault
occurs in the close up area of the voltage transformer/sensor.

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At a sudden loss of voltage, a fictive voltage is used for direction detection.

The fictive voltage is the voltage measured before the fault has occurred,
assuming that the volt-age is not affected by the fault. The memory function
enables the function block to operate up to 300 seconds after a total loss of
voltage.

When the voltage falls below 0.1 x Un, the fictive voltage is used. The actual
voltage is applied again as soon as the voltage rises above 0.1 x Un for at
least 100 ms. The fictive voltage is also discarded if the measured voltage
stays below 0.1 x Un for more than 300 seconds.

[Link]. Setting groups

Two parameter sets can be configured for each of the overcurrent directional
definite time protection functions.

[Link]. Parameters and events

Table [Link].-1 Setting values

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Start Value 0.05 ... 40 In 0.2 Current threshold for fault
detection.
Time 40 ... 30000 ms 80 Operating Time between start
and trip.
Direction forward/ - backward Direction criteria.
backward

Table [Link].-2 Events

Code Event reason
E0 Protection start on phase L1
E1 Start on phase L1 cancelled
E2 Protection start on phase L2
E3 Start on phase L2 cancelled
E4 Protection start on phase L3
E5 Start on phase L3 cancelled
E6 Trip signal is active
E7 Trip signal is back to inactive state
E16 Block signal is active
E17 Block signal is back
E18 Protection block started
E19 Protection block back

By default all events are disabled.

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6.1.4. Overcurrent protection

REF542plus provides three overcurrent definite time protection functions, see

the following figures. Each of them can be independently activated.

A050873

Fig. 6.1.4.-1 Overcurrent definite time instantaneous (I>>>)

A050874

Fig. 6.1.4.-2 Overcurrent definite time high set (I>>)

A050875

Fig. 6.1.4.-3 Overcurrent definite time low set (I>)

[Link]. Input/output description

Table [Link].-1 Input

Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal

When the BS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no
matter its state). This means that all the output pins go low generating the
required events (if any) and all the internal registers and timers are cleared.
The protection function will then remain in idle state until BS signal goes low.

Table [Link].-2 Outputs

Name Type Description
S L1 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL1
S L2 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL2
S L3 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL3
TRIP Digital signal (active high) Trip signal

S L1-3 are the start signals phase selective. The phase starting signal will be
activated when the respective phase current start conditions are true.

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The TRIP signal will be activated when at least for a phase current the start
conditions are true and the operating time has elapsed.

[Link]. Configuration

A050876

Fig. [Link].-1 General

Output Channel different from 0 means direct execution of the trip command,
that is, skipping FUPLA cyclic evaluation.

A050877

Fig. [Link].-2 Sensors

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The protection functions operate on any combination of phase currents in a

triple, for example, it can operate as single phase, double phase or three-phase
protection on the phase currents belonging to the same system.

A050878

Fig. [Link].-3 Parameters

Start Value: Current threshold for overcurrent condition detection.

Time: Time delay for overcurrent Trip condition detection.

A050879

Fig. [Link].-4 Events

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A050880

Fig. [Link].-5 Pins

[Link]. Measurement mode

All overcurrent definite time functions evaluate the current RMS value at the
fundamental frequency. In case of the overcurrent definite time instantaneous,
the peak value of the measured current is also used under transient condition
for a faster response. When the instantaneous peak value is higher than three
times SQRT (2) the RMS value:

I x _ peak 2 > 3 ⋅ I x _ RMS (13)

[Link]. Operation criteria

If the measured current exceeds the setting threshold value (Start Value), the
overcurrent protection function is started. The start signal is phase selective,
that is, when at least the value of one phase current is above the setting
threshold value the relevant start signal will be activated.

The protection function will remain in START status until there is at least one
phase started. It will come back in passive status and the start signal will be
cleared, if for all the phases the current falls below 0.95 the setting threshold
value. After the protection has entered the start status and the preset operating
time (Time) has elapsed, function goes in TRIP status and the trip signal is
generated.

The protection function will exit the TRIP status and the trip signal will be
cleared when the measured current value falls below 0.4 the setting threshold
value.

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All overcurrent definite time functions can be used in parallel to generate a

current time-step characteristic, as shown in the following figure.

A050882

Fig. [Link].-1 Current time-step characteristic

[Link]. Setting groups

Two parameter sets can be configured for each of the overcurrent definite
time protection functions.

[Link]. Parameters and events

Table [Link].-1 Setting values

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Start Value I>, 0.05 ... 40.00 In 0.50 Current threshold for
I>> overcurrent condition
detection.
Time 20 ... 300000 ms 80 Time delay for
overcurrent Trip
condition.
Start Value 0.1 ... 40.00 In 0.50 Current threshold for
I>>> overcurrent condition
detection.
Time 15 ... 30000 ms 80 Time delay for
overcurrent Trip
condition.

Table [Link].-2 Events

Code Event reason
E0 Protection start on phase L1
E1 Start on phase L1 cancelled
E2 Protection start on phase L2

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Table [Link].-2 Events (Continued)

Code Event reason
E3 Start on phase L2 cancelled
E4 Protection start on phase L3
E5 Start on phase L3 cancelled
E6 Trip signal is active
E7 Trip signal is back to inactive state
E18 Protection block signal is active
E19 Protection block signal is back to inactive state

By default all events are disabled.

6.1.5. Overcurrent IDMT

REF542plus makes available an IDMT function in which one at the time of

the four current-time characteristics can be activated:
* Normal inverse
* Very inverse
* Extremely inverse
* Long-term inverse

A050883

Fig. 6.1.5.-1 Overcurrent IDMT

[Link]. Input/output description

Table [Link].-1 Input

Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal

When the BS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no
matter its state). This means that all the output pins go low generating the
required events (if any) and all the internal registers and timers are cleared.
The protection function will then remain in idle state until the BS signal goes
low.

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Table [Link].-2 Output

Name Type Description
S L1 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL1
S L2 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL2
S L3 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL3
TRIP Digital signal (active high) Trip signal

S L1-3 are the start signals phase selective. The phase starting signal will be
activated when the respective phase current start conditions are true (the
phase current value is above 1.2 times the setting threshold value).

The TRIP signal will be activated when at least for a phase current the start
conditions are true and the calculated operating time has elapsed.

[Link]. Configuration

A050884

Fig. [Link].-1 General

Output Channel different from 0 means direct execution of the trip command,
that is, skipping FUPLA cyclic evaluation.

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A050885

Fig. [Link].-2 IDMT type

A050886

Fig. [Link].-3 Sensors

The protection functions operate on any combination of phase currents in a

triple, for example, it can operate as single phase, double phase or three-phase
protection on phase currents belonging to the same system.

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A050887

Fig. [Link].-4 Parameters

Base current (Ieb): Current threshold for overcurrent condition detection.

Time multiplier (k): Parameter to vary time delay for Trip condition

The trip time is calculated according to the British Standard (BS 142) when
the time multiplier k is used; when the time multiplier k is set to one (k=1) the
IDMT curve is in accordance to the IEC 60255-3.

A050888

Fig. [Link].-5 Events

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A050889

Fig. [Link].-6 Pins

[Link]. Measurement mode

IDMT protection function evaluates the RMS value of phase currents at the
fundamental frequency.

[Link]. Operation criteria

If the measured current exceeds the setting threshold value (Base current
Ieb) by a factor 1.2 the protection function is started. The start signal is
phase selective, that is, when at least one phase current is above 1.2 times the
setting threshold value, the relevant start signal will be activated.

The protection function will remain in START status until there is at least one
phase started. It will come back in passive status and the start signal will be
cleared, if for all the phases the current falls below 1.15 the setting threshold
value. When the protection enters the start status the operating time is
continuously recalculated according to the set parameters and measured
current value. If the calculated operating time is exceeded, the function goes
in TRIP status and the trip signal becomes active.

The operating time depends on the measured current and the selected current-
time characteristic. The protection function will exit the TRIP status and the
trip signal will be cleared when the measured current value falls below 0.4 the
setting threshold value.

[Link]. Setting groups

Two parameter sets can be configured for the IDMT protection function.

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[Link]. Parameters and events

Table [Link].-1 Setting values

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Type NI/VI/EI/LTI - NI Tripping characteristic
according to the IEC 60255-3
curve definition.
Base current 0.05 ... 40 In 0.5 Fault current factor threshold
(Ieb) for start condition detection.
Time multiplier 0.05 ... 1.50 - 0.50 Time multiplier to vary time
(k) delay for Trip condition
according to BS 142.

Table [Link].-2 Events

Code Event reason
E0 Protection start on phase L1.
E1 Start on phase L1 cancelled.
E2 Protection start on phase L2.
E3 Start on phase L2 cancelled.
E4 Protection start on phase L3.
E5 Start on phase L3 cancelled.
E6 Trip signal is active.
E7 Trip signal is back to inactive state.
E18 Protection block signal is active.
E19 Protection block signal is back to inactive state.

By default all events are disabled.

6.1.6. Earth fault protection

REF542plus has two earth fault definite time protection functions, which can
be activated and the parameters set independently of each other, see the
following figures.

A050890

Fig. 6.1.6.-1 Earth fault high

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A050891

Fig. 6.1.6.-2 Earth fault low

[Link]. Input/output description

Table [Link].-1 Input

Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal

When the BS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no
matter its state). This means that all the output pins go low generating the
required events (if any) and all the internal registers and timers are cleared.
The protection function will then remain in idle state until the BS signal goes
low.

Table [Link].-2 Outputs

Name Type Description
Start Digital signal (active high) Start signal
TRIP Digital signal (active high) Trip signal

The Start signal will be activated when the measured or calculated neutral
current exceeds the setting threshold value (Start Value).

The TRIP signal will be activated when the start conditions are true and the
operating time (Time) has elapsed.

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[Link]. Configuration

A050892

Fig. [Link].-1 General

Output Channel different from 0 means direct execution of the trip command,
that is, skipping FUPLA cyclic evaluation.

A050893

Fig. [Link].-2 Sensors

The protection functions can operate on measured or calculated (on any set of
phase currents in a triple) neutral current.

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A050894

Fig. [Link].-3 Parameters

Start Value: Current threshold for earth fault condition detection.

Time: Time delay for earth fault Trip condition detection.

A050895

Fig. [Link].-4 Events

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A050896

Fig. [Link].-5 Pins

[Link]. Measurement mode

All earth fault definite time protection functions evaluate the measured
residual current or the calculated neutral current at the fundamental
frequency.

[Link]. Operation criteria

If the measured or calculated neutral current exceeds the setting threshold

value (Start Value), the earth fault protection function is started.

The protection function will come back in passive status and the start signal
will be cleared if the neutral current falls below 0.95 the setting threshold
value.

After the protection has entered the start status and the preset operating time
(Time) has elapsed, function goes in TRIP status and the trip signal is
generated.

The protection function will exit the TRIP status and the trip signal will be
cleared when the neutral current value falls below 0.4 the setting threshold
value.

[Link]. Setting groups

Two parameter sets can be configured for each earth fault protection function.

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[Link]. Parameters and events

Table [Link].-1 Setting values

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Start value 0.05 ... In 0.10 Current threshold for earth
40.00 fault condition detection.
Time 40 ... 30000 ms 200 Time delay for earth fault Trip
condition detection.

Table [Link].-2 Events

Code Event reason
E0 Start started
E1 Start back
E6 Trip started
E7 Trip back
E18 Protection block started
E19 Protection block back

By default all events are disabled.

6.1.7. Directional earth fault protection

REF542plus has two directional earth fault protection functions, each of

which can be independently activated and configured, see the following
figures.

A050897

Fig. 6.1.7.-1 Earth fault directional low

A050898

Fig. 6.1.7.-2 Earth fault directional high

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[Link]. Input/output description

Table [Link].-1 Input

Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal

When the BS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no
matter its state), this means that all the output pins go low generating the
required events (if any) and all the internal registers and timers are cleared.
The protection function will then remain in idle state until the BS signal goes
low.

Table [Link].-2 Output

Name Type Description
Start Digital signal (active high) Start signal
TRIP Digital signal (active high) Trip signal
BO Digital signal (active high) Block output signal

The Start signal will be activated when the measured or calculated neutral
current exceeds the setting threshold value (Start Value) and the fault is
in the specified direction.

The TRIP signal will be activated when the start conditions are true and the
operating time (Time) has elapsed.

The Block Output (BO) signal becomes active when the protection function
detects a current exceeds the preset value and the fault direction opposite to
the speccified direction.

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[Link]. Configuration

A050899

Fig. [Link].-1 General

Output Channel different from 0 means direct execution of the trip command,
that is, skipping FUPLA cyclic evaluation.

A050900

Fig. [Link].-2 Sensors

The protection functions can operate on neutral current and residual voltage
quantities measured through dedicated sensor(s) or calculated from the
current and voltage phase components in a triple.

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A050971

Fig. [Link].-3 Parameters

Net Type: Parameter defining the connection to ground network

typology.
Direction: Directional criteria to be assessed together to earth fault
condition for START detection.
Start Value: Current threshold for earth fault condition detection.
Time: Time delay for earth fault Trip condition detection.
Voltage U0: Residual or neutral voltage threshold.

(The convention used to define Trip or Block area with respect to residual
voltage U0 vector is described in the following, based on the typical
connection diagram of current and voltage transformers for a generic feeder
provided in the Section ).

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A050972

Fig. [Link].-4 Events

A050973

Fig. [Link].-5 Pins

[Link]. Measurement mode

All directional earth fault definite time protection functions evaluate the
measured or calculated amount of neutral current I0 and voltage U0 at the
fundamental frequency.

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[Link]. Operation criteria

The direction is determined (hence the protection function is active) only if

the neutral voltage is above the preset threshold (that is, Voltage U0).

The way the direction is determined depends on the selected network type
(isolated/earthed).

If parameter Net type is set to isolated, then the neutral current is of capacitive
type. Then its main component is on an orthogonal projection with respect to
the neutral voltage.

A050974

Fig. [Link].-1 Vector diagrams of the directional earth fault protection (isolated
networks sin Φ)

If parameter Net type is set to earthed, then the neutral current is of resistive
type. Then its main component is on a projection parallel to the neutral
voltage.

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A050975

Fig. [Link].-2 Vector diagrams of the directional earth fault protection

(grounded networks cos Φ)

If the following conditions are true:

* Neutral voltage value is above the preset threshold (that is, Voltage U0)
* AND “significant” component of neutral current value exceeds the setting
threshold value (Start Value)
* AND the direction is as selected (that is, backward/forward),

then the protection function is started.

When the preset threshold values (Start Value and Uo) are exceeded and
the first two conditions are true but the fault is in the opposite direction to the
specified one, the Block Output signal becomes active.

The protection function will come back in passive status and the start signal
will be cleared if the neutral current “significant” component value falls
below 0.95 the setting threshold value OR if the conditions on Neutral
voltage value OR direction are not true.

After the protection has entered the start status and the preset operating time
(Time) has elapsed, function goes in TRIP status and the trip signal is
generated.

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The protection function will exit the TRIP status and the trip signal will be
cleared when the neutral current “significant” component value falls below
0.4 the setting threshold value.

[Link]. Setting groups

Two parameter sets can be configured for each directional earthfault

protection function.

[Link]. Parameters and events

Table [Link].-1 Setting values

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Net type Isolated/ - Isolated Network grounding
earthed typology.
Direction Forward/ - Backward Directional criteria.
backward
Start value 0.05 ... 40.00 In 0.10 “Significant” component
threshold
Time 40 ... 30000 ms 200 Operating Time between
start and trip.
Voltage U0 0.02 ... 0.70 Un 0.10 Neutral or residual voltage
threshold.

Table [Link].-2 Events

Code Event reason
E0 Protection start
E1 Start is cancelled
E6 Trip signal is active
E7 Trip signal is back to inactive
E16 Block output signal is active
E17 Block output signal is back to inactive
E18 Protection block started
E19 Protection block back

By default all events are disabled.

6.1.8. Sensitive directional earth fault protection

REF542plus has one sensitive directional earth fault protection function (67N
Sensitive).

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With respect to the two directional earth fault protection functions (67N), the
67N sensitive protection can be configured to set the maximum sensitivity
direction at a user defined angle (Angle delta). The only additional
requirement is to acquire the neutral current I0 through a dedicated earth
transformer in order to have the proper precision.

A050976

Fig. 6.1.8.-1 Sensitive directional earth fault protection

[Link]. Input/output description

Table [Link].-1 Input

Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal

When the BS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no
matter its state), this means that all the output pins go low generating the
required events (if any) and all internal registers and timers are cleared. The
protection function will then remain in idle state until the BS signal goes low.

Table [Link].-2 Outputs

Name Type Description
Start Digital signal (active high) Start signal
TRIP Digital signal (active high) Trip signal
BO Digital signal (active high) Block output signal

The Start signal will be activated when the measured residual voltage exceeds
the setting threshold value (Voltage Uo) and the neutral current is in the
specified Trip area.

The TRIP signal will be activated when the start conditions are true and the
operating time (Time) has elapsed.

The Block Output (BO) signal becomes active when the protection function
detects residual voltage and neutral current exceeds the preset values, but the
fault (neutral current) is in the block area (opposite to the specified direction,
Angle delta).

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[Link]. Configuration

A050977

Fig. [Link].-1 General

Output Channel different from 0 means direct execution of the trip command,
that is, skipping FUPLA cyclic evaluation.

A050978

Fig. [Link].-2 Sensors

The protection functions can operate on neutral current and residual voltage
quantities.

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The neutral current I0 is acquired through the dedicated transformer in order

to have the proper precision. The residual voltage U0 can be either measured
through a dedicated sensor or calculated from the voltage phase components
in a triple.

A050979

Fig. [Link].-3 Parameters

Current I0: Current threshold for dir. earth fault condition detection
Time: Time delay for dir. earth fault Trip condition detection
Angle alpha: Parameter to improve the discrimination of the directional
decision
Angle delta: Angle between U0 vector and the direction of maximum
sensitivity
Voltage U0: Residual or neutral voltage threshold

The convention used to define Trip or Block area with respect to residual
voltage U0 vector is described in the following, based on the typical
connection diagram of current and voltage transformers for a generic feeder.

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A050980

Fig. [Link].-4 Events

A050981

Fig. [Link].-5 Pins

[Link]. Measurement mode

Sensitive earth fault direction protection function evaluates the amount of

residual current I0 and voltage U0 at the fundamental frequency. All sub
harmonic disturbing signals down to 1/3 of the fundamental frequency is
completely filtered out.

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[Link]. Operation criteria

If the following conditions are true:

* Residual voltage value is above the preset threshold (voltage U0)
* AND Neutral current value is in the trip area of the protection function,
then the protection function is started.

If the condition of the voltage U0 is true, but the neutral current value is in the
block area, the protection function remains idle and the Block Output signal
becomes active. When the neutral current value is in the passive area both the
Start and Block signals are inactive.

The protection function will come back in passive status and the start signal
will be cleared if the neutral current OR residual voltage value fall below 0.95
the setting threshold value.

After the protection has entered the start status and the preset operating time
(Time) has elapsed, function goes in TRIP status and the trip signal is
generated.

The protection function will exit the TRIP status and the trip signal will be
cleared when the neutral current OR residual voltage value fall below 0.4 the
setting threshold value. To ensure the required sensitivity and discrimination
for the earth fault detection, in its implementation in REF542plus the
operating characteristic is formed with additional adjustability. The following
diagram shows the shape of the operating characteristic.

A050982

Fig. [Link].-1 Operating characteristic of the earth fault directional sensitive

protection function

The value of δ (that is Angle delta between U0 vector and the direction of
maximum sensitivity) can be configured in the range from –180° to 180°.
This provides the option of using the earth fault directional sensitive
protection for every type of network grounding situation (isolated, earthed or
compensated).

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The “significant” component of neutral current is its projection on the

direction of maximum sensitivity. Neutral current value is in the trip or block
area when the “significant” component exceeds the setting threshold value
(Current I0).

The other parameter α (that is, Angle alpha) is used to improve the
discrimination of the directional decision.

[Link]. Setting groups

Two parameter sets can be configured for the sensitive directional earth-fault
protection function.

[Link]. Parameters and events

Table [Link].-1 Setting values

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Current I0 0.05 ... 2.00 In 1.00 Earth fault current threshold.
Time 115 ... 10000 ms 1000 Operating Time between
start and trip.
Angle alpha 0.0 ... 20.0 ° 20.0 Discrimination of the
directional decision.
Angle delta -180.0 ... ° 0.0 Angle between U0 and
180.0 maximum sensitivity
direction.
Voltage U0 0.05 ... 0.70 Un 0.50 Neutral or residual voltage
threshold.

Table [Link].-2 Events

Code Event reason
E0 Protection is start
E1 Start is cancelled
E6 Trip signal is active
E7 Trip signal is back to inactive
E16 Block output is active
E17 Block output is back to inactive
E18 Protection block is active
E19 Protection block is back to inactive

By default all events are disabled.

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6.1.9. Sector directional earth fault protection

REF542plus can install up to 10 sector directional earth fault protection

functions (67N Sector). The value of Sector Angular Width (that is
Angle Δφ between U0 vector and the direction of maximum sensitivity) can
be configured in the range from –180° to 180°. This provides the option of
using the sector directional earth fault protection for every type of network
grounding situation (isolated, earthed or compensated).

With respect to the sensitive directional earth fault protection function (67N
Sensitive), the 67N Sector protection enables:
* Multiple instances (1 … 10 different stages)
* Fully configurable sensor interface, enabling I0 and U0 quantities to be
directly acquired through dedicated transformers or calculated from the
current/voltage phase components
* Direction enable/disable configuration, it can be used as earth fault (non-
directional) protection
* Start criteria based on neutral current Magnitude or Basic Angle to set the
maximum sensitivity direction at a user defined angle Sector Basic
Angle.
* Angular sector Trip area configurable by a user defined angle. Sector
Angular Width.
* Neutral current and residual voltage configurable Start Drop-off
delays to enable stable protection operation during transients, as in the
presence of intermittent arcing phenomena.

A050983

Fig. 6.1.9.-1 Sector directional earth fault protection

[Link]. Input/output description

Table [Link].-1 Input

Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal

When theBS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no matter
its state), This means that all the output pins go low generating the required
events (if any) and all internal registers and timers are cleared. The protection
function will then remain in idle state until the BS signal goes low.

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Table [Link].-2 Outputs

Name Type Description
Start Digital signal (active high) Start signal
TRIP Digital signal (active high) Trip signal
BO Digital signal (active high) Block output signal

The Start signal will be activated when the measured residual voltage exceeds
the setting threshold value (Voltage Uo) and the neutral current is in the
specified Trip sector.

The TRIP signal will be activated when the start conditions are true and the
operating time (Time) has elapsed.

The Block Output (BO) signal becomes active when the protection function
detects residual voltage and neutral current exceeding the preset values, but
the fault (neutral current) is in the block area (opposite to the specified
direction, Sector Basic Angle).

[Link]. Configuration

A050984

Fig. [Link].-1 General

Output channel different from 0 means direct execution of the trip command,
that is, skipping FUPLA cyclic evaluation.

Stage order can be reassigned by the selection Stage window in the General
dialog.

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A050985

Fig. [Link].-2 Sensors

The protection functions can operate on neutral current and residual voltage
quantities.

The neutral current I0 and the residual voltage U0 can be either measured
through a dedicated sensor or calculated from the current and voltage phase
components in a triple.

In order to assure the proper precision the Start values settings

are evaluated in the in the Parameters dialog taking into account
the whole analog input acquisition chain. A warning is issued if
the preset threshold does not satisfy this check.

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A050986

Fig. [Link].-3 Settings

The Settings configuration dialog window provides the main options for the
operation of the protection:

The Direction Enable checkbox provides the option of deactivating the

directional criteria. When it is not checked, the protection behaves as earth
fault (non-directional) protection and all the parameters relevant to the sector
are disabled. Only the Current Start Drop-off option is still available.

A050987

Fig. [Link].-4 Parameters

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The Start Criteria options enable to select between two different

criterion on how to monitor the neutral current I0. The diagrams below show
how this feature works:
* Neutral Current magnitude, when selected, the measured
magnitude of the neutral current phasor is compared to the preset
threshold I0s (Neutral Current Start Value).
* Neutral Current Basic Angle, when selected, the component I0b
of the measured neutral current phasor in the direction of the Basic Angle
φb (direction of maximum sensitivity ) is compared to the preset threshold
I0s (Neutral Current Start Value).

A050988

Fig. [Link].-5 Neutral Current Magnitude

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A050989

Fig. [Link].-6 Neutral Current Basic Angle behavior

The “significant” component of neutral current is its projection I0b on the

direction of maximum sensitivity φb. Neutral current value may enter the trip
or block area when the “significant” component exceeds the setting threshold
value (Neutral Current Start Value).

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A050990

Fig. [Link].-7 Parameters

Neutral Current Start Value (I0): Current threshold for directional earth-
fault condition detection.
Residual Voltage Start Value (U0): Voltage threshold for directional earth-
fault condition detection.
Operating Time (t): Time delay for dir. earth-fault Trip
condition detection.
Sector Basic Angle: Angle φb between U0 vector and the
bisector (direction of maximum
sensitivity)
Sector Angular Width: Angle defining the angular Trip area
(sector)
Current Start Drop-off delay: Delay to the reset of Start condition
with intermittent earth-fault current.
Voltage Start Drop-off delay: Delay to the reset of Start condition
with intermittent residual voltage.

Angles are referenced to the voltage phasor U0 in a clockwise convention.

The convention used to define Trip or Block area with respect to residual
voltage U0 vector is described in the following, based on the typical
connection diagram of current and voltage transformers for a generic feeder.

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A050991

Fig. [Link].-8 Events

A050992

Fig. [Link].-9 Pins

[Link]. Measurement mode

Sector directional earth fault protection function evaluates the amount of

residual current I0 and voltage U0 at the fundamental frequency.

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[Link]. Operation criteria

When the directional criteria is not active (Direction Enable; checkbox NOT
checked) in the following description only the condition on neutral current
value magnitude is evaluated (that is, compared with setting threshold value
Neutral Current Start Value).

If the following conditions are true:

* Residual voltage value is above the preset threshold (that is, Residual
Voltage Start Value U0)
* AND Neutral current phasor is in the trip area (sector) of the protection
function, then the protection function is started.

If the condition of the voltage U0 is true but the neutral current phasor is in
the block area, the protection function remains idle and the Block Output
signal becomes active. When the neutral current phasor is in the passive area
both the Start and Block signals are inactive.

The protection function will come back in passive status and the start signal
will be cleared (when both Current Start Drop-off time and Voltage Start
Drop-off time are zero and therefore inactive) if the neutral current or residual
voltage value fall below 0.95 the setting threshold value or the neutral current
phasor exits the activation area (Trip or Block area).

After the protection has entered the start status and the preset operating time
(Time) has elapsed, function goes in TRIP status and the trip signal is
generated.

The protection function will exit the TRIP status and the trip signal will be
cleared when the neutral current or residual voltage value fall below 0.4 the
setting threshold value or the Neutral current phasor exits the activation area.

[Link]. Trip and Block areas

To ensure the required sensitivity and discrimination for the earth fault
detection, in its implementation in REF542plus the operating characteristic is
formed with additional adjustability.

The following diagrams show the shape of the operating characteristic. The
protection behaves differently depending on the Neutral Current Start Criteria
selected.

If Neutral Current magnitude Start Criteria is selected, the trip

area and the block area are 360° complementary, the passive area is the circle
of preset threshold radius (that is, Neutral Current Start Value).

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A050993

Fig. [Link].-1 Operating characteristic of the sector directional earth fault

protection function, Neutral Current Magnitude

If Neutral Current Basic Angle Start Criteria is selected, the

behavior is dependent on the angle Δφ defining the angular Trip area
(Sector Angular Width).
* -Δφ < 180°, the block area corresponds to the semiplane opposite to the
trip area.
* -Δφ > 180°, the trip area is limited to 180°, the block area is 360°
complementary to the preset Sector Angular Width Δφ, the passive area
around includes parts of the Sector Angular Width in the plane opposite to
the trip area.
Due to directionality of the criterion, no Neutral current phasor even if
exceeding preset threshold value with component I0b , “significant”
component of neutral current projected on the direction of maximum
sensitivity φb, opposite to φb can start the protection function.

A050995

Fig. [Link].-2 Operating characteristic of the sector directional earth fault

protection function, Neutral Current Basic Angle.

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The start criteria (Magnitude Vs. Basic Angle) changes

significantly the shape of passive, block and trip areas.

[Link]. Start drop-off delay function

To ensure the required sensitivity and discrimination for the earth fault in
order to avoid flickering of the Start signal in case of intermittent currents and
voltages two drop-off delay timers have been provided to delay the reset of
the start status.

If the drop-off delay timer is active (t>0), the protection function will not
come back in passive status and the start signal will not be cleared when the
relevant Start condition falls below 0.95 the setting threshold.

Thus, after the protection has entered the start status the start status is
sustained. After the preset operating time (Time) has elapsed, the function
goes in TRIP status and the trip signal is generated if the start status is still
sustained and the start conditions are again verified.

If the voltage Start drop-off time is set to a value different from zero when the
residual voltage drops-off (Uo falls below 0.95 the setting threshold value)
the start status will be reset after the voltage start drop-off time is elapsed. If
voltage is lacking for a time interval shorter than voltage start drop-off time
the start output will not be affected by the voltage shortage.

A050997

Fig. [Link].-1 Voltage Delayed Start Drop-Off

Similarly, if the current start drop-off time is set to a value different from zero
when the neutral current phasor drops-off (exit the trip area) the start status
will be reset after the current start drop-off time is elapsed. If the neutral
current phasor stays out of the activation area for a time shorter than current
start drop-off time the Start output won’t be affected.

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A050998

Fig. [Link].-2 Current delayed start drop-off

[Link]. Setting groups

Two parameter sets can be configured for the sector directional earth fault
protection function.

[Link]. Parameters and events

Table [Link].-1 Setting values

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Neutral current 0.002 ... 8.00 In 1.000 Earth fault current
start value I0 threshold.
Residual 0.004 ... 0.700 Un 0.500 Residual voltage
voltage start threshold.
value U0
Operating time t 30 ... 60000 ms 500 Operating time between
start and trip.
Sector basic -180.0 ... 180.0 ° 0.0 Angle between U0 and
angle maximum sensitivity
direction.
Sector angular 0.0 ... 360.0 ° 360.0 Angle defining the angular
width Trip area.
Current start 0 … 1000 ms 0 Start reset delay for
drop/off delay intermittent current I0.
Voltage start 0 … 1000 ms 0 Start reset delay for
drop/off delay intermittent voltage U0.

Table [Link].-2 Events

Code Event reason
E0 Protection is start
E1 Start is cancelled
E6 Trip signal is active
E7 Trip signal is back to inactive
E16 Block output is active

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Table [Link].-2 Events (Continued)

Code Event reason
E17 Block output is back to inactive
E18 Protection block is active
E19 Protection block is back to inactive

By default all events are disabled.

6.1.10. Earth fault IDMT

The dependent earth fault current timer protection, like IDMT, is a time-delay
function with a set of hyperbolic current-time characteristics. An earth-fault
IDMT function, in which four current-time characteristics may be selected,
can be activated in REF542:
* Normal inverse
* Very inverse
* Extremely inverse and
* Long-term inverse

A050999

Fig. 6.1.10.-1 Earth fault IDMT

[Link]. Input/output description

Table [Link].-1 Input

Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal

When the BS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no
matter its state). This means that all the output pins go low generating the
required events (if any) and all the internal registers and timers are cleared.
The protection function will then remain in idle state until the BS signal goes
low.

Table [Link].-2 Outputs

Name Type Description
Start Digital signal (active high) Start signal
TRIP Digital signal (active high) Trip signal

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The Start signal will be activated when the measured or calculated neutral
current exceeds the setting threshold value (Base current Ieb) by a
factor 1.2. The TRIP signal will be activated when the start conditions are
true and the calculated operating time has elapsed.

[Link]. Configuration

A051000

Fig. [Link].-1 General

From 0 means direct execution of the trip command, that is, skipping FUPLA
cyclic evaluation.

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A051003

Fig. [Link].-2 IDMT Type

A051004

Fig. [Link].-3 Sensors

The protection function can operate on measured or calculated (on any set of
phase currents in a triple) neutral currents.

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A051005

Fig. [Link].-4 Parameters

Base current (Ieb): Current threshold for overcurrent condition detection

Time multiplier (k): Parameter to vary time delay for Trip condition

The trip time is calculated according to British Standard (BS 142) when the
time multiplier k is used. When the time multiplier k is set to one (k=1) the
IDMT curve is in accordance to IEC 60255-3.

A051006

Fig. [Link].-5 Events

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A051007

Fig. [Link].-6 Pins

[Link]. Measurement mode

Earth fault IDMT function evaluates the measured amount of residual current
at the fundamental frequency.

[Link]. Operation criteria

If the measured or calculated neutral current exceeds the setting threshold

value (Base current Ieb) by a factor 1.2, the protection function is
started.

The protection function will come back in passive status and the start signal
will be cleared if the neutral current falls below 1.15 the setting threshold
value.

When the protection enters the start status, the operating time is continuously
recalculated according to the set parameters and measured current value. If
the calculated operating time is exceeded, the function goes in TRIP status
and the trip signal becomes active.

The operating time depends on the measured current and the selected current-
time characteristic.

The protection function will exit the TRIP status and the trip signal will be
cleared when the measured or calculated neutral current value falls below 0.4
the setting threshold value.

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[Link]. Setting groups

Two parameter sets can be configured for the earth-fault IDMT protection
function.

[Link]. Parameters and events

Table [Link].-1 Setting values

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Type NI/VI/EI/LTI - NI Tripping characteristic
according to the IEC 60255-3
curve definition.
Base current 0.05 ... 40 - 0.5 Fault current factor threshold
(Ieb) for start condition detection.
Time 0.05 ... 1.50 - 0.50 Time multiplier to vary time
multiplier (k) delay for Trip condition
according to BS 142.

Table [Link].-2 Events

Code Event reason
E0 Protection is start
E1 Start is cancelled
E6 Trip signal is active
E7 Trip signal is back to inactive
E18 Protection block is active
E19 Protection block is back to inactive

By default all events are disabled.

6.2. Voltage protection

6.2.1. Overvoltage protection

There are three overvoltage definite time protection functions in REF542plus,

which can be independently activated and parameterized. See the following
figures.

A051008

Fig. 6.2.1.-1 Overvoltage instantaneous

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A051009

Fig. 6.2.1.-2 Overvoltage high

A051010

Fig. 6.2.1.-3 Overvoltage low

[Link]. Input/output description

Table [Link].-1 Input

Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal

When the BS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no
matter its state). This means that all the output pins go low generating the
required events (if any) and all the internal registers and timers are cleared.
The protection function will then remain in idle state until the BS signal goes
low.

Table [Link].-2 Outputs

Name Type Description
S L1 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL1
S L2 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL2
S L3 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL3
TRIP Digital signal (active high) Trip signal

S L1-3 are the start signals phase selective. The phase starting signal will be
activated when the respective phase (line) voltage start conditions are true
(voltage exceeds the setting threshold value).

The TRIP signal will be activated when at least for a phase voltage the start
conditions are true and the operating time has elapsed.

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[Link]. Configuration

A051011

Fig. [Link].-1 General

Output Channel different from 0 means direct execution of the trip command,
that is, skipping FUPLA cyclic evaluation.

A051012

Fig. [Link].-2 Sensors

The protection functions can operate on any combination of phase (or line)
voltages in a triple, for example, it can operate as single phase or double
phase, three-phase protection on voltages belonging to the same system.

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A051013

Fig. [Link].-3 Parameters

Start Value: Voltage threshold for overvoltage condition detection

Time: Time delay for overvoltage Trip condition detection

A051014

Fig. [Link].-4 Events

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A051015

Fig. [Link].-5 Pins

[Link]. Measurement mode

Overvoltage protection functions evaluate the phase or line voltage RMS

value at the fundamental frequency.

[Link]. Operation criteria

If the measured voltage exceeds the setting threshold value (Start Value),
the overvoltage protection function is started. The start signal is phase
selective. It means that when at least the value of one phase voltage is above
the setting threshold value the relevant start signal will be activated.

The protection function will remain in START status until there is at least one
phase started. It will come back in passive status and the start signal will be
cleared if for all the phases the voltage falls below 0.95 the setting threshold
value. After the protection has entered the start status and the preset operating
time (Time) has elapsed, the function goes in TRIP status and the trip signal
is generated.

The protection function will exit the TRIP status and the trip signal will be
cleared when the measured voltage value falls below 0.4 the setting threshold
value.

The overvoltage protective functions, like the overcurrent protective

functions, are used in a time graded coordination. An example of grading is
shown in the following diagram.

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A051016

Fig. [Link].-1 Overvoltage response grading.

[Link]. Setting groups

Two parameter sets can be configured for each of the overvoltage protection
functions.

[Link]. Parameters and events

Table [Link].-1 Setting values

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Start Value U>, 0.1 ... 3.00 Un 0.50 Voltage threshold for Start
U>> condition detection.
Time 40 ... 30000 ms 80 Time delay for Trip condition.
Start Value 0.1 ... 3.00 Un 0.50 Voltage threshold for Start
U>>> condition detection.
Time 15 ... 300000 ms 80 Time delay for Trip condition.

Table [Link].-2 Events

Code Event reason
E0 Protection start on phase L1
E1 Start on phase L1 cancelled
E2 Protection starton phase L2
E3 Start on phase L2 cancelled
E4 Protection start on phase L3
E5 Start on phase L3 cancelled
E6 Trip signal is active

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Table [Link].-2 Events (Continued)

Code Event reason
E7 Trip signal is back to inactive state
E18 Block signal is active
E19 Block signal is back to inactive state

By default all events are disabled.

6.2.2. Undervoltage protection

There are three undervoltage protection functions in REF542plus, which can

be activated and parameters set independently of one another. See the
following figures.

A051017

Fig. 6.2.2.-1 Undervoltage instantaneous

A051018

Fig. 6.2.2.-2 Undervoltage high

A051019

Fig. 6.2.2.-3 Undervoltage low

[Link]. Input/output description

Table [Link].-1 Input

Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal

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When the BS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no
matter its state). It means that all the output pins go low generating the
required events (if any) and all the internal registers and timers are cleared.
The protection function will then remain in idle state until the BS signal goes
low.

Table [Link].-2 Outputs

Name Type Description
S L1 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL1
S L2 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL2
S L3 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL3
TRIP Digital signal (active high) Trip signal

S L1-3 are the start signals phase selective. The phase starting signal will be
activated when respective phase (line) voltage start conditions are true
(voltage falls below the setting threshold value).

The TRIP signal will be activated when at least for a phase voltage the start
conditions are true and the operating time has elapsed.

[Link]. Configuration

A051020

Fig. [Link].-1 General

Output Channel different from 0 means direct execution of the trip command,
that is, skipping FUPLA cyclic evaluation.

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A051021

Fig. [Link].-2 Sensors

The protection functions can operate on any combination of phase (or line)
voltages in a triple, for example, it can operate as single phase, double phase
or three-phase protection on voltages belonging to the same system.

A051022

Fig. [Link].-3 Parameters

Start Value: Voltage threshold for undervoltage condition detection.

Time: Time delay for undervoltage Trip condition detection.

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A051023

Fig. [Link].-4 Events

A051024

Fig. [Link].-5 Pins

[Link]. Measurement mode

Undervoltage protection functions evaluate the phase or line voltage RMS

value at the fundamental frequency.

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[Link]. Operation criteria

If the measured voltage falls below the setting threshold value (Start
Value), the undervoltage protection function is started. The start signal is
phase selective. It means that when at least the value of one phase voltage is
below the setting threshold value the relevant start signal will be activated.

The protection function will remain in START status until there is at least one
phase started. It will come back in passive status and the start signal will be
cleared, if for all the phases the voltage raises above 1.05 the setting threshold
value. After the protection has entered the start status and the preset operating
time (Time) has elapsed, function goes in TRIP status and the trip signal is
generated.

The protection function will exit the TRIP status and the trip signal will be
cleared when the measured voltage value falls below 0.4 the setting threshold
value.

The undervoltage protection functions are used in a graded coordination. An

example of staging is shown in the following diagram.

A051025

Fig. [Link].-1 Undervoltage protection response stages

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[Link]. Behavior at low voltage values

A051026

Fig. [Link].-1 Under Voltage

Because a de-energized feeder has no voltage, an undervoltage protection

function remains activated. It is not be possible then to switch the feeder on
again.

Therefore, the Under Voltage configuration dialog provides the option of

deactivating the undervoltage protection functions when the voltage is in the
range 0 to 40% of the setting voltage threshold (Start Value).

The diagrams below shows how this feature works when the “lowest voltage
= 0” flag is checked:

A051027

Fig. [Link].-2 Configuration of the undervoltage limit = 0

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If 40% is considered too high, the undervoltage function can also be blocked,
for example, through the circuit-breaker auxiliary contact by connecting a
signal (high at CB open) to the BS input pin inside FUPLA.

[Link]. Setting groups

Two parameter sets can be configured for each of the undervoltage protection
functions.

[Link]. Parameters and events

Table [Link].-1 Setting values

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
lowest voltage used/not - not used When “used” the U<
= 0 used used functions are active below
the 0.4 Start Value
Start Value 0.1 ... 1.20 Un 0.50 Voltage threshold for Start
U<, U<< condition detection.
Time 40 ... 30000 ms 80 Time delay for Trip condition.
Start Value 0.1 ... 1.20 Un 0.50 Voltage threshold for Start
U<<< condition detection.
Time 15 ... 30000 ms 80 Time delay for Trip condition.

Table [Link].-2 Events

Code Event reason
E0 Protection start on phase L1
E1 Start on phase L1 cancelled
E2 Protection start on phase L2
E3 Start on phase L2 cancelled
E4 Protection start on phase L3
E5 Start on phase L3 cancelled
E6 Trip signal is active
E7 Trip signal is back to inactive state
E18 Protection block signal is active state
E19 Protection block signal is back to inactive state

By default all events are disabled.

6.2.3. Residual overvoltage protection

There are two residual overvoltage protection functions in REF542plus,

which can be independently activated and parameterized. See the following
figures.

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A051029

Fig. 6.2.3.-1 Residual overvoltage high

A051030

Fig. 6.2.3.-2 Residual overvoltage low

[Link]. Input/output description

Table [Link].-1 Input

Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal

When theBS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no matter
its state). This means that, all the output pins go low generating the required
events (if any) and all the internal registers and timers are cleared. The
protection function will then remain in idle state until the BS signal goes low.

Table [Link].-2 Outputs

Name Type Description
Start Digital signal (active high) Start signal
TRIP Digital signal (active high) Trip signal

The Start signal will be activated when the measured or calculated residual
voltage exceeds the setting threshold value (Start Value).

The TRIP signal will be activated when the start condition is true and the
operating time (Time) has elapsed.

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[Link]. Configuration

A051031

Fig. [Link].-1 General

Output Channel different from 0 means direct execution of the trip command,
that is, skipping FUPLA cyclic evaluation.

A051032

Fig. [Link].-2 Sensors

The protection functions can operate on residual voltage measured through a

dedicated sensor (for example, open delta connected voltage transformers) or
calculated from the voltage phase (line) components in a triple.

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A051033

Fig. [Link].-3 Parameters

UNe Voltage threshold for residual overvoltage condition detection

Time: Time delay for residual overvoltage Trip condition detection

A051034

Fig. [Link].-4 Events

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A051035

Fig. [Link].-5 Pins

[Link]. Measurement mode

Residual overvoltage protection functions evaluate the residual voltage at the

fundamental frequency.

[Link]. Operation criteria

If the measured voltage exceeds the setting threshold value (UNe), the
residual overvoltage protection function is started.

The protection function will come back in passive status and the start signal
will be cleared if the voltage falls below 0.95 the setting threshold value.

After the protection has entered the start status and the preset operating time
(Time) has elapsed, the function goes in TRIP status and the trip signal is
generated.

The protection function will exit the TRIP status and the trip signal will be
cleared when the measured voltage value falls below 0.4 the setting threshold
value.

[Link]. Setting groups

Two parameter sets can be configured for each of the residual overvoltage
protection functions.

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[Link]. Parameters and events

Table [Link].-1 Setting values

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
UNe 0.10 ... 3.00 Un 0.50 Voltage threshold for Start
condition detection.
Time 20 ... 300000 ms 50 Time delay for Trip
condition.

Table [Link].-2 Events

Code Event reason
E0 Start started
E1 Start back
E6 Trip started
E7 Trip back
E18 Protection block started
E19 Protection block back

By default all events are disabled.

6.3. Motor protection

The protection functions described in the following subsections are provided

for protection of the motor from overloads and faults.

6.3.1. Thermal overload protection

REF542plus has one thermal overload protection function.

A050780

Fig. 6.3.1.-1 Thermal overload protection

[Link]. Input/output description

Table [Link].-1 Inputs

Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal
RST Trigger signal (active low-to-high) Reset signal

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When the BS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no
matter its state). This means that all the output pins go low generating the
required events (if any) and all the internal registers and timers are cleared.
The protection function will then remain in idle state until the BS signal goes
low.

When the reset input pin (RST) is triggered, the estimated motor temperature
is set to the parameter value Trst (Reset Temperature Trst).

Table [Link].-2 Outputs

Name Type Description
Warn Digital signal (active high) Warning signal
TRIP Digital signal (active high) Trip signal
Overheat Digital signal (active high) Overheat signal
Sensor Digital signal (active high) Error on RTD (used with 0 ... 20ma
Error input)

The Warn signal will be activated when the calculated temperature exceeds
the setting threshold value (Twarn).

The Trip signal will be activated when the calculated temperature exceeds the
setting threshold value (Ttrip).

The Overheat signal will be activated when the calculated temperature

exceeds the setting threshold value Nominal Motor Temperature (TMn).

The Sensor Error signal will be activated when the external environment
temperature (Tenv) sensor use is set and its failure is detected.

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[Link]. Configuration

A050781

Fig. [Link].-1 General

Output Channel different from 0 means direct execution of the trip command,
that is, skipping FUPLA cyclic evaluation.

A050782

Fig. [Link].-2 Sensors

The protection function operates on any combination of phase currents in a

triple, for example, it can operate as single phase, double phase or three-phase
protection on phase currents belonging to the same system.

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An external sensor connected to the 4-20 mA Analog Input can directly

measure the environment temperature. When it is used, it is automatically
selected and displayed in the General dialog.

A050783

Fig. [Link].-3 Parameters

Nominal Motor Temperature (TMn): Nominal Motor Temperature,

asymptotically reached at IMn with
environment temperature Tenv
Nominal Motor Current (IMn): Nominal Motor current for operational
condition detection
Initial Temperature (Tini): Initial motor temperature at protection
initialasing
Time Constant Off: Time constant for cooling down
Time Constant Normal: Time constant for motor operational
condition
Time Constant Overheat: Time constant for overload condition

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A050784

Fig. [Link].-4 Parameters

Trip Temperature (Ttrip): Temperature threshold for trip condition

Warning Temperature (Twarn): Temperature threshold for warning
condition
Environment Temperature (Tenv): Ambient temperature
Reset Temperature (Trst): Initial (i.e. after reset by RST input PIN)
motor temperature

A050785

Fig. [Link].-5 Events

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A050786

Fig. [Link].-6 Pins

[Link]. Measurement mode

Thermal overload protection function evaluates the square average of phase

currents at the fundamental frequency. The instantaneous temperature
estimation is based on the average of the phase currents monitored.

The environment temperature can either be set in the Parameter dialog

(Tenv) or measured through as external sensor and a 4-20 mA Analog Input.
In case of an external measure failure the set parameter Tenv is used as
backup.

[Link]. Operation criteria

The thermal overload protection function estimates the instantaneous value of

motor temperature.

If the estimated instantaneous temperature exceeds the first setting threshold

value (Twarn), the protection function enters the START status and generates
a WARNING signal.

If the estimated instantaneous temperature exceeds the second setting

threshold value, the protection function generates a TRIP signal.

If the estimated instantaneous temperature exceeds the setting threshold value

(Nominal Motor Temperature TMn), the protection function generates
an overheat signal.

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The protection function will exit the START status and come back in passive
status. The start signal will be cleared if the estimated temperature falls below
the setting threshold value Twarn.

The protection function will exit the TRIP status and the trip signal will be
cleared when the estimated temperature falls below the setting threshold
value Ttrip.

The protection function avoids also reconnection after a trip of overheated

machines until the estimated motor temperature falls below the warning
temperature Twarn (according to calculated motor cooling process, based on
Time Constant OFF).

When the thermal overload protection is instantiated the motor temperature

can be estimated. Therefore, after a trip for maximum number of starts, an
overheated motor cannot be reconnected until its temperature has fallen
below the warning temperature (Twarn). Therefore, the time to decrement the
number of start counters will be the maximum between the setting time
interval (Reset Time, t rst) and the motor cooling-down time
estimation.

If the protection function is reset by means of the reset input pin (RST), the
estimated motor temperature will be set to value Trst (Reset
Temperature).

[Link]. Thermal memory at power-down

At power-down, REF542plus saves the estimated motor temperature (T) and

at subsequent power-up is able to estimate the new motor temperature, under
the hypothesis that the motor was cooling in the meantime (that is the
timeconstant OFF is used).

[Link]. Setting groups

Two parameter sets can be configured for the thermal overload protection
function.

[Link]. Parameters and events

Table [Link].-1 Setting values

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Nominal Motor 50 ... 400 °C 100 Motor temperature at rated
Temperature (TMn) condition
Nominal Motor 0.1 ... 5.0 In 1.0 Current for operational mode
Current (IMn) (τ) detection
Initial Temperature 10 ... 400 °C 50 Initial temperature after Reset
(Tini) Signal at BS

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Table [Link].-1 Setting values (Continued)

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Constant Off 10 ... 100000 s 500 Cooling time constant
(I < 0.1 x IMn)
Time Constant 10 ... 20000 s 500 Time constant under normal
Normal load condition
Time Constant 10 ... 20000 s 500 Time constant under overload
Overheat (I > 2 x condition
IMn)
Trip Temperature 50 ... 400 °C 100 Temperature threshold for Trip
(Ttrip) condition
Warning 50 ... 400 °C 100 Temperature threshold for
Temperature warn condition
(Twarn)
Environment 10 ... 50 °C 20 Ambient Temperature
Temperature (Tenv)
Reset Temperature 10 ... 400 °C 100 Initial (after reset by RST PIN)
(Trst) motor temperature

Table [Link].-2 Events

Code Event reason
E0 Warning signal is active
E1 Warning signal is back to inactive state
E6 Trip signal is active
E7 Trip signal is back to inactive state
E16 Overheat signal is active
E17 Overheat signal is back to inactive state
E18 Protection block signal is active
E19 Protection block signal is back to inactive state
E20 Reset input signal is active
E21 Reset input signal is back to inactive state
E22 Sensor error is active
E23 Sensor error is back to inactive state

By default all events are disabled.

6.3.2. Motor start protection

REF542plus has one motor start protection function.

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A050787

Fig. 6.3.2.-1 Motor start protection

[Link]. Input/output description

Table [Link].-1 Inputs

Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal

When the BS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no
matter its state). This means that all the output pins go low generating the
required events (if any) and all internal registers and timers are cleared. The
protection function will then remain in idle state until the BS signal goes low.

Table [Link].-2 Outputs

Name Type Description
Start Digital signal (active high) Start signal
TRIP Digital signal (active high) Trip signal
BO Digital signal (active high) Block output signal

The Start signal will be activated when the current exceeds 10% motor
nominal current value IMn and within 100 ms the setting threshold value
(Motor Start IMs).

The TRIP signal will be activated when the start conditions are true and the
calculated current-time integration (Is2 x Time) is exceed.

The Block Output (BO) signal becomes active at protection initialization until
when the current exceeds 10% motor nominal current value IMn.

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[Link]. Configuration

A050788

Fig. [Link].-1 General

Output Channel different from 0 means direct execution of the trip command,
that is skipping FUPLA cyclic evaluation.

A050789

Fig. [Link].-2 Sensors

The protection function operates on any set of phase currents in a triple.

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A050790

Fig. [Link].-3 Parameters

Nominal Motor Current (IMn): Nominal Motor current for operational condition
detection
Start Value (Is): Motor start current for Trip condition detection
(start energy integral I2t)
Time: Time for Trip condition detection
Motor Start (IMs): Current threshold for motor start condition
detection

A050791

Fig. [Link].-4 Events

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A050792

Fig. [Link].-5 Pins

[Link]. Measurement mode

Motor start protection function evaluates the current at the fundamental

frequency.

The maximum measured motor current IRMS_max is used to detect Start and
Trip conditions.

The motor start behavior depends on the switching torque of the specific
machine load. The manufacturer assigns an allowable current-time start
integral I2t for motors or, as an alternative, information on the maximum
allowable start current and the maximum allowable start time is provided.

[Link]. Operation criteria

A motor start is detected if:

* The maximum measured motor current exceeds 0.10 the setting threshold
value nominal motor current (Nominal Motor Current IMn)
* Within 100 ms later the measured motor current exceeds the setting motor
start detection (Motor Start IMs).When a motor start is detected the
protection is started, the start signal is activated and the current-time
integral

∫ i(t ) dt
2
(14)

is calculated.

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The protection function will come back in passive status and the start signal
will be cleared if the maximum motor current falls below 0.95 the setting
motor start detection threshold value (IMs). At that time, calculation of
current-time integral is stopped.

After the protection has entered the start status and the calculated current-time
integration exceeds the default

I s2 ⋅ T (15)

value, where:
* Is is Start current parameter (Start Value Is)
* T is Time parameter (Time)
the function goes in TRIP status and the trip signal is generated.

The protection function will exit the TRIP status and the trip signal will be
cleared when the measured current value falls below 0.95 the setting motor
start detection threshold value (IMs).

[Link]. Setting groups

Two parameter sets can be configured for the motor start protection function.

[Link]. Parameters and events

Table [Link].-1 Setting values

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Nominal Motor 0.20 ... 2.00 In 1.00 Motor nominal current for Start
Current (IMn) condition
Start Value (Is) 1.00 ... 20.00 IMn 1.00 Trip condition detection (integral
I2t)
Time 40 ... 300000 ms 10000 Time for integral Trip condition
Motor Start (IMs) 0.20 ... 0.80 Is 0.70 Current threshold for Start
condition

Table [Link].-2 Events

Code Event reason
E0 Protection start
E1 Start cancelled
E6 Trip signal is active
E7 Trip signal is back to inactive state
E16 Block signal is active

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Table [Link].-2 Events (Continued)

Code Event reason
E17 Block signal is back to inactive state
E18 Protection block signal is active state
E19 Protection block signal is back to inactive state

By default all events are disabled.

6.3.3. Blocking rotor

A050793

Fig. 6.3.3.-1 Blocking rotor

[Link]. Input/output description

Table [Link].-1 Input

Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal

When theBS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no matter
its state). This means that all the output pins go low generating the required
events (if any) and all internal registers and timers are cleared. The protection
function will then remain in idle state until the BS signal goes low. This input
can be assigned to the speed indicator signal (tachometer generator or a speed
switch).

Table [Link].-2 Outputs

Name Type Description
S L1 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL1
S L2 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL2
S L3 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL3
TRIP Digital signal (active high) Trip signal

S L1-3 are the start signals phase selective. The phase starting signal will be
activated when respective phase current start conditions are true (one phase
current exceeds Start Value Is).

The TRIP signal will be activated when at least for a phase current the start
conditions are true and the operating time has elapsed.

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[Link]. Configuration

A050794

Fig. [Link].-1 General

Output Channel different from 0 means direct execution of the trip command,
that is, skipping FUPLA cyclic evaluation.

A050795

Fig. [Link].-2 Sensors

The protection function operates on any combination of phase currents in a

triple, for example, it can operate as single phase, double phase or three-phase
protection on phase currents belonging to the same system.

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A050796

Fig. [Link].-3 Parameters

Nominal Motor Current (IMn): Nominal Motor current

Start Value (Is): Current threshold for motor start condition
detection
Time: Time delay for Trip condition detection

A050797

Fig. [Link].-4 Events

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A050798

Fig. [Link].-5 Pins

[Link]. Measurement mode

Blocking rotor protection function evaluates the current at the fundamental

frequency. It operates like an overcurrent protection function.

The blocking rotor protective function is used to detect a locked rotor

condition by sensing the current increase arising from the loss of synchronism
between the rotor revolving and phase voltages.

It can be used to monitor the starting characteristics of three-phase

asynchronous motors to check whether the rotor braking is on and other
conditions preventing the motor to speed up. If this malfunction occurs, the
starting current would flow permanently and the motor would be thermally
overloaded.

[Link]. Operation criteria

The blocking rotor protection function can be blocked on the BS input. The
blocking input can be provided by a speed switch or by the start signal output
from the motor start protection function.

A tachometer generator or a speed switch is used to send a defined signal at a

specified speed. If the rotor of the monitored motor is locked, the missing
speed signal will ensure that the overcurrent function in the protective
function will continue to remain active.

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The protection function can also be used without a speed signal by using the
start signal output from the motor start protection function to block it during
the motor starting phase. When the motor start condition is detected the
blocking rotor function is blocked by the BS input.

If the measured current exceeds the setting motor starting threshold value
(Start Value, Is), the protection function is started. The start signal is
phase selective It means that when at least the value of one phase current is
above the setting threshold value the relevant start signal will be activated
(SL 1-3).

The protection function will remain in START status until there is at least one
phase started. It will come back in passive status and the start signal will be
cleared if for all the phases the current falls below 0.95 the setting threshold
value. After the protection has entered the start status and the preset operating
time (Time) has elapsed, function goes in TRIP status and the trip signal is
generated.

The protection function will exit the TRIP status and the trip signal will be
cleared when the measured current value falls below 0.4 the setting threshold
value.

[Link]. Setting groups

Two parameter sets can be configured for the blocking rotor protection
functions.

[Link]. Parameters and events

Table [Link].-1 Setting values

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Nominal 0.20 ... 2.00 In 1.00 Nominal Motor current
Motor
Current IMn
Start Value Is 1.00 ... 20.00 Imn 1.00 Current threshold for motor start
condition detection
Time 40 ... 30000 ms 10000 Time delay for Trip condition
detection

Table [Link].-2 Events

Code Event reason
E0 Protection start on phase L1
E1 Start on phase L1 cancelled
E2 Protection start on phase L2
E3 Start on phase L2 cancelled
E4 Protection start on phase L3

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Table [Link].-2 Events (Continued)

Code Event reason
E5 Start on phase L3 cancelled
E6 Trip signal is active
E7 Trip signal is back to inactive state

By default all events are disabled.

6.3.4. Number of starts

REF542plus has an additional motor protection function that supervizes the

number of motor starts. It distinguishes between the cold and warm starts, the
allowable number which is generally provided by the motor manufacturer.
The starting signal (Start output) of the motor start protection function is
used to count the starts.

A050799

Fig. 6.3.4.-1 Number of starts

[Link]. Input/output description

Table [Link].-1 Inputs

Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal
SI Trigger signal (active high) Motor start signal

When the BS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no
matter its state). This means that all the output pins go low generating the
required events (if any) and all internal registers and timers are cleared. The
protection function will then remain in idle state until the BS signal goes low.

The SI signal is used to provide to the number of start function the start signal
output from the motor start protection function by wiring the connection in
FUPLA. It is used to count the motor number of starts.

Table [Link].-2 Outputs

Name Type Description
Warn Digital signal (active high) Warning signal
TRIP Digital signal (active high) Trip signal

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The Warn signal will be activated when the cold (or warm) starts counter
reaches the setting threshold value maximum number of starts (Ncs and Nws
respectively).

The TRIP signal will be activated when the cold (or warm) starts counter
exceeds the setting threshold value maximum number of starts (Ncs and Nws
respectively).

[Link]. Configuration

A050800

Fig. [Link].-1 General

Output Channel different from 0 means direct execution of the trip command,
that is, skipping FUPLA cyclic evaluation.

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A050801

Fig. [Link].-2 Parameters

Max Num. of Warm Starts (Nws): Motor manufacturer declared N° of starts

above temperature threshold Tws
Max Num. of Cold Starts (Ncs): Motor manufacturer declared N° of starts
below temperature threshold Tws
Reset Time (t rst): Cooling down motor time; time to dissipate the
heat of a motor start
Warm Start Temp. Threshold Above Tws temperature thereshold a start is
(Tws): assumed to be warm

A050802

Fig. [Link].-3 Events

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A050803

Fig. [Link].-4 Pins

[Link]. Measurement mode

Number of starts protection function supervizes the motor number of starts.

The starting signal of motor start protection function is used to count starts.

It is also important to distinguish between the cold and warm starts, the
allowable number of which is generally provided by the motor manufacturer.

Motor temperature estimated by the thermal overload function is used to

determine whether a start is cold or a warm. When the thermal overload
function is not instantiated, a cold start is assumed.

[Link]. Operation criteria

If thermal overload protection is not enabled, the estimated machine

temperature is not available and the warm counter is not increased (the warm
counter is frozen to zero). In this case, all the counted starts are classified as
cold.

When the thermal overload protection is enabled the estimated motor

temperature is compared with the setting temperature threshold (Warm
Start Temp. Threshold Tws). Above Tws temperature thereshold a
start is assumed to be warm, below it is assumed to be a cold start.

At every motor start (detected by the motor start protection function),

depending on the type of start (warm or cold start) the related counter is
incremented by one unit. At every warm start, both the warm counter and the
cold counter are incremented. Cold starts to increment only the cold counter.

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If no start has occurred after the setting time interval (Reset Time, t rst)
it is assumed that the motor had time to cool down and both the cold and
warm start counters are decremented by one unit.

If the preset number of warm (Max Num. of Warm Starts, Nws) or

respectively of cold starts (Max Num. of Cold Starts, Ncs) is reached,
the protection function is started and the relevant warning signal will be
activated. If there is another start, the protection function will enter the TRIP
status and the trip signal will be activated.

If the protection function is in TRIP status and the above condition is

satisfied, the protection function will exit the trip status and the trip signal
will be cleared. The protection function is in TRIP status and the trip signal
remains active until the reset period t rst has expired. Then both cold and
warm start counters are decremented and the trip signal will be cleared.

The protection function will exit START status, come back in passive status
and the start signal will be cleared, if the cold and warm counters fall below
the respective maximum setting values Ncs and Nws, that is after the reset
period t rst has expired.

[Link]. Setting groups

Two parameter sets can be configured for the number of starts protection
functions.

[Link]. Parameters and events

Table [Link].-1 Setting values

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Max num. of warm 1 ... 10 - 1 Number of starts above Tws
starts (Nws)
Max num. of cold 1 ... 10 - 1 Number of starts below Tws
starts (Ncs)
Reset time (t rst) 1.00 ... s 30.00 Time to cool down after a start
7200.00
Warm start temp. 20 ... 200 °C 80 Temperature threshold to
threshold (Tws) define a warm start

Table [Link].-2 Events

Code Event reason
E0 Protection start
E1 Start cancelled
E6 Trip signal is active
E7 Trip signal is back to inactive state
E14 Warning signal is active

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Table [Link].-2 Events (Continued)

Code Event reason
E15 Warning signal is back to inactive state
E18 Block signal is active
E19 Block signal is back to inactive state

By default all events are disabled.

6.4. Distance protection

The distance protection is dedicated to protect a meshed medium-voltage

system or a simple high-voltage system.

A050804

Fig. 6.4.-1 Distance protection

6.4.1. Input/output description

Table 6.4.1.-1 Inputs

Name Type Description
BL Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal
SIGNAL COMP Digital signal (active high) Signal comparison scheme

When the BL signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no
matter its state). This means that all the output pins go low generating the
required events (if any) and all internal registers and timers are cleared. The
protection function will then remain in idle state until the BL signal goes low.

Table 6.4.1.-2 Outputs

Name Type Description
< Z1 Digital signal (active high) Z1 signal used for signal
comparison
START L1 Digital signal (active high) Start signal in L1
START L2 Digital signal (active high) Start signal in L2
START L3 Digital signal (active high) Start signal in L3
EARTH START Digital signal (active high) Start Earth signal
GENERAL Digital signal (active high) General start signal
START
TRIP Digital signal (active high) Trip signal

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6.4.2. Configuration

A050805

Fig. 6.4.2.-1 General

Output Channel different from 0 means direct execution of the trip command,
that is skipping FUPLA cycle evaluation.

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A050806

Fig. 6.4.2.-2 Start values

A050807

Fig. 6.4.2.-3 Zones

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A050808

Fig. 6.4.2.-4 Zone 1

A050809

Fig. 6.4.2.-5 Zone 2

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A050831

Fig. 6.4.2.-6 Zone 3

A050832

Fig. 6.4.2.-7 Zone overreach

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A050833

Fig. 6.4.2.-8 Zone autoreclose (control)

A050834

Fig. 6.4.2.-9 Directional backup

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A050835

Fig. 6.4.2.-10 Non-directional backup

A050836

Fig. 6.4.2.-11 Phase selection

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A050837

Fig. 6.4.2.-12 Parameters earth factors

A050838

Fig. 6.4.2.-13 Events

6.4.3. Operation mode

The distance protection comprises the following subordinate functions:

* Start
* Impedance determination
* Directional memory
* Tripping logic

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To run the protection function, the phase currents and the phase voltages
measurement quantities are required. The phase currents and the phase
voltages are arranged in consecutive groups of three. The following
combinations can be configured:
* Measuring input 1,2,3: current signals; measuring input 4,5,6: voltage
signals in phase L1, L2, L3
* Measuring input 1,2,3: voltage signals; measuring input 4,5,6: current
signals in phase L1, L2, L3
The start function is intended to check for the presence of a system failure and
to detect the type of the fault. The appropriate measured quantities for
determining the impedance and the directional decision are selected
depending on the type of system fault. Once the direction and the zone of the
system fault have been determined, the tripping logic is used to determine the
trip time in accordance with the set impedance time characteristic.

A signal comparison protection scheme, which enables to protect a very short

line selectively, is also integrated. This requires pilot wires for signal
exchange.

For the network operation, it is important to localize the fault as soon as

possible after the system fault has been switched off in order to repair the
damage. Because the medium-voltage networks are usually spread over wide
areas, fault-tracking information in km or in reactive ohm is desirable for
network operation after the system fault has been tripped. For this reason, the
fault locator, which can derive the fault distance from the measured fault
impedance, is also implemented in the distance protection. It calculates the
distance in km to the fault from the nominal value of the cable reactance.

The requirement of current transformers for distance protection

must be fulfilled. Otherwise the proper function behavior can
not be assure. Besides, the fault locator would not be in position
to display the correct value.

Once the system fault has been switched off, it may also be of interest for the
system operator to carry out a fault analysis from a disturbance recorder and
the sequences of the appearance of the signaling events. The fault recorder
function can be started either by an external signal (via a binary input) or by a
signal from the distance protection. The general start or the trip signal can be
used for this purpose.

If the fault recorder is started by the general start signal, the system quantities
will be recorded. However, a correct fault reactance can only be detected if
the fault is in the first protection zone. Therefore, it is recommended to start
the fault recorder by a trip signal.

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The option of switching the distance protection over to the overcurrent

protection shall normally be provided. This procedure is generally referred to
the so-called emergency overcurrent protection and is required if the voltage
measurement quantities do not exist anymore, for example due to an MCB
failure. Detailed information regarding to the operation principle and the
calculation of the setting parameter can be found in the related application
note.

6.4.4. Setting groups

Two parameter sets can be configured for the thermal overload protection
function.

6.4.5. Parameters and events

Table 6.4.5.-1 General parameter

Net type: high ohmic, low ohmic
Used sensors: I: 1-3; U: 4-6 or I: 4-6; U: 1-3
Earth start: IE> used or IE> unused (residual current)
Switching onto normal behavior, overreach zone used or trip after occurrence of
faults: general start signal
Signal Comp. 30 … 30,000 ms (set 1/set 2), default 30 ms
Time:

Table 6.4.5.-2 Start values

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
I> 0.05 ... 4.00 In 1.00 Phase current high set
IN> 0.05 ... 4.00 In 0.20 Residual current
UF 0.05 ... 0.90 Un 0.50 Phase or line voltage (net
type)
IF> 0.05 ... 4 In 0.50 Phase current low set

Table 6.4.5.-3 Choose zone

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Cable 0.05 ... 120 Ohm/ 1
reactance km
OH line 0.05 ... 120 Ohm/ 1
reactance km
Border OH/ 0.05 ... 120 Ohm 1
cable

Type of transmission line only cable, only OH line, OH line before cable or cable
before OH line

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Table 6.4.5.-4 Zone 1, 2, 3, Zone Overreach, Autoreclose (border)

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Resistance R 0.05 ... 120 Ohm 1
Reactance X 0.05 ... 120 Ohm 1
Angle delta 1 -45 ... 0 ° 0
Angle delta 2 90 ... 135 ° 90
Time 20 ... 10000 ms 20
Direction forward, - zone un-used
backward or
zone unused

Table 6.4.5.-5 Directional backup

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Angle delta 1 -45 ... 0 ° 0
Angle delta 2 90 ... 135 ° 90
Time 20 ... 10000 ms 20
Direction forward, - zone un-used
backward or
zone unused

Table 6.4.5.-6 Non-directional backup

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Time 20 ... 10000 ms 20

Table 6.4.5.-7 Phase selection

Parameter Trip Selection
Normal acycle L3 - L1 - L2
Normal cycle L3 - L1 - L2 - L3
Inverse acycle L1 - L3 - L2
Inverse cycle L3 - L2 - L1 - L3

Table 6.4.5.-8 Earth factor

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Factor k 0 ... 10
Angle k -60 ... 60 °

Table 6.4.5.-9 Events

Code Event reason
E0 Start L1 started
E1 Start L1 back
E2 Start L2 started
E3 Start L2 back

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Table 6.4.5.-9 Events (Continued)

Code Event reason
E4 Start L3 started
E5 Start L3 back
E6 Trip started
E7 Trip back
E16 Z1< started
E17 Z1< back
E18 Protection block started
E19 Protection block back
E22 General start started
E23 General start back
E24 Earth start started
E25 Earth start back
E28 Signal comparison started
E29 Signal comparison back

By default all events are disabled.

6.5. Differential protection

6.5.1. Transformer Differential Protection

Differential protection can be used to protect power transformers, motors and

generators. The protection function has the following properties:
* Differential protection of two windings power transformer
* Amplitude and vector group adaptation
* Zero sequence current compensation
* Three-fold tripping characteristic
* Inrush stabilization by 2nd and 5th harmonics
* Stabilization during through-faults also in case of current transformers
(CT) saturation

A050849

Fig. 6.5.1.-1 Transformer Differential Protection

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[Link]. Input/output description

Table [Link].-1 Inputs

Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal

When BS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no matter its
state), i.e. all output pins go low generating the required events (if any) and
all internal registers and timers are cleared. The protection function will then
remain in idle state until BS signal goes low.

Table [Link].-2 Outputs

Name Type Description
TRIP Digital signal (active high) Trip signal
BH2 Digital signal (active high) Block by 2nd harmonic signal
BH5 Digital signal (active high) Block by 5th harmonic signal
GB Digital signal (active high) General Block output signal

The TRIP signal will be activated when at least one of the calculated
differential currents Id exceeds the bias-dependent setting threshold value
AND if the harmonic stabilization is enabled, the harmonic content of
differential current is below the set thresholds (2nd ,5thThreshold).

When the harmonic stabilization is enabled, the Block Output (BH2, BH5)
signals become active if the protection function detects a differential current
exceeding the preset threshold and the harmonic content of differential
current is above the set thresholds (2nd ,5thThreshold).

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[Link]. Configuration

A050850

Fig. [Link].-1 General

Output Channel different from 0 means direct execution of the trip command
(that is skipping FUPLA cyclic evaluation).

A050851

Fig. [Link].-2 Sensors

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Transformer differential protection requires 6 current sensors; it operates on

two sets of phase currents in a triple on primary and secondary side of the
transformer.

A050852

Fig. [Link].-3 Transformer

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A050853

Fig. [Link].-4 Current

Primary nominal current: Nominal transformer current on

primary side.
Secondary nominal current: Nominal transformer current on
secondary side, to be used for power
transformer ratio compensation.

All the Differential protection thresholds are referred the Rated

power transformer current Ir (p.u) in per unit; i.e. normalized on
the primary or secondary nominal power transformer current
(Primary, Secondary nominal current). In this way
all differences due to CT ratios and board transformer analog
input are automatically normalized.

Threshold current: First region Id threshold.

Unbiased region limit: First region Ib threshold.
Slightly biased region threshold: Second region Id threshold.
Slightly biased region limit: Second region Ib threshold.
Heavily biased slope: Third region slope.
Trip by Id>: Upper Id threshold for Trip condition
detection.

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A050854

Fig. [Link].-5 Harmonics

2nd, 5th Harmonic

Threshold: Threshold value for 2nd, 5th harmonic content detection.

Block: Flag enabling the harmonic content detection. When
threshold value is exceeded it blocks the protection
function and generates a blocking signal.

A050855

Fig. [Link].-6 Events

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A050856

Fig. [Link].-7 Pins

[Link]. Measurement mode

Differential protection function evaluates the measured amount of differential

current at the fundamental, 2nd and 5th harmonic frequencies.

[Link]. Operation criteria

Transformer differential protection is a current comparison scheme for the

protection of a component with two sides, like for example two windings
power transformer, therefore the incoming and outgoing currents through the
component to be protected are compared with each other.

If no fault exists in the protection zone, the incoming current and the outgoing
current are identical.

Therefore the difference between those currents, the differential current Id, is
used as criteria for fault detection. The protection zone of transformer
differential protection is limited by the place where the current transformers
or current sensors are installed.

The signals path and the measurement processing to obtain the differential
current Id sed as criteria for fault detection are described in the following
flowchart:

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A050857

Fig. [Link].-1 The signals path and the measurement processing

After transformer ratio compensation and vector group adaptation the bias
and differential currents are calculated on the three phases.

If harmonic stabilization is enabled (in “Harmonic” dialog window), 2nd and/

or 5th harmonic contents of differential currents are calculated.

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If at least one of the calculated differential currents Id is above the bias (of the
considered phase) dependent setting threshold (given by the tripping
characteristic, Threshold current, Slightly biased region
threshold, Heavily biased slope or Trip by Id>), then (if
required) the check for harmonic stabilization is performed.

If harmonic content of differential current Id is above the set threshold (2nd

,5thThreshold), then the protection function will be blocked and the
relevant Block signal will be activated, else it goes in TRIP status and the trip
signal is generated. The Block of the protection function with the
corresponding signal generation will appear, if the Id harmonic content
exceeds the setting threshold value for the 2nd and the 5th. harmonics.

The protection function will remain in TRIP status if there is at least one
differential current above the threshold. It will come back in passive status
and the Trip signal will be cleared if for all the phases the differential current
falls below 0.4 the setting threshold value. To perform the current
comparison, it is necessary to correct the amplitude of the currents to
compensate the transformer ratio. The amplitude correction is done by
software. In the case of power transformer protection for example, the current
measurement quantities on the primary and the secondary side are corrected
by taking into account the different nominal values of the sensors and
primary/secondary nominal current parameters.

[Link]. Tripping characteristic

The tripping characteristic of the transformer differential protection function

is a three-fold characteristic. In the following figure the characteristic is
shown.

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A050858

Fig. [Link].-1 Tripping characteristic of the transformer differential protection

function

The tripping characteristic is drawn on p.u. basis after normalization of I1 and

I2 currents on on the primary or secondary nominal power transformer
current (Primary, Secondary nominal current). Therefore Id and
Ib currents are expressed in p.u. as multiples of the Rated power transformer
current Ir (p.u).

The bias currents are defined as the average values (in p.u.) between primary
and secondary currents obtained after transformation ratio compensation and
vector group adaptation.

Due to the measurement error of the current quantities on both sides of the
object to be protected, a small differential current Id will occur during normal
operation condition.

The first fold of the characteristic curve is given by the settable threshold
value of the differential current (Threshold current) and the bias
current limit (Unbiased region limit).

The second fold of the characteristic curve is defined by the threshold value
of the differential current (Slightly biased region threshold) and
the bias current limit (Slightly biased region limit).

Afterwards a line with a selectable slope (Heavily biased slope)

continues the characteristic.

In case of the occurrence of a high differential current, a direct tripping can

also be generated by the threshold value (Trip by Id>) as the third fold of
the tripping characteristic. The setting value should be selected in such a way,
that no tripping could happen during the energizing of the power transformer.

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[Link]. Inrush stabilization

When switching on a power transformer without the connected loads, a high

inrush current might occur. As consequence, there could be some unwanted
tripping

To stabilize this condition of the power transformer the presence of the 2nd
harmonic in the differential current can be used as criteria. Therefore the ratio
of the 2nd harmonic current to the current at fundamental frequency is
important. As soon as the threshold value (threshold) is exceeded, the
protection function is blocked and a blocking signal is activated.

In case of switching on a power transformer in parallel without the connected

loads, the inrush current can also be generated in the transformer which is
already in operation. In this case, it is necessary to detect the 5th harmonic in
the differential current to avoid the undesired tripping.

For that reason, the differential protection in REF542plus is foreseen with the
2nd and the 5th harmonic blocking possibilities, which can be set separately
from each other.

[Link]. Setting groups

Two parameter sets can be configured for the transformer differential

protection function.

[Link]. Parameters and events

Table [Link].-1 Setting values

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Transformer 0 ... 11 - 0 Parameters for vector group
group adaptation and
Transformer transformation ratio
earthing: compensation between
primary - secondary
Primary side Yes/No - No currents.
Secondary side Yes/No - No
Primary nominal 10 ... A 100
current 100000
Secondary 10 ... A 100
nominal current 100000
Threshold current 0.10 ... 0.50 Ir (p.u.) 0.20 First region Id threshold.
Unbiased region 0.50 ... 5.00 Ir (p.u.) 0.50 First region Ib threshold.
limit
Slightly biased 0.20 ... 2.00 Ir (p.u.) 0.20 Second region Id threshold.
region threshold
Slightly biased 1.00 ... Ir (p.u.) 3.00 Second region Ib threshold.
region limit 10.00

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Table [Link].-1 Setting values (Continued)

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Heavily biased 0.40 ... 1.00 - 0.40 Third region slope.
region slope
Trip by Id> 5.00 ... Ir (p.u.) 6.00 Upper Id threshold for Trip.
40.00
Second
harmonic: 0.10 ... 0.30 Id 0.30 Stabilization against no load
Threshold Enabled/ - Enabled transformer inrush current
block Disabled
Fifth harmonic:
Threshold 0.10 ... 0.30 Id 0.30 Stabilization against
block Enabled/ - Enabled transformer overexitation
Disabled current

Table [Link].-2 Events

Code Event reason
E6 Trip signal is active
E7 Trip signal is back to inactive state
E18 Protection block signal is in active state
E19 Protection block signal is back to inactive
E20 Block signal due to the 2nd harmonic is active
E21 Block signal due to the 2nd harmonic back to inactive
E24 Block signal due to the 5th harmonic is active
E25 Block signal due to the 5th harmonic is back to inactive
E26 General block harmonic start
E27 General block harmonic back

By default all events are disabled.

6.5.2. Restricted differential protection

Restricted differential protection can be used as restricted earth fault

protection to detect and disconnect a fault in the grounding system of the
transformer.

A050859

Fig. 6.5.2.-1 Restricted differential protection

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[Link]. Input/output description

Table [Link].-1 Inputs

Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal

When the BS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no
matter its state), this means that all the output pins go low generating the
required events (if any) and all the internal registers and timers are cleared.
The protection function will then remain in idle state until the BS signal goes
low.

Table [Link].-2 Outputs

Name Type Description
Start Digital signal (active high) Start signal
TRIP Digital signal (active high) Trip signal

The Start signal will be activated when the differential current Id exceeds the
setting threshold value.

The TRIP signal will be activated when the start and trip conditions are true
and the operating time (Time) has elapsed.

[Link]. Configuration

A050860

Fig. [Link].-1 General

Output Channel different from 0 means direct execution of the trip command,
that is skipping FUPLA cyclic evaluation.

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A050861

Fig. [Link].-2 Sensors

The protection function operates on the comparison of two neutral currents;

the zero-sequence current calculated by means of current measures acquired
from the lines (on any set of phase currents in a triple), and the measured
earth-fault current flowing through the neutral conductor towards the ground.
The protection is used in case of star windings with earthed neutral
transformers.

A050862

Fig. [Link].-3 Sensors

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A050864

Fig. [Link].-4 Parameters

Rated current: Rated current for CT ratio

compensation and currents
normalization
Unbiased region threshold: First region Id threshold
Unbiased region limit: First region Ib threshold
Slightly biased region threshold: Second region Id threshold
Slightly biased region limit: Second region Ib threshold
Heavily biased slope: Third region slope
Relay Operate Angle: Directional criteria
Time: Time delay for trip condition detection

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A050865

Fig. [Link].-5 Events

A050866

Fig. [Link].-6 Pins

[Link]. Measurement mode

The restricted differential protection function evaluates the differential current

between two neutral currents at the fundamental frequency.

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The two currents can be the calculated or measured residual current I0 from
the phase currents compared with the neutral current IG in the transformer
restricted earth-fault application, in case of line differential protection, the
neutral currents of each end of the line ([Link] I2).

[Link]. Operation criteria

The restricted differential protection is a current comparison scheme.

Therefore, the incoming and outgoing currents, through the object to be
protected, are compared with each other. If no fault exists in the protection
zone, the incoming current and the outgoing current are identical. That is why
the difference between those currents, the differential current Id = I0 - IG = I2 -
I1, is used as criteria for fault detection.

The protection zone of the restricted differential protection is limited by the

place where the current transformers or current sensors are installed.

If the calculated differential current Id is above the bias-dependent setting

threshold (given by the tripping characteristic, Unbiased region
threshold, Slightly biased region threshold or Heavily
biased slope), protection function is started and the Start signal will be
activated.

The protection function will come back in passive status and the start signal
will be cleared, if the differential current Id falls below 0.95 the setting
threshold value.

If the start conditions are true then the following conditions are checked:

Direction. The directional check is made only if I0 is more than 3% of the

rated current (Rated current Ir). If the result of the check means
“external fault”, the trip is not issued. If the directional check cannot be
executed, then direction is no longer a condition for a trip.

External fault. For as long as the external fault persists (flag enabled in
passive condition only, for Id< 0.5 the lower setting threshold and IG> 0.5 the
Rated current Ir), an additional temporary condition is introduced,
which requires that IG has to be higher than 0.5 Ir for protection temporarily
desensitization.

Bias. The bias current Ib is above 0.5 the maximum bias current calculated
during the start condition period. Ibtrip > 0.5 Ibmax (start period).

When the protection has entered the start status and the preset operating time
(Time) has elapsed, the function goes in TRIP status and the trip signal is
generated if all the above conditions are true.

The protection function will exit TRIP status to come back in passive status
and the Trip signal will be cleared, if the differential current Id falls below 0.4
the setting threshold value.

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[Link]. Tripping characteristic

The tripping characteristic of the restricted differential protection function is a

three-fold characteristic. In Fig. [Link].-1 the characteristic is shown.

A050867

Fig. [Link].-1 Tripping characteristic

The tripping characteristic is drawn on p.u. basis after normalization of I1 and

I2 currents on power transformer rated current (Rated current Ir).

The bias current is per definition always the one with the higher magnitude,
Ib = max (IG, I0) or Ib = max (I1, I2).

After the compensation of different sensor nominal values, the differential

current Id and the bias current Ib are calculated.

The first fold of the characteristic curve is given by the settable threshold
value of the differential current (Unbiased region threshold) and the
bias current limit (Unbiased region limit).

The second fold of the characteristic curve is defined by the threshold value
of the differential current (Slightly biased region threshold) and
the bias current limit (Slightly biased region limit).

Afterwards a line with a selectable slope (Heavily biased slope) continues the
characteristic.

In case of an external fault characterized from a high fault current, it could

happen that the different CTs do not transform the primary current the same
way (even if they have the same characteristics), allowing the circulation of a
differential current through the protection.

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The tripping characteristic allows facing CT introduced error (for example

due to phase and ratio error, different CT load or magnetic properties),
without decreasing the sensitivity of the differential protection. In fact, in case
of high line currents and high ground current, the higher differential current
threshold compensates such an error even if there are differences about the I0
and IG transformation.

[Link]. Directional criterion for stabilization against CT saturation

Earth faults on lines connecting the power transformer occur much more
often than earth faults on a power transformer winding. It is important
therefore that the restricted earth fault protection should remain secure during
an external fault and immediately after the fault has been cleared by some
other protection.

The directional criterion is applied in order to distinguish between internal

and external earth faults in case of CT saturation, to prevent misoperations at
heavy external earth faults. This criterion is applicable is the residual current
I0 is at least 3% Ir.

For an external earth fault with no CT saturation, the residual current in the
lines I0 and the neutral current IG are equal in magnitude and phase. The
current in the neutral IG is used as directional reference because it flows for
all earth faults in the same direction.

To stabilize the behavior against CT saturation, a phase comparison scheme is

introduced. In case of a heavy current fault with saturation of one or more CT,
the measured currents IG and I0 may no more be equal, nor will their
positions in the complex plane be the same, and a certain value of false
differential current Id can appear.

If the fault is inside of the protection zone, the currents to be compared must
have a phase shift to each other. That is why a so-called relay operate angle
ROA (Relay Operating Angle) is introduced, like shown in Fig. [Link].-1.
The direction of neutral current is inside the ROA, if it is an internal fault.
The direction of both current is outside the ROA for external faults.

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A050868

Fig. [Link].-1 Currents at an external earth fault with CTs saturation

In case of an internal fault, the I0 lies into the operate area for internal fault
and the protection is allowed to operate, see Fig. [Link].-2.

A050869

Fig. [Link].-2 Currents at an internal earth fault

ROA can be taken out of operation by setting it to 180°, if no CT saturation

has to be considered.

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In case the restricted differential is used for the line application, the same
considerations apply by using I1 and I2 neutral currents.

[Link]. Setting groups

Two parameter sets can be configured for the restricted differential protection
function.

[Link]. Parameters and events

Table [Link].-1 Setting values

Parameter Values Unit De- Explanation
fault
Reference 1 ... A 100 Reference current for CT ratio
nominal current 100000 compensation/ currents
normalization.
Unbiased region 0.05 ... Ir 0.30 First region Id threshold.
threshold 0.50
Unbiased region 0.01 ... Ir 0.50 First region Ib threshold.
limit 1.00
Slightly biased 0.01 ... - 0.70 Second region Id threshold.
region slope 2.00
Slightly biased 0.01 ... Ir 1.25 Second region Ib threshold.
region limit 2.00
Heavily biased 0.10 ... - 1.00 Third region slope.
region slope 1.00
Relay operate 60 ... 180 ° 75 Directional criteria.
angle
Time 0.04 ... s 0.05 Time delay for trip condition
100.00 detection.

Table [Link].-2 Events

Code Event reason
E0 Protection start
E1 Start cancelled
E6 Trip signal is active
E7 Trip signal is back to inactive state
E16 Block signal is active state
E17 Block signal is back to inactive state
E18 Protection block signal is active state
E19 Protection block signal is back to inactive state

By default all events are disabled.

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6.6. Other Protections

6.6.1. Unbalanced load protection

REF542plus has one unbalanced load protection function.

A050870

Fig. 6.6.1.-1 Unbalanced load protection

[Link]. Input/output description

Table [Link].-1 Inputs

Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal
RST Trigger signal (active low-to-high) Reset signal

When the BS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no
matter its state). This means that all the output pins go low generating the
required events (if any) and all the internal registers and timers are cleared.
The protection function will then remain in idle state until the BS signal goes
low.

When the reset input pin (RST) is triggered, the protection function is reset.

Table [Link].-2 Outputs

Name Type Description
Start Digital signal (active high) Start signal
TRIP Digital signal (active high) Trip signal
BO Digital signal (active high) Block output signal

The Start signal will be activated when the calculated negative phase
sequence current exceeds the setting threshold value (Is).

The TRIP signal will be activated when the start conditions are true and the
operating time has elapsed.

The Block Output (BO) signal becomes active when the protection function
exit TRIP status and remains active for the setting delay time (Reset Time).

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[Link]. Configuration

A050901

Fig. [Link].-1 General

Output Channel different from 0 means direct execution of the trip command
(skipping FUPLA cyclic evaluation).

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A050902

Fig. [Link].-2 Sensors

The protection function operates on any set of phase currents in a triple.

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A050903

Fig. [Link].-3 Parameters

Is: Current threshold for negative

sequence condition detection
K: Heating parameter to vary time delay
for trip condition
Reset Time: Time BO output is high (for example to
block the re-closing possibility of a
motor)
Timer decreasing rate: Parameter to vary thermal memory
effect

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A050904

Fig. [Link].-4 Events

A050905

Fig. [Link].-5 Pins

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[Link]. Measurement mode

Unbalanced load protection function evaluates the measured amount of

negative phase sequence current at the fundamental frequency.

The negative-sequence three phase system L1 - L3 - L2 is superimposed on

the three-phase system that corresponds to the standard phase sequence. This
results in different field intensities in the magnetic laminated cores. The
points with particularly high field intensities, the so-called hot spots, lead to
the local overheating.

[Link]. Operation criteria

If the calculated negative phase sequence current exceeds the setting

threshold value (Is), then the protection function is started and the start
signal will be activated.

When the protection enters the START status, the operating time is
continuously recalculated according to the set parameters (K, Is) and the
negative phase sequence current value.

If the calculated operating time is exceeded, the function goes in TRIP status
and the trip signal becomes active.

The protection function will exit the TRIP status and the trip signal will be
cleared when the measured current value falls below 0.4 the setting threshold
value. The operating time depends on the calculated negative phase sequence
as follows:

K
t= (16)
I − I S2
2
2

where:
t Time until the protective function trips under sustained overcurrent
K Heating parameter of the component
I2 Calculated negative phase sequence current expressed in In
IS Start threshold expressed in In

According to the standard the characteristic is only defined for I2/Is in the
range up to 20. If the values of the mentioned ratio are higher than 20, the
operation time remains constant as the operation time calculated for Is/I2= 20.

If a trip is generated, for example in case of a motor protection, the motor

should be blocked for reclosing. The BO signal is dedicated to block the
reclosing possibility of the motorin this case. The BO signal remains active
for the reset time after the functions exit TRIP status.

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Thermal memory

To avoid machine overheating in case of an intermittent negative phase

sequence current, the internal time counter is not cleared when the negative
phase sequence current falls below the start threshold. Instead, it is linearly
decremented with time, using a user-configurable slope (that is timer
decreasing rate related to the setting of the Reset Time). 100% means full
memory and 0% means no memory.

[Link]. Setting groups

Two parameter sets can be configured for the unbalanced load protection
function.

[Link]. Parameters and events

Table [Link].-1 Setting values

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Is 0.05 ... In 0.10 Current threshold for negative
0.30 sequence detection
K 2.0 ... 30.0 - 10.0 Heating parameter
Reset time 0 ... 2000 s 60 Time to reset BO after a trip
Timer 0 ... 100 % 10 Parameter to vary thermal
decreasing rate memory effect

Table [Link].-2 Events

Code Event reason
E0 Protection start on phase L3
E1 Start on phase L3 cancelled
E6 Trip signal is active
E7 Trip signal is back to inactive state
E16 Block signal is active
E17 Block signal is back to inactive state
E18 Protection block is back to inactive state
E19 Protection block is back to inactive state
E20 Reset input is active
E21 Reset input is back to inactive state

By default all events are disabled.

6.6.2. Directional power protection

Directional power protection function can be added as a supervision function

with generators, transformers and three-phase asynchronous motors.

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A050906

Fig. 6.6.2.-1 Directional power protection

[Link]. Input/output description

Table [Link].-1 Inputs

Name Type Description
BI Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal

When the BI signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no matter
its state). This means that all the output pins go low generating the required
events (if any) and all the internal registers and timers are cleared. The
protection function will then remain in idle state until the BI signal goes low.

Table [Link].-2 Outputs

Name Type Description
Start Digital signal (active high) Start signal
TRIP Digital signal (active high) TRIP signal

The Start signal will be activated when the calculated active power exceeds
the setting threshold value (Max Reverse Load) and the power flow is in
the opposite direction to the specified one.

The TRIP signal will be activated when the start conditions are true and the
operating time has elapsed.

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[Link]. Configuration

A050907

Fig. [Link].-1 General

Output Channel different from 0 means direct execution of the trip command,
that is skipping FUPLA cyclic evaluation.

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A050908

Fig. [Link].-2 Parameters

Direction: Directional criteria to be assessed with Power flow for START

detection
Nominal Real Power reference Pn for quantities normalization
Power:
Max Reverse Load: Power threshold in opposition to set direction for start
detection
Operating Time: Time delay for trip condition detection

A050909

Fig. [Link].-3 Events

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A050910

Fig. [Link].-4 Pins

[Link]. Measurement mode

The directional power protection function evaluates the active power at the
fundamental frequency.

[Link]. Operation criteria

The directional power supervision compares the calculated active power with
a preset nominal value (Pn, Nominal Real Power) and a set power flow
direction (Direction).

If the calculated active power exceeds the setting threshold value (Max
Reverse Load), and the power flow is in the opposite direction to the
specified one (backward/forward), the protection function is started and
the start signal is generated.

The protection function will come back in passive status and the start signal
will be cleared if the calculated active power falls below 0.95 the setting
threshold value, or the power flow changes direction.

When the protection has entered the start status and the preset operating time
(Operating Time) has elapsed, the function goes in TRIP status and the
trip signal is generated.

The protection function will exit the TRIP status and the trip signal will be
cleared when the measured current value falls below 0.4 the setting threshold
value.

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[Link]. Setting groups

Two parameter sets can be configured for the directional power protection
function.

[Link]. Parameters and events

Table [Link].-1 Setting values

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Direction Forward / Backward Directional criteria for
Backward START detection
Nom. active 1 ... 1000000 kW 1000 Power reference for
power normalization
Max reverse load 1 ... 50 % Pn 5 Power threshold for
START detection
Operating time 1.0 ... 1000 s 10 Time delay for trip
condition

Table [Link].-2 Events

Code Event reason
E0 Protection start
E1 Start cancelled
E6 Trip signal is active
E7 Trip signal is back to inactive state
E18 Protection block signal is active state
E19 Protection block signal is back to inactive state

By default all events are disabled.

6.6.3. Low load protection

REF542plus has one low load protection function.

Three-phase asynchronous motors are subject to load variations. The low load
monitoring function is provided to supervize the motor operational conditions
for operation below the required load.

A050911

Fig. 6.6.3.-1 Low load protection

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[Link]. Input/output description

Table [Link].-1 Inputs

Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal

When the BS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no
matter its state). This means that all the output pins go low generating the
required events (if any) and all the internal registers and timers are cleared.
The protection function will then remain in idle state until the BS signal goes
low.

Table [Link].-2 Outputs

Name Type Description
Start Digital signal (active high) Start signal
TRIP Digital signal (active high) Trip signal

The Start signal will be activated when the function is enabled (maximum
phase current above Min. Current) and the calculated active power falls
below 0.95 the setting threshold value (Min. Load).

The TRIP signal will be activated when the start conditions are true and the
operating time (Operating Time) has elapsed.

[Link]. Configuration

A050912

Fig. [Link].-1 General

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Output Channel different from 0 means direct execution of the trip command,
that is skipping FUPLA cyclic evaluation.

A050913

Fig. [Link].-2 Sensors

The protection functions operate on any combination of phase currents in a

triple, for example, it can operate as single-phase, double-phase or three-
phase protection on phase currents belonging to the same system.

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A050914

Fig. [Link].-3 Parameters

Nominal Real Power: Power reference Pn for quantities normalization

Min. Load: Power threshold for start detection
Min. Current: Current threshold for start detection
Operating Time: Time delay for Trip condition detection

A050915

Fig. [Link].-4 Events

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A050916

Fig. [Link].-5 Pins

[Link]. Measurement mode

The low load protection function evaluates the measured amount of current
and of active power at the fundamental frequency.

[Link]. Operation criteria

Low load protection function is enabled only if the maximum phase current
of the configured sensors is above the preset threshold value (Min
Current). It then normalizes the active power on a preset nominal value
(Pn, Nominal Real Power).

When enabled, if the calculated active power falls below 0.95 the preset
threshold value (Min. Load) the protection function is started and the Start
signal is generated.

The protection function will come back in passive status and the start signal
will be cleared if the calculated active power exceeds the setting threshold
value.

After the protection has entered the start status and the preset operating time
(Operating Time) has elapsed, function goes in TRIP status and the trip
signal is generated.

The protection function will exit the TRIP status and the trip signal will be
cleared when the calculated active power exceeds 1.05 the setting threshold
value.

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[Link]. Setting groups

Two parameter sets can be configured for low load protection function.

[Link]. Parameters and events

Table [Link].-1 Setting values

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Nom. real power 1 ... kW 1000 Power reference for
1000000 normalization
Min load 5 ... 100 % Pn 10 Power threshold for start
detection
Min current 2 ... 20 % In 5 Current threshold for start
detection
Operating time 1.0 ... 1000 s 10 Time delay for trip condition
detection

Table [Link].-2 Events

Code Event reason
E0 Start started
E1 Start back
E6 Trip started
E7 Trip back
E18 Protection block started
E19 Protection block back

By default all events are disabled.

6.6.4. Frequency supervision

REF542plus has one frequency supervision function.

It is worth checking the network frequency for it to remain within the set
limits when time and frequency-dependent processes are involved. Frequency
changes influence, for example, the power dissipation, the speed (motors) and
the firing characteristics (converters) of equipment. The frequency
supervision function is used to report frequency variations in a configurable
frequency range.

A050917

Fig. 6.6.4.-1 Frequency supervision

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[Link]. Input/output description

Table [Link].-1 Input

Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal

When the BS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no
matter its state). This means that all the output pins go low generating the
required events (if any) and all the internal registers and timers are cleared.
The protection function will then remain in idle state until the BS signal goes
low.

Table [Link].-2 Outputs

Name Type Description
Start Digital signal (active high) Start signal
TRIP Digital signal (active high) Trip signal

The Start signal will be activated when the frequency exceeds the setting
threshold value (Start Value).

The TRIP signal will be activated when the start conditions are true and the
operating time (Time) has elapsed.

[Link]. Configuration

A050918

Fig. [Link].-1 General

Output Channel different from 0 means direct execution of the trip command,
that is skipping FUPLA cyclic evaluation.

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Sensors:

The supervision function selects automatically the best sensor. It operates

preferably on a voltage sensor, but it can work also on a current sensor.

A050919

Fig. [Link].-2 Parameters

Start Value: Frequency threshold for start condition detection

Time: Time delay for trip condition detection

A050920

Fig. [Link].-3 Events

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A050921

Fig. [Link].-4 Pins

[Link]. Measurement mode

The frequency supervision function evaluates network frequency on the

measured value of the first available (voltage or current) sensor.

[Link]. Operation criteria

If the measured network frequency is outside the allowed range, the

supervision function is started.

If the measured network frequency remains outside the allowed range for at
least operating time setting, a trip signal becomes active.

If the measured network frequency falls outside the allowed range, that is the
network nominal frequency plus/minus the setting threshold value (Start
Value), the frequency supervision function is started and the Start signal is
generated.

The frequency supervision function will come back in passive status and the
start signal will be cleared, if the frequency difference to the nominal network
frequency falls below 0.95 the setting threshold value.

When the protection has entered the start status and the preset operating time
(Time) has elapsed, the function goes in TRIP status and the Trip signal is
generated.

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The protection function will exit the TRIP status and the trip signal will be
cleared when the measured frequency value falls back within the allowed
range, that is the network nominal frequency plus/minus 0.95 the setting
threshold value.

[Link]. Setting groups

Two parameter sets can be configured for frequency supervision function.

[Link]. Parameters and events

Table [Link].-1 Setting values

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Start value 0.04 ... 5.0 Hz 0.20 Frequency threshold for start
condition detection
Time 1.0 ... 300.00 s 10.00 Time delay for Trip condition
detection

Table [Link].-2 Events

Code Event reason
E0 Start started
E1 Start back
E6 Trip started
E7 Trip back
E18 Protection block started
E19 Protection block back

By default all events are disabled.

6.6.5. Synchronism check

REF542plus has one synchronism check protection function.

Paralleling monitoring is required if two networks are interconnected whose

voltages may differ in quantity, phase angle and frequency as a result of
different power supplies (SYN). The switching operation for coupling the
separate systems can be enabled by the Synchronism Check SYN signal.

A050922

Fig. 6.6.5.-1 Synchronism check

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[Link]. Input/output description

Table [Link].-1 Input

Name Type Description
BI Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal

When the BI signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no matter
its state). This means that all the output pins go low generating the required
events (if any) and all the internal registers and timers are cleared. The
protection function will then remain in idle state until the BI signal goes low.

Table [Link].-2 Outputs

Name Type Description
Start Digital signal (active high) Start signal
SYN Digital signal (active high) Sync signal

The Start signal will be activated when both the differential voltage ΔU and
phase difference ΔΦ between corresponding line voltages of two networks
fall below the setting threshold values (Delta Voltage AND Delta
Phase respectively).

The SYN signal to parallel networks will be activated when the start
conditions are true and the operating time (Time) has elapsed.

[Link]. Configuration

A050923

Fig. [Link].-1 General

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A050924

Fig. [Link].-2 Sensors

The protection function operates on the combinations of phase (or line)

voltages reported in the following table. The two phase voltages belonging to
the two networks or a line voltage belonging to the second network are
needed.

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A050925

Fig. [Link].-3 Parameters

Delta Voltage: Maximum allowed amplitude difference between two

synchronous networks
Delta Phase: Maximum allowed phase difference between two synchronous
networks
Time: Time delay for synchro condition detection

A050926

Fig. [Link].-4 Events

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A050927

Fig. [Link].-5 Pins

[Link]. Measurement mode

Synchronism check protection function evaluates the measured amplitude and

the rate of change of differential voltage between two networks
corresponding the line voltages.

[Link]. Operation criteria

The synchronism check protection function monitors the differential voltage

ΔU between corresponding line voltages of two networks and their phase
difference ΔΦ.

If the measured differential voltage and phase difference fall below the setting
threshold values (Delta Voltage AND Delta Phase respectively), the
synchro check protection function is started.

The protection function will come back in passive status and the start signal
will be cleared if differential voltage and phase difference exceed 1.05 the
setting threshold value. After the protection has entered the start status and
the preset operating time (Time) has elapsed, the signal for parallel switching
of networks (SYN) is generated.

The protection function will exit the synchro status and the SYN signal will
be cleared when the start conditions on differential voltage and phase
difference values become false. Delta Voltage: Maximum allowed
amplitude difference between the two synchronous networks.

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[Link]. Setting groups

Two parameter sets can be configured for the synchronism check protection
function.

[Link]. Parameters and events

Table [Link].-1 Setting values

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Delta voltage 0.02 ... 0.40 Un 0.05 Max amplitude difference
Delta phase 5 ... 50 ° 10 Max phase difference
Time 0.2 ... 1000 s° 100.00 Time delay for synchro
detection

Table [Link].-2 Events

Code Event reason
E0 Protection start
E1 Start cancelled
E6 Synch is present
E7 Synch is not present
E18 Protection block is active
E19 Protection block is back to inactive

By default all events are disabled.

6.6.6. Switching resonance protection

REF542plus has one switching resonance protection function, to be used

preferably together with the power factor controller.

A050930

Fig. 6.6.6.-1 Switching resonance protection

[Link]. Input/output description

Table [Link].-1 Inputs

Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal
PFC OP Trigger signal (active low-to-high) PFC operation trigger

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When the BS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no
matter its state). This means that all the output pins go low generating the
required events (if any) and all the internal registers and timers are cleared.
The protection function will then remain in idle state until the BS signal goes
low.

The PFC OP trigger is provided by the PFC function block to temporarily

enable the resonance protection function at switching-in or switching-out of
PFC controlled capacitor banks.

Table [Link].-2 Outputs

Name Type Description
Start L1 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL1
Start L2 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL2
Start L3 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL3
TRIP Digital signal (active high) Trip signal

S L1-3 are the start signals phase selective. The phase starting signal will be
activated when respective phase current start conditions are true.

The TRIP signal will be activated when at least for one phase current the start
conditions are true and the operating time has elapsed.

[Link]. Configuration

A050931

Fig. [Link].-1 General

Output Channel different from 0 means direct execution of the trip command,
that is skipping FUPLA cyclic evaluation.

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A050932

Fig. [Link].-2 Sensors

The protection function operates on any combination of line or phase voltages

in a triple, for example, it can operate as single-phase, double-phase or three-
phase protection on voltages belonging to the same system.

A050933

Fig. [Link].-3 Parameters

Voltage THD Start value: THD amplitude threshold

Delta Voltage THD Start value: THD amplitude difference threshold
Voltage THD Time Delay: Time delay for THD detection

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Time: Time delay for trip condition detection

PFC OP Time: Enabling time at PFC trigger
Rms Voltage Start value: Function enabling voltage threshold
condition

A050934

Fig. [Link].-4 Events

A050935

Fig. [Link].-5 Pins

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[Link]. Measurement mode

Switching resonance protection function evaluates the amount of voltage

RMS with harmonic content up to the 25th harmonic and THD (Total
Harmonic Distortion).

[Link]. Operation criteria

Operation of switching resonance protection function is triggered by an

external signal connected to input pin ‘PFC OP’ (provided by the PFC
function switch ON/OFF output pins) and remains enabled for the preset time
(PFC OP Time).

At PFC OP trigger instant, the voltage THD values are saved.

While enabled, if there is for at least one phase voltage (respectively line
voltage, depending on the configuration):
* The RMS value is above the preset threshold (Rms Voltage Start
value)
* The THD value is above the preset threshold (Voltage THD Start
value) for at least the preset detection time (Voltage THD Time
Delay)
* The variation of THD value with respect to the saved value (that is THD
value at trigger time) is above the preset threshold (that is Delta
Voltage THD Start value) for at least the preset detection time (that
is Voltage THD Time Delay)

Then the protection function is started. The start signal is phase selective.
When the above conditions are true at least the for one phase voltage, then the
relevant start signal (S L1-3) will be activated.

The protection function will remain in START status until there is at least one
phase started. It will come back in passive status and the start signal will be
cleared if for all the phases the voltage falls below 0.95 one of the setting
threshold values (Rms OR Voltage THD OR Delta Voltage THD).

When the protection has entered the start status and the preset operating time
(Time) has elapsed, the function goes in TRIP status and the trip signal is
generated.

[Link]. Setting groups

Two parameter sets can be configured for the switching resonance protection
function.

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[Link]. Parameters and events

Table [Link].-1 Setting values

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Voltage THD 5 ... 50 % 5 THD amplitude threshold
start value
Delta Voltage 1 ... 50 % 2 THD amplitude difference
THD start value threshold
Voltage THD 0.01 ... 60.00 s 0.03 Stabilizing delay for THD
time delay detection
Time 0.05 ... 60.00 s 0.10 Time delay for Trip condition
detection
PFC OP time 0.01 ... 120.00 s 0.06 Function enabling time at PFC
trigger
Rms voltage 0.10 ... 1.00 Un 0.50 Function enabling Voltage
start value threshold condition

Table [Link].-2 Events

Code Event reason
E0 Protection start on phase L1
E1 Start on phase L1 cancelled
E2 Protection started timing on phase L2
E3 Start on phase L2 cancelled
E4 Protection start on phase L3
E5 Start on phase L3 cancelled
E6 Trip signal is active
E7 Trip signal is back to inactive state
E16 Block output signal is active
E17 Block output signal is back to inactive
E18 Protection block signal is active state
E19 Protection block signal is back to inactive state
E20 PFC operation started
E21 PFC operation back

By default all events are disabled.

6.6.7. High harmonic protection

REF542plus has one high harmonic protection function.

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A050936

Fig. 6.6.7.-1 High harmonic protection

[Link]. Input/output description

Table [Link].-1 Input

Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal

When the BS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no
matter its state). This means that all the output pins go low generating the
required events (if any) and all internal registers and timers are cleared. The
protection function will then remain in idle state until the BS signal goes low.

Table [Link].-2 Outputs

Name Type Description
Start L1 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL1
Start L2 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL2
Start L3 Digital signal (active high) Start signal of IL3
TRIP Digital signal (active high) Trip signal

S L1-3 are the start signals phase selective. The phase starting signal will be
activated when respective phase current start conditions are true.

The TRIP signal will be activated when at least for a phase current the start
conditions are true and the operating time has elapsed.

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[Link]. Configuration

A050937

Fig. [Link].-1 General

Output Channel different from 0 means direct execution of the trip command,
that is skipping FUPLA cyclic evaluation.

A050938

Fig. [Link].-2 Sensors

The protection function operates on phase or line voltages in a triple.

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A050939

Fig. [Link].-3 Parameters

Voltage THD Startvalue: THD amplitude threshold

Voltage THD Time Delay: Time delay for THD detection
Time: Time delay for Trip condition detection
Rms Voltage Startvalue: Function enabling Voltage threshold
condition

A050940

Fig. [Link].-4 Events

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A050941

Fig. [Link].-5 Pins

[Link]. Measurement mode

High harmonic protection function evaluates the measured amount of voltage

RMS and THD (Total Harmonic Distortion).

[Link]. Operation criteria

If there is at least one phase voltage (respectively line voltage, depending on

the configuration):
* The RMS value is above the preset threshold (Rms Voltage Start
value)
* The THD value is above the preset threshold (Voltage THD Start
value) for at least the preset detection time (Voltage THD Time
Delay).

Then the protection function is started. The start signal is phase selective. It
means that when the above conditions are true at least the for one phase
voltage, then the relevant start signal (S L1-3) will be activated.

The protection function will remain in START status until there is at least one
phase started. It will come back in passive status and the start signal will be
cleared if for all the phases the voltage falls below 0.95 one of the setting
threshold values (Rms OR Voltage THD OR Delta Voltage THD).

When the protection has entered the start status and the preset operating time
(Time) has elapsed, the function goes in TRIP status and the trip signal is
generated.

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[Link]. Setting groups

Two parameter sets can be configured for the high harmonic protection
function.

[Link]. Parameters and events

Table [Link].-1 Setting values

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Voltage THD 1 ... 50 % 10 THD amplitude threshold
start value
Voltage THD 0.01 ... 360 s 0.50 Stabilizing delay for THD
time delay detection
Time 0.05 ... 360 s 0.50 Time delay for Trip condition
detection
Rms voltage 0.10 ... 1.00 Un 0.50 Function enabling Voltage
start value threshold condition

Table [Link].-2 Events

Code Event reason
E0 Start L1 started
E1 Start L1 back
E2 Start L2 started
E3 Start L2 back
E4 Start L3 started
E5 Start L3 back
E6 Trip started
E7 Trip back
E16 Block signal started
E17 Block signal back
E18 Protection block started
E19 Protection block back

By default all events are disabled.

6.6.8. Frequency protection

REF542plus can install up to 6 frequency protection functions per protected

net.

The frequency protection function is used to detect frequency variations in a

configurable amplitude and rate of change frequency range.

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A050942

Fig. 6.6.8.-1 Frequency protection

[Link]. Input/output description

Table [Link].-1 Input

Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal

When the BS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no
matter its state). This means that all the output pins go low generating the
required events (if any) and all internal registers and timers are cleared. The
protection function will then remain in idle state until the BS signal goes low.

Table [Link].-2 Outputs

Name Type Description
Start Digital signal (active high) Start signal
TRIP Digital signal (active high) Trip signal
BLOCK Digital signal (active high) Block output signal

The start signal is activated if the start condition is fulfilled. If the setting
value of the start signal is selected below the nominal frequency, the
protection function operates as underfrequency protection. If the setting value
is selected above the nominal frequency, the protection function operates as
overfrequency protection. Also the rate rise of the frequency decrease or
increase can be detected. The trip signal is generated according to the selected
setting of the trip logic. The block output signal appears if the line voltage or
the phase voltage depending on the setting parameter is below the setting
value of the undervoltage threshold value.

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[Link]. Configuration

A050943

Fig. [Link].-1 General

Output Channel different from 0 means direct execution of the trip command,
that is skipping FUPLA cyclic evaluation.

A050944

Fig. [Link].-2 Trip Logic

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A050945

Fig. [Link].-3 Sensors

The protection functions can operate on any combination of phase or line

voltages in a triple, for example, it can operate as single phase or double
phase, three-phase protection on voltages belonging to the same system. The
default setting is to use the line voltage.

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A050946

Fig. [Link].-4 Parameters

Start value: Delta frequency amplitude threshold, with

respect to the rated network frequency fr. If
set below fr, it behaves as underfrequency,
otherwise as overfrequency.
Frequency gradient: Rate of frequency change threshold
Time: Time delay for Trip condition detection
Undervoltage threshold: Minimum voltage threshold to be exceed
for protection enabling, otherwise it is
blocked

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A050947

Fig. [Link].-5 Events

A050948

Fig. [Link].-6 Pins

[Link]. Measurement mode

Frequency protection functions evaluate the frequency and/or the frequency

gradient of voltage signals through the zero-crossing detection of the voltage
measurement quantity. The measure is performed on the first voltage measure
available above the minimum voltage amplitude (Undervoltage
threshold).

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[Link]. Operation criteria

The start condition and trip logic is selected by the user and it can be:
* Frequency only (only frequency value is considered)
* Frequency and frequency gradient (both the values must exceed thresholds
to have a start and trip)
* Frequency or frequency gradient (at least one of the values must exceed
the threshold to have a start and trip)

Depending on the set frequency threshold (Start Value) with respect to

the network rated frequency, the protection function behaves either as
underfrequency or overfrequency protection. For example, if the set
frequency threshold is below rated frequency value, the protection function
behaves as underfrequency).

The condition on frequency gradient, when used, is in the same direction as

the condition on frequency. For example, if the protection function is set as
underfrequency, the frequency gradient is significant only if it is negative and
if the actual frequency is below the rated value.

If the frequency cannot be measured:

* Or the minimum voltage amplitude in the triple falls below 0.95 the preset
threshold value, that is Undervoltage threshold, then the
protection function is blocked and the Block signal is generated.

Do not set the parameter undervoltage threshold too close to 1.

The voltage itself is also a function of the frequency, because
frequency impacts on the sampling rate. If the frequency is
getting low, the voltage might appear lower than the actual
value, giving unwanted blocking of the protection.

* The protection function will exit the Block status and clear the Block
signal if the minimum voltage amplitude rises above the setting threshold
value.

If the frequency can be measured and:

* The minimum voltage amplitude is above the preset threshold
(Undervoltage threshold).
* The start condition is fulfilled, that is the measured voltage frequency falls
below or rises above the setting threshold Start Value, and/or the
frequency gradient is negative or positive and exceeding the setting
threshold Frequency gradient when the protection is set as
underfrequency or overfrequency respectively), the protection function
is started and the start signal will be activated.

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The protection function will come back in passive status and the start signal
will be cleared when at least the value of one of the needed conditions falls
below 0.95 the setting threshold value (Start Value and/or Frequency
gradient).

When the protection has entered the start status, if the above conditions
remain true and the preset operating time (Time) has elapsed, the function
goes in TRIP status and the trip signal is generated.

The protection function will exit the TRIP status and the trip signal will be
cleared when all the start conditions fall below 0.95 the setting threshold
value (Start Value and/or Frequency gradient).

[Link]. Setting groups

Two parameter sets can be configured for each of the frequency protection
functions.

[Link]. Parameters and events

Table [Link].-1 Setting values

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Trip criteria f / f_AND_df/dt / - f Definition of start/trip criteria
f_OR_df/dt
Start value 40.00 ... 75.00 Hz 49.95 Delta frequency amplitude
59.95 threshold
Frequency 0.10 ... 1.00 Hz/s 0.50 Rate of frequency change
gradient threshold
Time 0.10 ... 30.00 s 0.50 Time delay for trip condition
detection
Undervoltage 0.10 ... 1.00 Un 0.20 Minimum voltage threshold
threshold function block/enabling

Table [Link].-2 Events

Code Event reason
E0 Protection start
E1 Start cancelled
E6 Trip signal is active
E7 Trip signal is back to inactive state
E16 Block output signal is active state
E17 Block output signal is back to inactive state
E18 Protection block signal is active state
E19 Protection block signal is back to inactive state

By default all events are disabled.

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6.7. Autoreclose

The autoreclose function can be used to reclose the circuit breaker

automatically when a protection function has tripped. This function block can
be applied to all the protection functions available in REF542plus.

A050949

Fig. 6.7.-1 Autoreclose

6.7.1. Input/output description

Table 6.7.1.-1 Input

Name Type Description
BS Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal
1 SHOT Digital signal (active high) AR only performing single shot
CB OK Digital signal (active high) CB drive ready for the following AR
EX. TRIG Digital signal (active high) Triggering of AR by an external
signal
INCR. Digital signal (active high) Increment the number of shots
STOP AR Digital signal (active high) Immediate stopping of the AR cycles
TEST Digital signal (active high) Test of AR cycle (O-CO-CO…)

When the BS signal becomes active, the protection function is reset (no
matter its state). This means that all the output pins go low generating the
required events (if any) and all the internal registers and timers are cleared.
The protection function will then remain in idle state until the BS signal goes
low.

Table 6.7.1.-2 Output

Name Type Description
CLOSE CB Digital signal (active high) CB close signal
OPEN CB Digital signal (active high) CB open signal
AR ACTIVE Digital signal (active high) High as long as AR is active
AR FAILED Digital signal (active high) High in case of an unsuccessful AR
SHOT 1 Digital signal (active high) 1st Shot signal ofAR
SHOT 2 Digital signal (active high) 2nd Shot signal of AR

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Table 6.7.1.-2 Output (Continued)

Name Type Description
SHOT 3 Digital signal (active high) 3rd Shot signal ofAR
SHOT 4 Digital signal (active high) 4th Shot signal of AR
SHOT 5 Digital signal (active high) 5th Shot signal ofAR

6.7.2. Configuration

A050950

Fig. 6.7.2.-1 General

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A050951

Fig. 6.7.2.-2 Parameters

A050952

Fig. 6.7.2.-3 Parameters

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A050953

Fig. 6.7.2.-4 Events

A050954

Fig. 6.7.2.-5 Pins

6.7.3. Operation mode

The autoreclose function block can be operated in two different modes.

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Start and trip controlled

In this operation mode, the difference of the time duration between the start
and the trip signal of the related protection function is evaluated. Therefore,
the different settings of the specified time are provided. If the time difference
between the protection start and trip signal is within the specified time, the
AR-cycle is released and respectively continued. The corresponding CB shall
be reclosed after the relating dead time is elapsed. If the condition is not
fulfilled, the AR function block will be blocked. To continue the operation of
the feeder, the AR function block needs to be released locally or remotely via
the station control system.

Start controlled

This operation mode initiates the AR-Cycle only by a start signal of the
related protection function. The tripping time for each shot can be delayed
separately. This delayed tripping is need in some application, for example to
burn out a falling tree on the overhead line. Therefore, the operation time of
the protection function will now be controlled by AR. Normally, the first shot
shall have a relatively short operation time in the range of 30 to 100 ms. The
second and the following shot shall have longer operation time in the range of
1 to 10 s. If this mode is selected, the settings of the specified time are to be
used to control the operation time of the following shots.

Both AR function can carry out a maximum of 5 shots.

The configuration can be done by a selection table. All the protection

functions which can be connected are shown in the table. The columns are
foreseen to define, which of the protection functions will activate specific AR
shots. By selecting the related protection functions in each shot,AR will be
initiated according to the operation mode defined previously. The protection
function can be redefined after each shot. In the example, AR will operate as
follows:

Due to the operation time dependency on the fault current, the

IDMT and earth-fault IDMT are not listed. If this protection shall
be used to initiate the AR-cycle, the relating trip signal shall be
connected by a FUPLA wire to the input [Link] of the AR
function block.

The distance protection can only be used in start and trip control
mode. If the AR status is ready, the overreach zone of the
distance protection will be activated. After the first shot, the
overreach zone will not be activated anymore. The trip will be
done according to the setting of the related impedance zone.

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To ensure the proper function of AR, the trip of the protection

shall be send directly to the so-called 2-2 switch object, which
controls and operatesCB. There is no need to make a FUPLA
wiring between the AR function block, 2-2 switch object and the
related protection functions.

The external trigger is to be selected, if AR will be triggered by an external

protection function. The trip must be connected to a binary input of
REF542plus. Afterwards, the external trip signal needs to be wired to the
external trigger input EX. TRIG of the AR function block.

If the AR-cycle is initiated by the input EX. TRIG, the same

wire of this input signal must also be used to open CB via the 2-
2 switch object. Otherwise, in case of blocking AR by a
blocking signal, no opening of CB by the external protection
will be possible.

6.7.4. Setting groups

Two parameter sets can be configured for the thermal overload protection
function.

6.7.5. Parameters and events

Table 6.7.5.-1 Setting values

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Number of 0 ... 5 1
reclosure cycles
Reclaim time 10 ... 30 s 30
Specific time first 0.04 ... 30 s 0.5
shot
Dead time first shot 0.1... 100 s 0.3
Specific time 0.04 ... 30 s 0.5
second shot
Dead time second 0.1 ... 100 s 0.3
shot
Specific time third 0.04 ... 30 s 0.5
shot
Dead time third shot 0.1 ... 100 s 0.3
Specific time fourth 0.04 ... 30 s 0.5
shot

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Table 6.7.5.-1 Setting values (Continued)

Parameter Values Unit Default Explanation
Dead time fourth 0.1 ... 100 s 0.3
shot
Specific time fourth 0.04 ... 30 0.5
shot
Dead time fourth 0.1 ... 100 0.3
shot

Table 6.7.5.-2 Events

Code Event reason
E8 AR active started
E9 AR active back
E10 General enable started
E11 General enable back
E12 Test enable started
E13 Test enable back
E14 AR failed started
E15 AR failed back
E18 Block AR started
E19 Block AR back
E20 AR 1. shot started
E21 AR 1. shot back
E22 CB OK started
E23 CB OK back
E24 CB OK internal drop delayed started
E25 CB OK internal drop delayed back
E26 External trigger started
E27 External trigger back
E28 Shot increment started
E29 Shot increment back
E30 Stop AR started
E31 Stop AR back
E32 Test started
E33 Test back
E40 Close CB started
E41 Close CB back
E42 Open CB started
E43 Open CB back
E48 Shot 1 started
E49 Shot 1 back
E50 Shot 2 started
E51 Shot 2 back

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Table 6.7.5.-2 Events (Continued)

Code Event reason
E52 Shot 3 started
E53 Shot 3 back
E54 Shot 4 started
E55 Shot 4 back
E56 Shot 5 started
E57 Shot 5 back

By default all events are disabled.

6.8. Fault recorder

This function block allows the eight REF542plus analog input signals to be
recorded for a period of at least 1 second and for a maximum of 5 seconds. It
is also possible to record up to 32 digital signals simultaneously from the
FUPLA.

A050958

Fig. 6.8.-1 Fault recorder

6.8.1. Input/output description

Inputs

Table 6.8.1.-1 Inputs

Name Type Description
BL Digital signal (active high) Blocking signal
1 ... 32 Digital signal (active high) 32 Input for recording binary
signal
START Digital signal (active high) Start of the fault recording
OVERFLOW Digital signal (active high) Overflow signal indication

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When the BL signal becomes active, the fault recorder function is reset (no
matter its state). This means that all the output pins go low generating the
required events (if any) and all the internal registers and timers are cleared.
The fault recorder function will then remain in idle state until the BL signal
goes low.

6.8.2. Configuration

A050959

Fig. 6.8.2.-1 General and setting parameters

Name: User defined Analog Input meaning

Factor: Analog input scaling factor used for display
Time before fault: Recording duration before recorder start
input trigger
Recording time: Total allocated duration, it limits the number
of records (from 5 to 1) in the ring buffer
Time after fault: Recording duration after recorder start
input trigger

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A050960

Fig. 6.8.2.-2 Pins

6.8.3. Operation

The fault recorder is started within the application. The recording time of the
fault recorder is a combination of the time before the fault and the time after
the fault. The time before the fault refers to the period recorded before the
fault recorder is actually started from a protection start signal. The time after
the fault is the period after the fault recorder has started. Dynamic recording
of the fault record, for example, from start signal to signal CB OFF is not
possible.

The ring buffer process saves the specific fault record, that is, the oldest fault
record is always overwritten with a new one. The number of saved fault
records depends on the record time. The total duration of all saved fault
records is 5 seconds the maximum, if it is set to a lower value it limits the
number of records in the buffer.

n = int((recording time/(time before + time after)

For example, 5 fault records can be saved with a record time of 1 s, that is, the
minimum record time (time before the fault + time after the fault) that can be
set.

The fault records are exported with the configuration software and then
converted to the COMTRADE format. The fault records can also be exported
via the bus of the station control system. The conversion to the COMTRADE
format has to be carried out in the station control system.

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The following limitations must be taken into account on the use

of the fault recorder:

* At least one protective function must be configured.

* The start signal for the fault recorder must be implemented inFUPLA.
The analog signals are digitized and processed with a 1.2 kHz sampling rate,
because they are decisive for the protection trips. They are therefore within a
time grid of 0.833 ms. The start and trip signals from the protection functions
are recorded and sent to the binary outputs immediately.

On the contrary, the digital signals are processed in accordance with the
FUPLA cycle time. The cycle time depends on the application in this case.
The digital signals are therefore in a grid that is significantly larger than the
analog signal grid.

The fault recorder is dedicated for recording the fault data during a short
circuit in the network. The data can be exported from the REF542plus later
and displayed with a suitable program.

A050961

Fig. 6.8.3.-1 Graphic display of fault record data of a two-pole short circuit
with the WINEVE® program

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Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual

6.8.4. Parameters and events

Table 6.8.4.-1 Setting values

Parameter Values Unit De- Explanation
fault
Time before 100 ... ms 100 Recording duration before the recorder start
fault 2000
Recording 1000 ... ms 2500 User defined limit to the total duration of the
time 5000 buffer, that is to records number
Time after 100 ... ms 1000 Recording duration after the recorder start
fault 4900

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1MRS755860 Multifunction Protection and Switchgear REF542plus
Control Unit
Protection Functions: Configuration and Settings
Protection manual

7. Abbreviations

Abbreviation Description
AR Auto Reclosure
BI Binary input
CT Current Transformer
DFT Discrete Fourier Transformation
FUPLA Function block Programming Language; Function
Plan; Function Chart
HMI Human-Machine Interface
IDMT Inverse Definite Minimum Time characteristic
PFC Power Factor Controller
ROA Relay Operating Angle
SI Sensor input
VT Voltage transformer

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