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Complex Numbers in Oscillations

1) Complex numbers can be represented as z = x + iy, where x is the real part and y is the imaginary part. Useful operations with complex numbers include addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and taking the conjugate. 2) Complex numbers can also be represented in polar form as z = r(cosθ + i sinθ), where r is the modulus (length) and θ is the argument. 3) Oscillations can be represented using complex exponential functions of the form u = Ae^{iωt}, where A is the amplitude and ω is the angular frequency. Taking the real or imaginary part of this function gives the physical displacement of the oscillation as a cosine or sine function

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11 views2 pages

Complex Numbers in Oscillations

1) Complex numbers can be represented as z = x + iy, where x is the real part and y is the imaginary part. Useful operations with complex numbers include addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and taking the conjugate. 2) Complex numbers can also be represented in polar form as z = r(cosθ + i sinθ), where r is the modulus (length) and θ is the argument. 3) Oscillations can be represented using complex exponential functions of the form u = Ae^{iωt}, where A is the amplitude and ω is the angular frequency. Taking the real or imaginary part of this function gives the physical displacement of the oscillation as a cosine or sine function

Uploaded by

Dhaniela Stenyfia
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Oscillations and Waves - Lecture 3

Dr. Simon Hanna February 2, 2004

Complex Numbers

4. Reciprocal: z x iy 1 = = 2 z zz x + y2 5. Division: 1 z1 (x1 x2 + y1 y2 ) i(x1 y2 x2 y1 ) z1 z2 = = 2 z2 z2 z2 x2 + y2 2 Other useful results involving the conjugate: z1 + z 2 = z 1 + z2 z1 .z2 = z1 .z2 z1 /z2 = z1 /z2 x = (z) = 1 (z + z) 2 y = (z) =
1 2i (z

Jordan and Smith Ch.6 A reminder of some useful results. Complex notation: z = x + iy, i = x = (z) y = (z)

real part imaginary part

x and y are both real numbers If y = 0, z is real If x = 0, z is imaginary Complex conjugate: z = x iy

z)

4.1

Useful results:
z2 = x2 + iy2

4.2

The Argand diagram

z1 = x1 + iy1 ; 1. Equality: z1 = z2

Treat complex numbers as vectors in the complex plane:


Imaginary (y)
Argand diagram P r O y

if x1 = x2

and y1 = y2

2. Addition and subtraction: z1 + z2 = (x1 + x2 ) + i(y1 + y2 ) z1 z2 = (x1 x2 ) + i(y1 y2 ) 3. Product: z1 z2 = (x1 + iy1 )(x2 + iy2 ) z1 z2 = (x1 x2 y1 y2 ) + i(x1 y2 + x2 y1 ) Special result: zz = (x + iy)(x iy) = x2 + y 2 1 1. |z| = |z| Length OP = r = or |z|.
x

Real (x)

x2 + y 2 called modulus of z,

Useful properties of modulus:

2. zz = |z|2 3. |z1 z2 | = |z1 ||z2 | 4. |z1 /z2 | = |z1 |/|z2 | But note: |z1 + z2 | = |z1 | + |z2 |

and: z = r(cos i sin ) = rei where Useful results: cos = sin =


1 2 1 2i

r = |z|

= arg(z)

ei + ei ei ei

Addition on the complex plane (parallelogram law like vectors): de Moivres theorem:
y z1+z2 z2 z1

(cos + i sin )n = ei

= ein

(cos + i sin )n = cos n + i sin n for any integer n.

4.5
x

Complex representation of oscillations

Consider the equation of SHM:

4.3
y

Polar representation

P r y x

d2 u + 2x = 0 (1) dt2 cos t and sin t are both solutions of this equation. Therefore, any linear combination of cos t and sin t will also be a solution, i.e.: u = A cos t + B sin t also satises eq. (1). In particular: u = A(cos t + i sin t) = Aeit is also a solution. Thus u = Aeit

x = r cos r = |z|

y = r sin

= arg(z) = arctan(y/x)

represents an oscillation, with amplitude A and frequency . We can always represent an oscillation using a complex exponential function; To obtain the actual, physical displacement, of the system, we just take the real (or imaginary) part of the solution: i.e. or: displacement = (u) = A cos t displacement = (u) = A sin t

Normally: <

z = x + iy = r cos + ir sin z = r(cos + i sin )

4.4

Exponential representation

By comparing series expansions of the functions, it can be shown that: ei = cos + i sin z = r(cos + i sin ) = rei 2

The main advantage of working with complex exponentials, is that they are much easier to manipulate mathematically than sines and cosines, especially when combining the eect of two or more oscillators.

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