MODULE 1

Rizza A. Caluag
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
 Principles

➤ Le Chatelier’s ➤ A principle stating that if a stress is applied to a system

Principle
in equilibrium, the equilibrium will shift to counteract

the stress
➤ Law of Mass ➤ At a given temperature, the rate of a chemical reaction is
Action directly proportional to the product of the molar
concentration of the reactants.

➤ Law of Definite ➤ Also known as Proust’s law. It states that a chemical

Proportion compound always contains exactly the same
proportion of elements by mass.

➤ Law of ➤ It states that during a chemical reaction, matters is neither

Conservation of created nor destroyed, in any chemical reaction, the total
Mass mass of the reactants must equal to the total mass of the
products
STATES OF MATTER
STATE SOLID LIQUID GAS

SHAPE DEFINITE INDEFINITE INDEFINITE

VOLUME DEFINITE DEFINITE INDEFINITE

IFA STRONG INTERMEDIATE WEAK

CONSTANT
MOLECULAR
VIBRATION GLIDING RANDOM
MOTION
MOTION
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION
TYPE OF REACTION GENERAL EQUATION

Combination (Synthesis) A+B AB

Decomposition AB A+B

Single Displacement A+BC AC+B

Double Displacement (Metathesis) AB+CD AD+BC

Combustion (Burning) Complete combustion=CO2

Incomplete combustion= CO
 PERIODIC TRENDS
DEFINITION

Electronegativity ➤ ability of an element to attract electrons to

itself.

Electron Affinity ➤ energy gained by an atom when an electron is

added to it.

Ionization ➤ amount of energy required to remove an

Potential electron from a neutral atom.
Blocks Location
s-block Representative

p-block Representative

d-block Transition

f-block Lanthanides and Actinides

TRIADS

TRIADS
First Iron, Cobalt, Nickel

Second Ruthenium, Rhodium,

Palladium

Third Osmium, Iridium, Platinum

ACID-BASE THEORY

Theory Acid Base

Arrhenius Yields H or H3O Yields OH

Bronsted-Lowry Proton donor Proton acceptor

Lewis Electron acceptor Electron donor

 SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCE

ISOTOPES PROTON NEUTRON

ISOTONES NEUTRON PROTONS

ISOBARS MASS NUMBER ELEMENT

ISOMERS CHEMICAL FORMULA CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

 RADIATION
Alpha Beta Gamma
Nature 2 protons, 2 neutrons, Negatively charge An electromagnetic
same as helium having a mass of wave
electron
nucleus
Charge +2 -1 0

Mass Relatively large Very small No mass

Speed Slow Fast Speed of light

Ionizing effect Least penetrating More penetrating Excellent penetrating

(penetrate 1 inch power. Can
thick Al) penetrate thick lead
PROPERTIES OF
MATTER

Do not depend on the amount of matter

that is present.
Intrinsic or
Ex: Density, Specific gravity, Luster,
Intensive Malleability, Ductility, Hardness,Melting,
Freezing, Boiling point

Depend on the amount of matter that is

Extrinsic or
present.
Extensive Ex: Mass, Weight, Volume, Length
MODELS OF ATOM
Persons to remember Contribution

John Dalton Billiard ball model

Plum Pudding model or Raisin Bread
JJ Thomson Model
(Electron)
Ernest-rutherford Gold film experiment
Niels Bohr Planetary Model

Schrodinger Quantum Mechanics

James Chadwick Neutron

DEMOCRITUS “Atomos” meaning indivisible

PHYSICAL CHANGE

Solid to Liquid Melting

Liquid to Gas Evaporation
Gas to Solid Deposition
Gas to Liquid Condensation
Liquid to Solid Freezing
Solid to Gas Sublimation
 TYPES OF CHEMICAL
GENERAL EQUATION
REACTION
Combination (Synthesis) A+B AB

Decomposition AB A+B

Single Displacement A+BC AC+B

Double Displacement AB+CD AD+BC

(Metathesis)
Combustion (Burning) Complete combustion=CO2
Incomplete combustion= CO
QUANTUM NUMBERS

PRINCIPAL n Determine the SIZE of the particle

QUANTUM
NUMBER
AZIMUTHAL OR l Sub-shell or sub-level,
Determines the SHAPE
ANGULAR

MAGNETIC Orbitals, determines ORIENTATION

m or ml
QUANTUM
NUMBER
SPIN QUANTUM Direction of the SPIN or ROTATION
s or ms
NUMBER
COMPOUND Oxidation number
Mineral Chameleon- KMnO4 7
(Potassium permanganate)

Sodium dichromate- Na2Cr2O7 6

Potassium dichromate- K2Cr2O7 6

Phosphate- PO4-3 5
 GENERAL PRINCIPLE
Principles
➤ Pauli’s Exclusion ➤ No two electrons can have the same set of 4
Principle
quantum numbers.
➤ Each atomic orbital can only accommodate 2 electrons.

➤ Heisenberg’s ➤ Impossible to determine simultaneously the electron

Uncertainty Principle momentum and position.

➤ Aufbau Building Up ➤ Lower energy levels are filled up first.

Principle

➤ Hund’s Rule of ➤ Orbitals are filled up singly before pairing up.

Maximum
Multiplicity
INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES OF ATTRACTION

Ionic Bonding Covalent Bonding

-the transfer of electrons -the sharing of electrons

-the bond between metals -the bond between

and nonmetals nonmetals

ex. NaCl Ex. H2O

REDOX (INORGANIC)
Oxidation Reduction

Lose electrons Gain electrons

Reducing agents Oxidizing agents

Metals Nonmetals
 Element Non-luminous
Sodium Persistent golden yellow

Potassium violet
Lithium Carmine red
Calcium Brick red
Strontium crimson
Barium yellowish green
Borate, Copper (I), Thallium, green
Phosphorous

Lead, Arsenic, Bismuth, Blue

Copper (II)
 Element Under cobalt glass

Sodium Nil
Potassium crimson
Lithium Purple

Calcium Light green

Strontium purple
Barium Bluish green
Lead, arsenic, antimony, yellow
bismuth, copper
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
GROUP I-A: ALKALI ELEMENTS
-ACTIVITY INCREASES WITH ATOMIC
NUMBER
-ALKALINITY INCREASES WITH ATOMIC
NUMBER
-DEGREE OF SOLVATION DECREASES
WITH ATOMIC NUMBER
COMMONLY ASKED COMPOUNDS
Compounds Other Names
Sodium nitrate Chile Salt Peter
Potassium nitrate Salt Peter
Sodium sulfate Glauber’s salt
Potassium permanganate Mineral Chameleon
Potassium Sodium Tartrate Rochelle’s Salt
Ammonium carbonate Sal volatile, Preston salt, Hartshorn, Baker’s
ammnonia
Ammoniated mercury White precipitate
Copper sulfate Blue vitriol
Copper sulfate + Calcium oxide Bourdeaux mixture
Copper acetoarsenite Paris green
Cupric Hydrogen Arsenite Scheele’s green
Silver nitrate Lapiz infernularis, Lunar caustic, Indelible ink,
Caustic pencil
COMMONLY ASKED COMPOUNDS
Compounds Other names
Mild silver proteinate Argyrol
Strong silver proteinate Protargol
Colloidal silver proteinate Collargol
Magnesium sulfate Epsom salt
Hydrated Magnesium silicate Talc
Calcium sulfate hemihydrate Plaster of Paris
Mercurous chloride Calomel
Mercuric chloride Corrosive sublimate
Ferrous ammonium sulfate Mohr’s salt
Ferric subsulfate solution Monsel’s agent
Ferrous carbonate Chalybeate pills
Ferrous sulfate Green vitriol
Zinc sulfate White vitriol
TEST for Reducing Composition Positive Result
Agents

Tollen’s -Silver nitrate Silver mirror

-Ammonia
-Sodium hydroxide
Barfoed’s -Copper acetate Brick red ppt
-Acetic acid
Benedict’s -Anhydrous Sodium carbonate Brick red ppt
-Sodium citrate
-Copper sulfate

Fehling’s -Fehling’s A: Copper sulfate (Blue Brick red ppt

vitriol)
-Fehlings’s B: Potassium sodium
tartrate (Rochelle’s salt)
TEST (+) result
Denige’s test Carmine red Citric acid
Emerald Green Tartaric acid
Thenard’s blue Blue ash Aluminum
Rinmann’s green Green pigment Zinc

Marsh test Mirror deposit Arsenic

Gutzeit (Modified Light brown spot Arsenic

test of Marsh test)
AIR

Oxygen Dephlogisticated air

Empyreal air

Nitrogen Mephitic air

Hydrogen Inflammable air
ANTIDOTE
ELEMENT DISEASE ANTIDOTE
MERCURY Minamata EDTA, albumin
Cadmium Itai-itai BAL
Copper Wilson’s disease Penicillamine
Silver Argyria NaCl
Arsenic BAL
Barium Baritosis MgS04
Lead Plumbism Ca Mg versanate (EDTA)
Antimony EDTA
Phosphorous Copper sulfate
ANTIDOTE
ELEMENT DISEASE ANTIDOTE
Silicon Silicosis Alumina
Magnesium Ca gluconate
Fluorine Fluorosis
Aluminum Shaver’s ds
Bromine Brominism NaCl/NH4Cl
Zinc Metal fume fever NaHCO3

iodine iodism Starch, Na

Thiosulfate
GROUP: BASED ON SOLUBILITIES
CATION Forms ppt with

I Insoluble Chloride Group dil HCl

II Acid Insoluble Group H2S
III Base Insoluble Group (NH4)2S
IV Sulfate Insoluble Group NH4Cl [neutral
or slightly acidic
medium]
V Soluble Group no rxn
CATION
elements
I Pb, Ag, Hg
II A = Pb, Bi, Hg, Cu, Cd
B= As, Sb, Sn
III A = Cr, Al, Zn
B= Mn, Fe, Co, Ni
IV Ba, Sr, Mg, ca
V Na, K
MOST ABUNDANT

Cation intracellular extracellular

1st K Na
2 nd Mg Ca
Anion intracellular extracellular

1st Cl
MOST ABUNDANT IN THE EARTH’S CRUST

Percent
1 st O 47%
2 nd Si 28%
3 rd Al 8%
 SILICATES
Other name
Kaolin China clay Native Hydrated
white bole Aluminum silicate
Bentonite Soap clay Native Hydrated Colloidal
Mineral soap Aluminum silicate
wilhinite
Pumice Sodium aluminum silicate

Talc Soapstone Hydrated Magnesium

French chalk silicate
Mg3(OH)2Si4O10
Natural Hydrated Zinc silicate
calamine
 SILICATES
Other name/ chemical form

Attapulgite Mg5(Si8O20)(OH)2. Magnesium

8H2O aluminum
phyllosilicate
Simethicone Polymeric dimethyl
Siloxane
Clay Aluminum silicate
impurities
Fuller’s earth Silaceous earth Aluminum
diatomaceous earth
Floridin magnesium silicate
Celite
MOST MALLEABLE/BEST CONDUCTOR

1 st Gold
2 nd Silver
3 rd Copper
MOST ABUNDANT GAS IN AIR

Percent
1 st Nitrogen 78
2 nd 0xygen 21
3 rd Argon 0.93
TOXIC

element
1st Beryllium
2nd Thallium
 SULFIDES
All sulfides are BLACK except…

CdS Yellow
ZnS White PbS
MnS Pink (salmon)

SbS Orange red

 MOST
Element
Most Metallic of all halogens Iodine
Most potent respiratory stimulant CO2
Most electronegative/ strongest OA Flourine
Most abundant noble gas Argon
Most abundant metal Aluminum
Most important element in eng’g Iron
Highest AN of all stable element Lead
densest Osmium
 ONLY…

Reddish metal Copper

Metallic, Radioactive, Astatine
synthetic halogen
 FIRST

element
Produce artificially Technetium
Radionuclide used in medicine Radium
 ALLOYS
ALLOY COMPOSITION
BABBIT METAL 20% ANTIMONY, 80% TIN

MISCH METAL 30 % IRON, 70% CERIUM

PEWTER 20% LEAD, 80% TIN

SOLDER 50% LEAD, 50% TIN
ROSE METAL 25% LEAD, 25% TIN, 50% BISMUTH

GUN METAL 10% TIN, 90% COPPER

BRASS COPPER, ZINC
BRONZE COPPER, TIN
LITHOPONE 30 % ZnS, 70% BaS
RANEY NICKEL, ALUMINUM
DAVERDA’S ALLOY ZINC, ALUMINUM, COPPER

STEEL IRON, 3% CARBON

MONEL METAL NICKEL, COPPER
GERMAN ZINC, COPPER, NICKEL
BASHAM IRON, AMMONIUM ACETATE
 SOLUTIONS
SOLUTION
SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE DAKIN’S SOLUTION
ALUMUNUM ACETATE BURROW’S SOLUTION
SODIUM TETRABORATE DOBELL’S SOLUTION
STRONG IODINE SOLUTION LUGOLS SOLUTION
0.1 N BROMINE SOLUTION KOPERSCHAAR’S SOLUTION

AMMONIACAL SILVER NITRATE HOWE’S SOLUTION

FERRIC SUBSULFATE SOLUTION MONSEL’S SOLUTION

ARSENIC TRIOXIDE + POTASSIUM FOWLER’S SOLUTION

BICARB
CYLINDER
COLOR
OXYGEN GREEN • Linde process (86%)
• Electrolysis of water
• Thermolysis
CARBON GRAY
DIOXIDE
NITROGEN BLACK
NITROUS OXIDE BLUE

HELIUM BROWN Do not support

combustion
ARGON RED
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS
ALKANES ALKENES ALKYNES

General Formula: General Formula: General Formula:

CnH2n+2 CnH2n CnH2n-2

Aka: Paraffins Aka: Olefins Aka: Acetylene

Saturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Single bond Double bond Triple bond

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Huckel’s Rule – used to determine if a

compound is aromatic or not
4n + 2 = e- (electrons in double bond)
Note: If n = whole number (AROMATIC)

51
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Name of Functional
General Formula
Groups
Alcohols ROH
Phenols Ar-OH
Ethers ROR
Amines RNH2
Aldehydes RCHO
Ketones RCOR
Carboxylic Acid RCOOH
Esters RCOOR
Anhydries RCOOCOR
Amides RCONH2
MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID
DICARBOXYLIC ACID
No. Of
Common Name
carbons
2 Oxalic
3 Malonic
4 Succinic
5 Glutaric
6 Adipic
7 Pimelic
8 Suberic
9 Azelaic
10 Sebacic
 O
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C OH

O
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C OH
ORGANIC MEDICINAL
CHEMISTRY
GENERAL ANTI-INFECTIVES
Alcohol Dyes
Ether Heavy Metals
Aldehyde Preservatives
Phenol
Oxidizing Agents 57

Halogen-Containing
Compounds
Cationic Surfactants
 BACTERICIDAL BACTERIOSTATIC
(Cell wall synthesis inh.) (Protein synthesis inh.)
1. Penicillin 1. Aminoglycoside- 30s inh

2. Cephalosporin 2. Tetracycline- 30s inh

3. Carbapenem 3. Chloramphenicol- 50s inh

4. Monobactam 4. Macrolides- 50s inh

5. Polypeptides 5. Lincosamide- 50s inh

PENICILLINS
I. Natural Penicillins 1. Penicillin G(Benzyl Penicillin)- DOC for syphillis
-Parenteral
2. Penicillin V (Phenoxymethylpenicillin)
-Oral

2. Aminopenicillin 1. Amoxicillin(oral)
-Aka: Broad spectrum 2. Ampicillin(parenteral
penicillin

3. Penicillinase Resistant 1. Methicillin

Penicillin 2. Nafcillin
3. Oxacillin
Aka: Antistaphylococcal
4. Cloxacillin
agent 5. Dicloxacillin
6. Flucloxacillin

4. Antipseudomonal 1. Carbenicillin
Penicillin 2. Ticarcillin
3. Mezlocillin
4. Azlocillin
5. Piperacillin
61
Cephalosphorins

64
Carbapenems
sulfur atom is externalized & replaced by a carbon
atom
Imipenem
➢1st discovered carbapenem
➢Inactivated by dihydropeptidase enzyme
(kidneys) forming of nephrotoxic compounds
Meropenem
Doripenem
Ertapenem

65
Monobactams
These are drugs with a monocyclic lactam ring
Not fused with another ring

Aztreonam
Active against Gram negative Enterobacter and P.
aeruginosa.

66
AMINOGLYCOSIDE
Ring II – for resistance
Ring III – for solubility characteristics
TETRACYCLINE
 Macrolides
Structural features:
1. Lactone ring (12, 14, 16
atoms)
2. Ketone group
3. A glycosidically linked
amino sugars

70
Chloramphenicol
FLUOROQUINOLONES MOA: DNA gyrase inhibitor
GENERATION DRUGS
FIRST Nalidixic acid
SECOND Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Norfloxacin
THIRD Levofloxacin
FOURTH Moxifloxacin

SULFONAMIDES MOA: PABA analogue

DRUGS USE

Trimethoprim + Sulfamethoxazole DOC for PCP

Sulfacetamide Treatment for conjunctivitis

Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine Treatment for chloroquine resistant malaria

Sulfadiazine + Pyrimethamine Treatment for Toxoplasmosis

FLUOROQUINOLONES
 ANTIFUNGAL
Polyenes Echinocandins Azoles Allylamines Others

MOA: Cell MOA: B-glucan MOA: 14-a- MOA: Squalene Griseofulvin-

membrane synthase inhibitor demethylase Epoxidase Mitotic spindle
disruptor inhibitor inhibitor poison

Amphotericin B Caspofungin TRIAZOLE: Terbinafine Flucytosine-

S. nodosus -Itraconazole inhibits nucleic
-Fluconazole acid synthesis
-Voriconazole
Nystatin Micafungin IMIDAZOLE: Naftitine
S. noursei -Ketoconazole
-Clotrimazole
-Tioconazole
-Miconazole
-Econazole
Natamycin Tolnaftate
FIRST LINE AGENTS
SIDE EFFECTS
OF TB
RIFAMPICIN MOA: RNA synthesis inh.
S/E: Red orange secretions
ISONIAZID MOA: Mycolic acid synthesis inh
S/E: Peripheral neuropathy
PYRAZINAMIDE MOA: lowers pH of mycobacterial
cytoplasm, inhibiting mycobacterial growth
S/E: Hepatotoxicity, Hyperuricemia
ETHAMBUTOL MOA: Arabinosyl transferase inh.
S/E: Optic neuritis
STREPTOMYCIN MOA: 30s inhibitor
S/E: Ototoxicity
 PLANT METABOLITES
Vinca Alkaloids Camptothecins Podophyllotoxins Taxanes

Plant source: Plant source: Plant source: Plant source:

Catharantus roseus Camptotheca Podophyllum Taxus brevifolia
acuminata peltatum

MOA: Inhibit MOA: inhibit MOA: inhibit MOA: Promote

mitotic spindle Topoisomerase I Topoisomerase II microtubule
formation assembly and
stabilization

Vincristine, Irinotecan, Etoposide Paclitaxel,

Vinblastine Topotecan Teniposide Docetaxel
QUESTIONS:
1. Thenard’s oxygenated acid:
A. HNO3
B. AlOH3
C. H2O2
D. HCl

2. Chalybeate water contains what element?

A. Iron
B. Carbon
C. Salt
D. Chromium
QUESTIONS:
3. Mohr’s salt
A. Ferrous lactate
B. Ferrous sulfate
C. Ferrous potassium sulfate
D. Ferrous ammonium sulfate

4. Calomel is:
A. Hg2Cl2
B. HgCl2
C. stannous fluoride
D. ZnCl
QUESTIONS:

5. Rochelle salt which is used as a cathartic

and also as sequestering agent is:
A. KHC4H4O6
B. NaKC4H4O6
C. KSbOC4H4O6
D. Na2C4H4O6
QUESTIONS:

6. Epsom salt is synonymous to:

A. Magnesium sulfate
B. Calcium sulfate
C. Cadmium sulfate
D. Zinc sulfate
QUESTIONS:

7. Calomel is:
A. Hg2Cl2
B. HgCl2
C. stannous fluoride
D. ZnCl
QUESTIONS:

8. Hydroxides give alkaline solutions. Its

alkalininity:
A. Decreases with atomic number
B. Increases with atomic number
C. Increases with electronegativity
D. Increases with ionization potential
QUESTIONS:

9. This is used to differentiate tartrate from

citrate
A. Fehling’s test
B. Marsh test
C. Denige’s test
D. Barfoed’s test
QUESTIONS:

10. An agent that loses one or more electrons in

a redox reaction:
A. Catalyst
B. Reducing agent
C. Oxidizing agent
D. Inhibitor
QUESTIONS:

11. A rule that states that when a stress is

applied to a system in equilibrium, the
Equilibrium shifts to relieve the stress.
A. Law of Mass Action
B. Law of Definite Proportion
C. Le Chatelier’s Principle
D. Law of Conservation of Mass
QUESTIONS:

12. What is the oxidation state of

manganese in Mineral chameleon?
A. +6
B. -6
C. +7
D.-7
QUESTIONS:
13. What are the four sets of quantum number of 3p5?
A. 3,2,1,-1/2
B. 3,1,0,-1/2
C. 3,1,0,1/2
D. 3,1,1,1/2

14. No two electrons can have the same set of 4 quantum

numbers.
A. Pauli’s exclusion principle
B. Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
C. Aufbau Building up principle
D. Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity
QUESTIONS:

15. This Quantum number determines the

shape of the orbital:
A. Principal
B. Azimuthal
C. Magnetic
D. Spin
QUESTIONS:
16. All of the following are intrinsic properties of matter except:
A. density
B specific gravity
C. boiling point
D. Volume

17. The property which is dependent to the amount of matter:

A. Extensive
B. Intensive
C. Colligative
D. Additive
QUESTIONS:

18. It’s the sharing of electrons between

nonmetals.
A. Nuclear fission
B. Nuclear fusion
C. Ionic bonding
D. Covalent bonding
QUESTIONS:
19. It is also known as Metathesis:
A. Combustion
B. Decomposition
C. Single displacement
D. Double displacement

20. A + BC → AC + B
A. Single Displacement
B. Double Displacement
C. Combination
D. Decomposition
QUESTIONS:

21. Ability of an element to attract

electron to itself.
A. electronegativity
B. Electron affinity
C. Ionization potential
D. none
QUESTIONS:

22. Transition elements belong to:

A. s-block
B. p-block
C. d-block
E. A and B
QUESTIONS:

23. Bond angle of an sp3 hybridized

carbon:
A. 90
B. 109.5
C. 120
D. 180
QUESTIONS:

24. Which of the following is classified as a

broad-spectrum antibiotic:
A. Pen G
B. Amoxicillin
C. Methicillin
D. Ticarcillin
QUESTIONS:
25. Mechanism of action of trimethoprim:
A. competitive inhibitor for the incorporation of PABA
B. inhibits protein synthesis
C. folate reductase inhibitor
D. destruction of bacterial cell wall

26. The metabolite of the red dye, prontosil, responsible for

its antimicrobial property:
A. sulfisoxazole
B. sulfanilamide
C. sulfapyridine
D. sulfamethoxazole
QUESTIONS:
27. Alkaloid with antineoplastic activity:
A. Ephedrine
B. Vincristine
C. Atropine
D. Quinine

28. Sulfamethoxazole + Trimethorprin:

A. Clotrimazole
B. Co-trimoxazole
C. Co-amoxiclav
D. Co-aprovel
QUESTIONS:
29. A phenol primarily obtained from clove oil:
A. resorcinol
B. cresol
D. hexylresorcinol
D. eugenol

30. Synthesized from dry hydrogen chloride and carbon

monoxide at 300 degrees and 200 atm pressure:
A. tetrachloroethylene
B. piperazine
C. both
D. none
QUESTIONS:
31. Sensitivity of gram negative bacilli to amoxicillin is due to its:
A. carboxyl group
B. hydroxyl group
C. nitro group
D. amino group

32. All of the following statements are true concerning the penicillins,
except:
A. this class of antibacterials acts by damaging the cell walls of bacteria
B. piperacillin and ticarcillin have activity against Pseudomonas species
C. use of any penicillin is contraindicated in a patient who has had an
allergic reaction to any one penicillin
D. they are obtained from the genus of Streptomyces